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Lecturer's Solutions Manual: Gas Turbine Theory
Lecturer's Solutions Manual: Gas Turbine Theory
Manual
Gas Turbine Theory
Sixth edition
HIH Saravanamuttoo
GFC Rogers
H Cohen
PV Straznicky
and
The rights of HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen and PV Straznicky to be identified as
authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
ISBN: 978-0-273-70934-3
All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be
reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the
Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of
the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. This
book may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form of
binding or cover other than that in which it is published, without the prior consent of the
Publishers.
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Supporting resources
For instructors
For more information please contact your local Pearson Education sales representative or
visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/saravanamuttoo
3
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Preface
Since the introduction of the Second Edition in 1972 many requests for solutions have been
received. The advent of modern word processing systems has now made it convenient to
prepare these in an electronic format and I am glad to do so.
All significant gas turbine calculations carried out in industry are universally done by digital
computer and the purpose of these problems is to provide an understanding of the engineering
principles involved. It is perhaps of historical significance that all of these calculations were
originally done on a slide rule and many were previous examination questions.
This manual will be available to instructors adopting the main text, who are then permitted to
photocopy the material, but it is hoped that students will tackle the problems before looking at
the manual. I will be very glad to hear of any corrections needed.
H.I.H. Saravanamuttoo
Ottawa, June 2008
4
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 2.2
γ -1
Ta P02 γ
T02 – Ta = – 1
ηc Pa
288 1
= (11)
3.5 – 1 = 345.598K
0.82
Compressor and turbine work required per unit mass flow is:
C pa (T02 − Ta )
Wtc = = C pg (T03 − T04 )
ηm
1.005× 345.598
T03 – T04 = = 308.992 K
0.98 ×1.147
γ −1
1 γ
T03 − T04 = ηt T03 1 −
P P
03 04
1
1 4
308.992 = 0.87 × 1150 1 −
P P
03 04
P03
= 4.382
P04
P03 = 11.0 − 0.4 = 10.6 bar
P04 = 2.418 bar , P05 = Pa
1
1 4
T04 − T05 = 0.89 × 841 1 − = 148.254 K
2.418
5
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
20 × 103
Hence mass flow required = = 120.019 kg/sec
166.64
6
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 2.3
1
288
T02 − Ta = [3.8 3.5 − 1] = 157.3K
0.85
P03
= 3.68
Pa
1 14
T03 − T04 = 1050 × 0.88[1 − ( ) ] = 256.87K
3.68
mC pa (T02 − Ta )
W = ηm ( load ) [( m − mc )C pg (T03 − T04 ) − ]
ηm ( comp.rotor )
m × 1.005 × 157.3
200 = 0.98[( m − 1.5) × 1.147 × 256.87 − ]
0.99
7
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 2.4
A B C
n −1
0.3287 0.3250 0.3213
n c
n −1
0.2225 0.2205 0.2205
n t
T02 T01 2.059 2.242 2.437
8
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 2.5
T03=1525 K
P03=29.69 bar
P04=13.00 bar
P03
∴ = 2.284 ∴ T03 = ( 2.284 )0.2223 = 1.202
P04 T04
So ηth remains high as power reduced. May be difficult to control low fuel: air ratio in 2nd
combustor.
9
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 2.6
288
∆T12 = (5.5)0.286 − 1 = 206.8 T2 = 494.8K
0.875
300
( 7.5) − 1 = 268.7 T4 = 568.7K
0.286
∆T34 =
0.870
268.7 × 1.005
∆T56 = = 250.1 T6=1550 – 250 = 1300K
1.148 × 0.95 × 0.99
206.8 × 1.005
∆T67 = = 182.9 T7=1300 – 182.9 = 1117.1K
1.148 × 0.99
1
HPT,250.1= 0.88 × 1550 1 − 0.25 Rhp=2.248
R
39.19
CDP=1.00 ×5.5 × 7.5 × 0.95 = 39.19 bar P6 = = 17.43 bar
2.248
1
LPT, 182.9= 0.89 × 1300 1 − 0.25 RLP=1.990 P7=8.76 bar
R
P8=P1=1.00
1
∴ ∆T78 = 0.89 × 1117.1 1 − = 416.3 K
8.760.25
∴ m ×1.148 × 0.99 × 416.3 = 100,000 ∴ m=211.3 kg/s
0.028
f/a = = 0.0283
0.99
Specific output =1.148 ×0.99 × 416.3 = 473.1
473.1
∴ ηth = = 38.8%
0.283 × 43100
EGT =1117.7-416.3 =701.4 K=428.4 D C
10
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 2.8
D
Pa=1.013 bar , Ta=15 C
288
∆T12 = 8.50.286 − 1 = 279.5k
0.87
T02=567.5 K
P04=1.013 ×8.5 × [1 − 0.015] × [1 − 0.042] = 8.125 bar
279.5 × 1.004
∆T45 = = 247.1 T5 = 1037.8 K
1.147 × 0.99
1 P
247.1=0.87 ×1285 1 − ⇒ 4 = 2.716, P5 = 2.991 bar
( P 4 / P5 )
0.25
P5
P5
P6=1.013 × 1.02 = 1.0333 ⇒ = 2.895
P6
1
∴ ∆T56 = 0.88 × 1037.8 1 − 0.25
= 213.1 ∴ T6=824.7 K
2.895
∴ Power =112.0 ×1.147 × 0.99 × 213.1 = 27,106 kW
T3 – T2=0.90(824.7-567.5)=231.5
T3=231.5+567.5=799K
∆Tcc = 1285 − 799 = 486D C
Tin=799-273=526 D C
0.0138
(f/a)id=0.0138 f/a= =0.0139
0.99
mf= 0.0139 ×112.0 =1.56 kg/s
kJ kg
Heat input = 1.56 × 43,100 = 67,288 kW
kg s
∴ Efficiency =40.3 %
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© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 2.9
n −1 1 γ −1 0.66
For compression: = ( )= = 0.4518
n η ∞c γ 0.88 × 1.66
n −1 γ − 1 0.88 × 0.66
For expansion: = η ∞t ( )= = 0.3498
n γ 1.66
P02 nn−1
T02 − T01 = T01[( ) − 1] = 310[20.4518 − 1] = 114K
P01
T04 − T03 = 300[20.4518 − 1] = 110.3K
T04 = 410.3K and T05 = 700K ( given)
Q 500 × 103
T06 − T05 = = = 535.2 K
mC p 180 × 5.19
∴ T06 = 1235.2K
P03 = 2 × 14.0 − 0.34 = 27.66 bar
12
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
= 213996 kW or 213.996MW
213.996
Thermal efficiency = = 0.4279 or 42.8%
500
T05 − T04 700 − 410.3
H.E.effectiveness = = = 0.7798 or 78%
T07 − T04 781.8 − 410.3
13
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 3.1
n −1 1
For compression: = = 0.3284
n 0.87 × 3.5
n − 1 0.87 n
For expansion: = = 0.2175 and = 4.5977
n 4 n −1
2
Ca 2602
= = 33.63K
2c p 2 × 1.005 × 1000
T01 = 242.7 + 33.63 = 276.33K
2 γ
Ca γ −1
P01 = Pa [1 + ηi ]
2c pTa
0.95 × 33.63 3.5
P01 = 0.441[1 + ] = 0.633bar
242.7
P02 = 8 × 0.633 = 5.068bar
T02 − T01 = 276.33[8.00.3284 − 1] = 270.7K
T02 = 547.02K
c pa (T02 − T01 ) 1.005 × 270.7
T03 − T04 = = = 239.6K
c pgηm 1.147 × 0.99
T04 = 1200 − 239.6 T04 = 960.4K P03 = 5.068(1 − 0.06) = 4.763bar
n
4.5977
P03 T03 n −1 1200
= = = 2.784
P04 T04 960.4
4.763
P04 = = 1.710 bar
2.784
P04 1.710
Nozzle pressure ratio = = 4.16
Pa 0.411
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© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
(Since the critical pressure ratio is of the order of 1.9 the nozzle is clearly choked)
P04 1
= 4
=1.918
Pc 1 0.333
1 − 0.95 2.333
1.710
P5=Pc= = 0.891 bar
1.918
2 2 × 960.4
T5 = Tc = T04 = = 823.3K
γ +1 2.333
Pc 100 × 0.891
ρ5 = = = 0.377 kg/m3
RTc 0.287 × 823.3
1 1
C5 = ( γ RTc ) 2 = (1.333 × 0.287 × 823.3 × 1000 ) 2 = 561.22 m/sec
m 15
A5= = = 0.0708m 2
ρ5C 5 0.377 × 561.22
F = m(C j − Ca ) + Aj ( Pj − Pa )
F = 15(561.22 − 260) + 0.0708(0.891 − 0.411)105
F = 4518.3 + 3398.4 = 7916.7N
T02 = 547.02K
T03 − T02 = 1200 − 547.02 = 652.8K
0.01785
Actual f = = 0.0184
0.97
0.0184 × 3600 × 15
S .F .C = = 0.01255 kg/kN
7916.7
15
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 3.2
16
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 3.3
T01 = Ta = 288 K
288 3.5
1
T02 − T01 = 9 − 1 = 306.77K
0.82
mC pa
0.85mc pg (T03 − T04 ) = (T02 − T01 )
ηm
1.005 × 306.77
T03 − T04 = = 322.678K
0.85 × 1.147 × 0.98
γ −1
1 γ
T03 − T04 = η jT03 1 −
P03 / P04
1
1 4 P03
322.678 = 0.87 × 1275 1 − ⇒ = 3.955
P03 / P04 P04
P04 = 2.161bar
P04 P04 1
. = 2.161 and = 4
Pa Pa 1 0.333
1 −
0.95 2.333
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© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
2.161
P5 = Pc = = 1.126bar
1.918
T04 = 1275 − 322.678 = 952.3K
2 2 × 952.322
T5 = Tc = × T04 = = 816.4K
γ +1 2.333
P 100 × 1.126
ρ5 = c = = 0.480 kg/m3
RTc 0.287 × 816.4
1 1
C5 = ( γ RTc ) 2 = (1.333 × 0.287 × 816.4 × 1000 ) 2 = 555.86 m/s
(m − mb ) = ρ5 A5C5 = 0.480 × 0.13 × 558.86 = 34.87 kg/sec
(N.B. – mb, bleed at 90º produces no thrust. Also, ram drag based on intake flow)
18
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 3.4
P04 2.4
= = 2.376
Pa 1.01
γ
4
P04 γ + 1 γ −1 2.333
= = = 1.851
Pc 2 2
2.4
Choking ; So P5 = Pc = = 1.296 bar
1.851
T04 γ + 1 2.333 1000 × 2
= = and T5 = Tc = = 857.26 K
Tc 2 2 2.333
Pc 100 × 1.296
ρ5 = = = 0.526 kg/m3
RTc 0.287 × 857.26
1 1
C5= ( γ RTc ) 2 = (1.333 × 0.287 × 857.26 × 1000 ) 2 = 572.68m/sec
m 23
A5 = = = 0.0763m 2
ρ5C5 0.526 × 572.68
19
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
P07
= 1.75 and P07 = 1.01 × 1.75 = 1.768bar
Pa
1
Ta P07 3.5 288 1
T07 − Ta =
−1 =
(1.75 ) 3.5 − 1 = 56.74 K
ηc Pa 0.88
mh C pg (T04 − T05 ) = mc C pa (T07 − Ta )
mc
But = 2.0
mh
2 × 1.005 × 56.74
T04 − T05 = = 99.43K
1.147
T05 = 1000 − 99.43 = 900.57 K
1
1 4
⇒ P04 = 1.597
99.43 = 0.90 × 1000 1 −
P04 P05 P05
2.4
P05 = = 1.503bar
1.597
P05 1.503
= = 1.488
Pa 1.01
Fh = 23 × 442.12 = 10,168.8 N
The cold nozzle pressure ratio:=1.75, while the critical pressure ratio is :
3.5
P07 1.4 + 1
= = 1.893
Pc 2
20
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Cold thrust
Fc = 46 × 320 = 14720 N
or F=24.89 kN
21
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 3.5
T09 – T8 = njT09 1 − 1
P09 Pa
1 3.5
= 0.95 × 1000 1 − =119.4 K
1.6
1
C8= ( 2 × 1.005 × 119.4 × 1000 ) 2 = 490 m/s
mc=179.2 kg/s
New thrust: Fc=179.2 ×490 = 87,808 N
Total thrust = Unchanged Fh+new Fc
= 18931+87808=106,739 N
T02=337.7 and T09 – T02=1000-337.7=662.3 K
22
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
0.01715
Actual f = = 0.01768 for by-pass chamber
0.97
S.F.C=0.1338 kg/kN
23
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 3.6
Pa=0.899bar
Ta=281.7K
Ca=336.4 m/s M=0.70
γ −1 2
T01= Ta 1 + M = 281.7(1 + 0.2 × 0.7 2 ) = 309.3K ∆Tr = 27.61D C
2
1.4
P01 0.95 × 27.61 0.4
= 1 + = 1.366 ∴ P01=1.228 bar
Pa 281.7
T02
= ( 5.0 )
0.3210
= 1.676 ∴ T02=472.2 ∆T12 = 162.9D C
T01
162.9 × 1.005
∆T34 = = 144.1 T04 = 1250 − 144.1 = 1105.9 K
1.148 × 0.99
0.2248 1
T03 P03 P 1250 0.2248
= ∴ 03 = = 1.724
T04 P04 P04 1105.9
6.454
P03=1.366 × 5.0 × 0.945 = 6.454 bar ∴ P04 = = 3.744 bar
1.724
γ
4.003
γ + 1 γ −1 1.333
Critical P.R = = =1.852
2 2
P04 3.744
= = 4.164 ∴ choked
Pa 0.899
3.744 2
P4= = 2.022 bar T4=1105.9 × =948.0 K
1.852 2.333
24
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
100 × 2.022
ρ= = 0.7432 kg/m3
0.287 × 948.0
π
( 0.15)
2
A= = 0.01767
4
F= m ( C j − Ca ) + ( Pn − Pa ) A × 105
0.0212
∆Tcc = 1250 − 472 = 778, Tin=472 K → ( f / a )id = 0.0212 ≈ f/a = = 0.02141
0.99
609.8
∴SFC= = 0.1249 kg/Nh
4884
25
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 3.7
γ −1 2
T01= Ta 1 + M = 216.7(1 + 0.2 × 0.752 ) = 241.08K
2
∆Tr = 24.38°C
3.5
P01 0.95 × 24.38
= 1 + = 1.427 ∴P01=0.2558 bar
Pa 216.7
Fan
T02 n −1
n − 1 0.286
= (1.7 ) n = 1.1837 = = 0.3178
T01 n 0.90
∴ T02=285.36 ∆T f = 44.28K P02=0.4400
HPC
T03
= ( 7.9 )
0.3178
= 1.9287 T03=550.38 P03=3.4757
T
02
∆T023 = 265.02
Combustor P04=3.4757(1 – 0.005)=3.3019
1.004 × 265.02
HP turbine ∆T45 = = 234.32 T05=985.7 K
1.147 × 0.99
1.004 × 44.28(3.8 + 1)
LP turbine ∆T56 = = 187.92 T06=797.8 K
1.147 × 0.99
n
P04 T04 n −1 n −1
= = 0.286 × 0.9 = 0.2232
P05 T05 n
n
= 4.4803
n −1
4.4803
P04 1220
= = 2.60
P05 985.7
26
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
4.4803
P05 985.7
= = 2.579
P06 797.8
∴ P06 = 3.3019
= 0.4924 bar
2.60 × 2.579
0.4400 0.4924
P2 = = 0.2324 P6 = = 0.2659
1.893 1.852
285.4 2
T2 = = 237.8 T6 = 797.8 = 683.9
1.2 2.333
Cc = 1.4 × 287 × 237.8 = 309.1 m/s Ch = 1.4 × 287 × 683.9 = 511.5 m/s
7.6 2.0
A= = 0.0722 m2 A= = 0.02886 m2
0.3405 × 309.1 0.1355 × 511.5
= 667.3 + 383.4=1050.7
= 580 + 250.0=830
F = 1880.7N
133.63
SFC= = 0.0711 kg/Nh
1880.7
27
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 3.8
n − 1 0.286
= = 0.3178
n c 0.90
n − 1 0.333 × 0.9
= = 0.2248
n t 1.333
γ −1 2
T01= Ta 1 + M = 216.8(1 + 0.2 × 0.852 ) = 248.13K
2
∆Tr = 31.331C
3.5
P01 0.95 × 31.33
= 1 + = 1.569 ∴P01=0.227 ×1.569 =0.3561 bar P02=0.6303
Pa 216.8
T02
= (1.77 )
0.31718
= 1.1989 ∴∆T12 = 49.33K
T01
∴T02=297.5
P03 34
= = 19.21
P02 1.77
T03
= (19.21)
0.3178
= 2.558 , ∆T23 = 463.4 T03=761K
T
02
∆T023 = 265.02
P04 = 0.3561 × 1.77 × 19.21 × 0.97 =11.74 bar
1.004 × 463.4
∆T45 = = 409.4 T05=940.6 K
1.148 × 0.99
1
P04 1350 0.2248
= = 4.99
P05 940.6
1.004 × 49.33(5.7 + 1)
∆T56 = = 292.0 T06=648.6 K
1.148 × 0.99
T6=556.0 K
28
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HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
1
P05 940.6 0.2248
= = 5.22
P06 648.6
11.74 P
∴ P06 = = 0.4505 bar 06 = 1.984 ∴choked
4.99 × 5.22 Pa
Ca = 0.85 ×295.2
=12.108+13430=25,538
Fh = 32.8 ( 461.2 − 250.9 ) + 0.466 ( 0.2433 − 0.227 ) × 105
= 6898+760=7658
F = 33,196N (Fs=150.9)
0.017
f= =0.0172
0.99
mf = 0.0172 × 32.8 × 3600 = 2028 kg/hr
2028
SFC = = 0.0611 kg/Nh
33196
29
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 3.9
30
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HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
T2
T 06
= ( 6.418 ) = 1.582 T6=582.2K ;
0.25
T6
Ch2 = 2 × 1.147 × 103 [926.7 − 582.2] = 888.9 m/s
2
mc = 70 × = 46.67 ; mcCc=46.67 ×568 = 26508 N
2 +1
1
mh = 70 × = 23.33 ; mhCh=23.33 ×888.9 = 20738 N
2 +1
47246N (gross)
Ca=1.4 × 295.1 = 413.1 ram drag = 70 × 413.1 = 28920N
[ SpecificThrust = 261.8 N / kg / hr ] 18326 N (nett)
0.023
T04-T03=1500-778-722 ∴ fideal = 0.023 f = = 0.0232
0.99
∴ mf =23.33 × 0.0232 × 3600 = 1951 kg/hr
1951
SFC= = 0.1065 kg/Nh
18326
Ca=413 m/s = (413/1000) ×3600 km/h=1486 km/h
5600
∴Flight time = = 3.766 hrs
1486.8
∴Fuel flow =3.766 ×2 × 1951 =14,697kg
31
© Pearson Education Limited 2009
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 3.10
303
∆T12 = 150.286 − 1 = 437.5
0.81
∴T2 = 740.5 K ∆Tcc = 1600 − 740.5 = 859.5D C
437.5 × 1.005 1
∆T34 = = 398.8 ∴ 398.8 = 0.87 × 1600 1 − 0.25
1.148 × 0.99 × 0.97 R
∴Rhp = 3.86
14.43
P3=1.013 ×15.0 × 0.95 = 14.43 bar P4= = 3.74 bar
3.86
P4 3.74
= = 3.692
P5 1.013
1
∴∆T45 = 1201.2 × 0.89 1 − 0.25
= 297.8 K
3.692
kJ
∴Specific output =1.148 ×297.8 × 0.99 × 0.985 = 33.4
kg
0.0254
∴ f/a= = 0.0257
0.99
Airflow =11.0 kg/s ∴ Power =333.4 ×11.0 = 3667 kW
∴ SFC=0.278 kg/kWh
32
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Problem 3.11
308
Load compressor ∆T = 3.650.286 − 1 = 156.9 K
0.88
308
For gas turbine ∆T12 = 120.286 − 1 = 379.6 T02 = 688 K
0.84
P03
= (12 × 1.01 × 0.95 ) /1.04 = 11.07
P04
1
∴ ∆T34 = 1390 × 0.87 1 − 0.25
= 546
11.07
755.8
m[620.5 − 381.1]=755.8 ∴m= = 3.16 kg/s
239.4
0.02
f/a (690, ∆T = 700) =
0.99
0.02
∴ mf = × 3.16 × 3600 = 229.6 kg/hr
0.99
229.6
SFC = = 0.304 kg/kwhr
755.8
33
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Problem 4.1
8.0 139.37
C= = m/s
ρ × 0.0574 ρ
3.5
C2 P T C2
Ts= 288 − , 0 = 0 , θc =
2010 Ps Ts 2c p
Ps 100 × Ps P
ρ= = = 348.4 s
RTs 0.287 × Ts Ts
C θ Ts T 0 /T s P 0 /P s Ps ρ Ccalc
150 11.12 276.8 1.0405 1.149 0.870 1.095 127.3
127.3 8.05 279.94 1.0288 1.104 0.905 1.127 123.7
123.7 7.61 280.39 1.0271 1.098 0.910 1.131 123.1
123.1 7.54 280.46 1.0269 1.097 0.911 1.132 123.1
123.1
tan α r = = 1.116
110.3
α r = 48D10'
34
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123.1
tan α t = = 0.4839
254.4
α t = 25D 48'
282.3
∴ M= = 0.841
335.7
35
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Problem 4.2
C12 2302
T1=T01 – ; T01 = 217 + =243.3 K
2Cp 2 × 1.005 × 103
3.5
243.3
P01=0.23 = 0.343 bar
217
π
A=
4
( 0.33 2
− 0.182 ) = 0.060 m2
3.6
m= ρ ACa = ρ AC cos 25 ⇒ ρ C =
0.060 × 0.906
ρ C = 66.22
66.22
∴ C= = 134.87 m/s
0.491
C θ Ts T0/Ts P0/Ps Ps ρ ρC
140 9.7 233.7 1.042 1.155 0.297 0.443 62
150 11.2 232.2 1.049 1.182 0.290 0.435 65.2
160 12.7 230.7 1.056 1.21 0.287 0.434 69.2
152.4 11.5 231.9 1.051 1.19 0.288 0.433 66.0
66.22
Take C=152.4 × = 152.90 m/s
66.0
3.5
P02 ψηc
= 1 + σ U 2 − Cw ( rω ) mean
P01 C pT01
18 + 33 1
Ue = (r ω )mean= × × 270 × 2π = 216.3 m/s
2 × 100 2
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3.5
P02 1.04 × 0.8
= 1 + 0.9 × 4582 − 64.61 × 216.3
P01 1.005 × 243.3 × 103
P02
= (1.595 ) = 5.12
3.5
P01
37
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Problem 4.3
γ −1
T01 P02 γ
T02-T01 = 429-288= − 1
η P01
1
288 2.97 3.5
∴ ηc = − 1 = 0.753
141 0.99
0.63π
σ =1− = 0.8835
17
16.5
U2 = π × × 765 = 397.1m / s
100
C2
2
3512 Cr22
T2=T02- =429 – 3
−
2C p 2 × 1.005 × 10 2C p
Therefore T2=367.7 – θ r
669
∴ ρ2 = = 1.83 Hence Cr 2 = 63.26 m/ s
366
Final trial:
Cr 2 θ T2 ρ Cr 2
64.0 2.03 366 1.827 63.5
∴ T2=366 K
3.5 3.5
P2t T2t 429
= = = 1.743
P2 T2 366
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Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 4.4
π × 50 × 5
(b) Flow area at tip: = = 0.0785 m2
104
C2w=0.9 ×424.12 = 381.7 m/s
2 2
381.7 96
If C2r=96 and θ c = + = 76.84
44.9 44.9
T2=455.5-76.84=378.66 K
3.5
P02 455.5 4.40
= = 1.909 P2= = 2.30 bar
P2 378.66 1.909
100 × 2.30
ρ2 = = 2.12 ρ 2 A2 Cr 2 = 2.12 × 0.0785 × 96 = 15.97
0.287 × 378.66
C2 393.6
M= = = 1.01
a 390
96
tan α = = 0.251 ∴ α = 14D5
381.7
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72.4
tan β = = 0.22 β = 12D 24'
329
41
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Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 4.5
288 0.286
∆T013 = 4 − 1 = 175.1 K
0.80
pσ U 22 1.005 × 175.1 × 103
∆T013 = = 175.1 U 22 = = 1.876 × 105
c p × 103 1.04 × 0.90
∴U 2 = 433 m/s
433
d= = 0.689 m
π × 200
T03 = T02 = 175.1+288=463.1 K
C 22 = C 22r + C 22w
∴C 2r = 55.97 m/s
42
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14.0
m= ρ AC2 r ∴A= = 0.1138 m2
2.198 × 55.97
0.1138
∴h = × 100 = 5.257 cm
π × 0.689
43
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Problem 5.1
1.005 × 20 × 103
∴ ∆Cw = = 108.1m/s
0.93 × 200
200 − 108.1
C0w= = 45.95m/s
22
45.95
tan α 0 = = 0.307 α 0 = 17D 4' ( = α 2 )
150
200 − 45.95
tan α1 = = 1.027 α1 = 45D 44' ( = α 3 )
150
With free vortex, Cwr=constant i.e. CwU= constant
Tip
C0w ×250 = 46.0 × 200
∴ C0 w = 36.8 m/s
44
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108.1 × 200
∆Cwu = constant ∴ ∆Cw = = 86.4 m/s
250
36.8
tan α 0 = = 0.245, α 0 = 13D 46'
150
250 − 36.8
tan α1 = = 1.421, α1 = 54D53'
150
36.8 + 86.4
tan α 2 = = 0.845, α 2 = 40D14'
150
36.8 + 86.4
tan α 3 = = 0.821, α 3 = 39D 26'
150
Root
C02 C2 C2 C2 1
Now (T0+ + 20) =T1+ 1 ∴ T1 − T0 = 20 + 0 − 1 3
2C p 2C p 2C
p 2C p 10
45
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Tip
150 150
C0= = = 154.5 T1-T0=20+11.19-18.8=13.1
cos13D 46' 0.9712
Root
150 150
C0= = = 162.1
cos 22D15' 0.9255
1 162.12 254.22
T1-T0=20+ −
103 2 × 1.005 2 × 1.005
150 150
C1= = = 254.2 T1-T0=20+13.07-32.15
cos53D51' 0.5899
0.92
∴ T1 − T0 = 0.92, Λ= = 4.6%
20
(N.B.: Λ is very sensitive to small errors in C0 and C1)
46
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Problem 5.2
Tip
250 − 86.3
C0w= = 81.85 m/s
2
81.85
tan α 0 = = 0.546, α 0 = 28D36' ( = α 2 )
150
250 − 81.85
tan α1 = = 1.121, α1 = 48D16' ( = α 3 )
150
47
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Root
150 − 144
C0w = = 3 m/s
2
3
tan α 0 = = 0.0020, α 0 = α 2 = 0°7 '
150
150 − 3
tan α1 = = 0.980, α1 = α 3 = 44°25'
150
48
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Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Problem 5.3
140 × 140 1
T = 288 − × = 278.25 K
2 × 1.005 103
π
A= (0.9082 – 0.5452 ) = 0.4143m2
4
∴ m = 1.121 ×0.4143 × 140 =65.02 or m=65 kg/s
3.5
P 0.89 × 20
(c) 02 = 1 + = 1.2335
P01 288
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(d) At the root we have axial inlet velocity. Free vortex gives constant work at all radii and
constant axial velocity.
1
mU ∆Cw Ω = mC p ∆T
103
C p ∆T × 103 1.005 × 20 × 103
∆Cw = = = 126.3m/s
uΩ 171.1 × 0.93
171.1
tan α1 = = 1.2221, α1 = 50D 44'
140
171.1 − 126.3
tan α 2 = = 0.320, α 2 = 17D 46'
140
At tip
∆Cw = 126.3 × 0.60 = 75.78m/s
285.2
tan α1 = = 2.0371, α1 = 63D50'
140
285.2 − 75.78
tan α 2 = = 1.4958, α 2 = 56D14'
140
Power input =65 ×1.005 × 20 = 1306.5 kW
50
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Problem 5.4
n − 1 0.286
= = 0.325
n 0.88
T02
= ( 4.0 )
0.325
= 1.569
T01
∆T012 = 288[1.569 − 1] = 163.9K
163.9
∴ Number of stages = = 6.556 i.e. 7 stages
25
∆T 163.9
= = 23.4 K/stage
# of stages 7
1
mU ∆Cw Ω = mC p ∆T ; (note that Ca=165 cos20)
103
∆Cw = U − 2C sin 20 = U − 330sin 20
1
ΩU (U − 112.9) = C p ∆T
103
51
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(π Dh ) ρ × Ca = m
π × 0.18 × h × 2.58 × 165cos 20 = 3.0
3.0
∴h = = 0.01326 m
π × 0.18 × 2.58 × 165 × 0.9397
h = 1.326 cm
52
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Problem 5.5
n − 1 0.286 n − 1 0.286
Axial: = = 0.311 Centrifugal: = = 0.3446
n 0.92 n 0.83
P03 10.0
∴ = = 3.257
P02 3.07
Axial :
1
mU ∆Cw Ω = mC p ∆T
103
103 × 1.005 × 30
U(U-109.2)= =35.05 ×103
0.86
U2-109.2U-35.05 ×103 =0
Centrifugal:
0.3446
T03 P03
= ( 3.257 )
0.3446
= = 1.502
T02 P02
U2=468.95 m/s
60 × 468.95
∴ N(Centrifugal) = = 27140 rpm
π × 0.33
53
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Problem 6.1
(a) From Fig. 2.15, for T1=298 K and ∆T = 583 K, theoretical f=0.0147
0.0147
ηb = = 0.980
0.0150
(b) From Fig. 2.15, for f=0.0150 and T1=298 K, theoretical ∆T = 593 K
583
ηb = = 0.983
593
(c) mass of CO per kg of fuel:
28
m= × 0.04 × 0.8608 = 0.0803 kg
12
Actual released energy = 43100–(0.0803 ×10110)
Efficiency based on released energy:
54
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Problem 6.2
132
Fuel/ air ratio = = 0.0148
( 2080 + 6846 )
Since the H2O will be in vapour phase, we require ∆H vap , given by:
108
∆H vap = −42500 + × 2442 = −40500 KJ/kg of C10H12
132
(
(Hp2-Hp0)+ ∆H 0 + H R0 − H R1 =0 )
Where the first stage is 325 K for C10H12 and 450 K for air
450 + 298
Mean temperature of reactants O2 and N2 is = 374 K
2
From fig. 2.15 for f=0.0148 and for an initial temperature of 450 K
55
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(T2 –298) {( 440 × 1.105 ) + (108 × 2.051) + (1664 × 1.019 ) + (6846 × 1.088)}
6736000
∴ T2=298+ = 982 K
9855
6736000
∴ T2=298+ = 986.1 K
9789.4
56
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Problem 6.3
C12 P m2
T01=T1+ = 1 + 2 2
2C p R ρ 1 2 ρ1 A1 C p
1557 26.70
475= +
ρ1 ρ12
∴ K2=1.630
Part-load conditions:
3.52 × 100 7.42 1226.5 18.004
439= + 2 = +
0.287 ρ1 2 ρ1 × 0.0389 × 1.005 × 10
2 3
ρ1 ρ12
∴ ρ1 = 2.808 kg/m3
7.42 900
105 ∆P0 = 19.0 + 1.630 439 − 1
2 × 2.808 × 0.09752
m 9.0
At design : C1= = =70.24 m/s
ρ1 A1 3.294 × 0.0389
7.4
At part load: C1= =67.75 m/s
2.808 × 0.0389
P 4.47 × 100
At design: T1= 1 = = 472.8 K
R ρ1 0.287 × 3.294
57
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γ / γ −1 3.5
T 475
P01=P1 01 = 4.47 = 4.543 bar
T1 472.8
∆P0 0.27
= =0.0594
P01 4.543
3.52 × 100
At part load: T1= = 436.78 K
0.287 × 2.808
3.5
439
P01=3.52 = 3.583bar
436.78
∆P0 0.213
= = 0.0595
P01 3.583
58
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Problem 7.1
Ca 260
C2= = = 615.2 m/s
cos 65 0.4226
557.5 − 360
Tan β 2 = = 0.7596 ∴ β 2 = 37D13'
260
360 + 45.84
Tan β 3 = =1.5609 ∴ β 3 = 57D 22'
260
Ca 260
Λ= ( tan β3 − tan β 2 ) = (1.5609 − 0.7596 )
2U 2 × 360
Λ = 0.289
P=4343760W or 4344 KW
C22 615.22
T2=T01- =1000 – = 835 K
2C p 2294
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C22 615.22
T2 – T2' = λN = 0.05 × = 8.25 K
2C p 2294
γ / γ −1 4
P01 T01 1000
= = = 2.14
P2 T2' 826.75
4
∴ P2 = = 1.869 bar
2.140
P01
∴ > 1.853. ∴ The nozzle is choking
P2
4.0 2 2
Pc= = 2.158 bar, Tc= × T01 = × 1000 = 857 K
1.853 γ +1 2.333
Pc 2.158 × 100
ρc = = = 0.877 kg/m3
RTc 0.287 × 857
m 20
Athroat= = = 0.0398 m2
ρc Cc 0.877 × 572.6
60
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Problem 7.2
γ −1
1 γ
∆T013 = ηt T01 1 −
P01 P03
1
1 4
=0.88 ×1050 1 − = 147 K
2
T03 = 1050 – 147=903 K
Hence at root
C p ∆T013 1.147 × 147 × 103
(Cw2)r = = = 562 m/s
U 300
T2 − T3
Now at root, Λ = 0 ∴ = 0 hence T2=T3
T1 − T3
C22r C2
∴ T02- =T03 – 3 ; T02=T01 and C3=Ca3=275 m/s
2C p 2C p
C22r 2752
Hence = + 147 = 180 K
2C p 2294
∴ C2r=642.6 m/s
61
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562
α 2 r = sin −1 = sin −1 0.8746 = 61D
642.6
( Cw 2 ) r − U r 562 − 300
tan β 2 r = = = 0.8406
( Ca 2 ) r 311.6
β 2 r = 40D 4'
rt
(Ca2)t=(Ca2)r=311.6 m/s and = 1.4
rr
562
(Cw2)t= =401.4 m/s
1.4
401.4
α 2t = tan −1 = tan (1.2882 )
−1
311.6
∴ α 2t = 52°10'
2752
With no exit swirl T3t=T3r=903 – = 870 K
2294
508.152
T2t=1050 – = 937.5 K
2294
C22r 642.62
At the root T2r-T’2r= λn =0.05 ×
2Cp 2294
T2r – T’2r = 9 K
γ / γ −1 4
P03 T03 903 3.8 / 2
= = = 1.16 ∴ P3 = = 1.638 bar
P3 T'3 870 1.16
62
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Problem 7.3
C22 4002
T3=T03 – = (1200 − 150) − = 980.2K
2C p 2294
320
Um =2 π rm N or rm= = 0.2037 m
2π × 250
1
1 4
∆T013 = ηt T01 1 −
P01 / P03
1
1 4 ∆T013 150
=1− =1− = 0.8611
P01 / P03 ηt T01 0.90 × 1200
P01 8
= 1.818 ∴ P03= = 4.4bar
P03 1.818
γ / γ −1 4
P03 T03 1050 4.4
= = = 1.316 ∴ P3= = 3.343 bar
P3 T3 980.25 1.316
P3 3.343 × 100
ρ3 = = =1.19 kg/m3
RT3 0.287 × 980.25
m 36
A3= = =0.0756 m2 (N.B. C3=Ca3)
ρ3C3 1.19 × 400
A 0.0756
h= = =0.0591 m
2π rm 2π × 0.2037
rt 0.2037 + (0.0591/ 2) 0.233
= = = 1.34
rr 0.2037 − (0.0591/ 2) 0.1741
A2 = A3
m
Ca2 must satisfy Ca2= and Ca2= C 2 − Cw2 2
ρ 2 A2
Ws=Cw2U=Cp ∆T013 (because α 3 = 0 )
1.147 × 150 × 103
Cw2= = 537.6 m/s
320
If Ca2=346 m/s C22 = 3462 + 537.62 ⇒ C2=639 m/s
C22 C2 6392
T2=T02- =T01- 2 =1200- = 1022 K
2C p 2C p 2294
C22
T2’=T2 – λN =1022-0.07 ×178 = 1009.5 K
2C p
P01 8.0 8.0
P2= = = = 4.008 bar
(T01 T2 ' ) (1200 /1009.5 )
4 4
1.995
63
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4.008 × 100
ρ2 = = 1.366 kg/m3
0.287 × 1022
m 36
Ca2= = = 348 m/s (agrees with given 346 m/s)
C2 A3 1.366 × 0.0756
rm 0.2037
= = 1.17
rt 0.1741
rm
(C w2 )r =(C w2 )m × = 537.6 × 1.17 =629 m/s
rr
7182
T2r=1200 – =975.3 K
2294
320
UR= = 273.5 m/s
1.17
496.1
(Mv2)r= =0.812
610.86
64
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Problem 7.4
Cr2=constant (1)
Cw2r=constant (2)
rm
Ca2r=constant and Ca2=(Ca2)m
r 2
r
Also U=Um
rm 2
U
Now, = tan α 2 − tan β 2
Ca 2
2
Um r
∴tan β 2 =tan α 2 -
( Ca 2 )m rm
Um
= tan 58 D 23’-tan 20 D 29' =1.624-0.374=1.25
( Ca 2 ) m
(N.B. Flow coefficient (Ca/U)m=0.8 for this mean diameter design)
2
r
Hence, tan β 2 = 1.624 − 1.25
rm 2
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2
rm rm
r r tan β 2 β2
2 2
x
r
Hence, Ca2= (Ca2)m m
r 2
This with
U=Um r yields
rm 2
x +1
r M
tan β 2 = tan α 2 -
rm 2 Ca 2 m
1.726
rm
tan β 2 β2
r
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Problem 7.5
P3
m= ρ3 AC3 = A 2C p × T03 − T3
RT3
P3
= A 2C p × T01 − ∆Tw − T3
RT3
( γ / γ −1)
T
P3=P01 3
T01
2
A 2C p P01 γ −1
m= × T3 (T01 − ∆Tw − T3 )
R T01(γ / γ −1)
2 γ +1
A 2C p P01 γ −1 γ −1
m= × T3 (T01 − ∆Tw ) − T3
R T01(γ / γ −1)
dm
For the given inlet conditions m is a maximum when = 0 i.e when:
dT3
2
2 γ + 1 γ −1
(T01 − ∆Tw ) T3(3−γ ) /(γ −1) − T3 = 0
γ −1 γ −1
A 2C p P
Hence, writing K= × 01
( γ / γ −1)
R T01
γ +1 2 γ +1
2 − 2
γ −1 γ −1
γ −1
mmax= K (T01 − ∆Tw )
γ + 1
γ + 1
γ +1 2 2
2 − 2 2
γ −1 γ −1
mmax= K (T01 − ∆Tw ) γ −1
γ + 1
γ +1 γ +1
2
γ +1
γ −1 2 γ −1 λ − 1
mmax= K (T01 − ∆Tw )
γ +1 γ +1
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Cp γ
But =
R γ −1
2 γ +1
γ +1
AP01 γ −1 2 γ γ −1 2 γ −1 (γ − 1)
mmax = (T01 − ∆Tw ) γ +1
T01(γ / γ −1) R γ −1 ( γ + 1) γ −1
γ +1 γ +1 γ +1
γ +1 γ +1
T01 γ 2 γ −1 ∆T γ −1
mmax = 1 −
w
AP01 R γ + 1 T 01
Hence maximum mass flow will vary with N/ T01 because ∆Tw varies with P01/P03.
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Problem 8.1
4500 (1570.5 )
2
=
2
( 0.2262 2
− 0.11312 ) ( 0.6 )
≅ 127.8 MPa
Material UTS=880 MPa
Endurance limit =350 MPa
Assess the vibratory stress at failure – Goodman diagram
-vibratory stress at failure ≈ 300MPa -high
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Problem 8.2
N=250 rev/s
R0=0.113m; Ri=0.105m
Width=0.025m
Blade m ≅ 0.020 kg
rcg ≅ 0.163m
Frim
σ t = ρω 2 Rring
2
+
2π Aring
0.113 + 0.105
Rring = = 0.109m
2
Aring =0.025(0.113-0.105)
=2 ×10−4 m2
345,750
σ t = 4500 (1570.5 ) ( 0.109 ) +
2 2
2π ( 2 × 10−4 )
σ t = 407 MPa
Considering burst, for UTS = 880MPa and burst margin of 1.2, the maximum
allowable σ t
880
(σ t )allowable = = 611 MPa >> 407MPa
(1.2 )
2
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Problem 8.3
t
t[hrs] σ [MPa] PLM T[K] t1%[hrs]
t1%
2.029 × 10-4
∴ 4,929 flights
PLM is obtained from figure 8.7, for CMSX-10
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Problem 8.4
Source: Manson, S. S. and Halford, G. R., Fatigue and durability of structural materials (ASM International, 2006),
where it is Figure 6.15(c). Reprinted with permission of ASM International ®. All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org
n n n n
+ =1= +
N f1 N f 2 2 × 10 1 × 104
3
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Problem 8.5
πN
m=20 kg ; ω = = 5, 235 rad/s
30
1
K 2
5,235= r ⇒ Kr=548 × 106 N/m
20
= 1.018 × 10–7
9.821×106
ω= = 700.7 rad/s = 6,693 ≅ 6,700 rpm
20
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Problem 9.1
Note: In the problems for chapter 9, we are dealing with stagnation conditions at all times and
the suffix ‘0’ has dropped throughout.
m T1 m T3 P3 T
= × × 1
P1 P3 P1 T3
And
P3 P2 P2 − P3 P2 P P
= − = − 0.05 2 = 0.95 2
P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1
m T1 P 288 P
∴ =14.2 ×0.95 2 × = 6.903 2
P1 P1 1100 P1
P2 P2 m T1
6.903
P1 P1 P1
P2 m T1
=4.835, =33.4, ηc = 0.795
P1 P1
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P3
=0.95 ×4.835 =4.59
P1
33.4 × 1.01
m= = 1.988 kg/s
288
1
1 4
Poutput = 1.988 × 1.147 × 0.8497 × 1100 1 −
4.59
288 1
−1.988 × 1.005 × ( 4.835 ) 3.5 − 1
0.795
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Problem 9.2
m T4 m T3 P3 T
= × × 4
P4 P3 P4 T3
T4 ∆T
= 1 − 34
T3 T3
∆T34 1 P3
= ηt 1 − 1 ; r= ; and ηt = 0.85
T3 P4
r4
1
P3 P3 4 ∆T34 T4 T4 m T3 m T4
P4 P4 T3 T3 T3 P3 P4
m T4 P3
∴ =188 when =2.270 (graphical solution)
P4 P4
m T3
∴ =90.2
P3
1
∆T34 1 4
= 0.85 1 − = 0.1575
T3 2.27
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m T1 m T3 P3 T
= × × 1 and P3=P2
P1 P3 P1 T3
∴
T3
=
(
m T3 / P3 ( P2 / P1 ) )
T1 (
m T1 / P1 )
T3 90.2 ( P2 / P1 )
= -----------------------------(A)
T1 (
m T1 / P1 )
From compatibility of work:
∆T12 1 P2
0.286
= − 1
T1 ηc P1
0.286
P2 m T1 T3 T3 P2 ∆T12 T3 1 ∆T
ηc =
P1 P1 T1 T1 P1 T1 T1 0.1762 T1
(A) (B)
P2 T
∴ = 5.105 and 3 = 4.06, from graphical solution
P1 T1
Hence T3=1170 K
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Problem 9.3
m T4 m T3 P3 T
= × × 4
P4 P3 P4 T3
1
T4 1 4
;
and = 1 − ηt 1 −
T3 P3 / P4
1
m T4 m T3 P3 1 4
;
∴ = × × 1 − ηt 1 −
P4 P3 P4 P3 / P4
ηt = 0.85
1
1 1
1
2
P3 P3 4 1 4
1 4
m T3 m T4 P4
1 − 1 − ηt 1 −
P4 P4 P P
3 4 P /P P3 P4 Pa
3 4
P4 P4 P3 P2 P4 P
= = × 0.96 × 2.60 = 2.496 4
Pa P3 P2 Pa P3 P3
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1
1
T P2 3.5 1 4
∴ Cpa 1
− 1 = ηm C pg T3 1 −
ηc P1 P3 / P4
T1 must be given. Compressor efficiency from compressor characteristic once operating point
m T1 m T3 P3 T
found from = × × 1 where T3 unknown, so trial and error method required.
P1 P3 P1 T3
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Problem 9.4
γ −1
T4 ∆T34 1 γ
;
where =1− = 1 − ηt 1 −
T3 T3 P3 / P4
and ηt is constant.
m T4 P3
Thus: = f from gas generator turbine characteristics.
P3 P4
Since power turbine is choking at all conditions considered, the gas generator turbine is
∆T34
operating at a fixed pressure ratio and hence fixed value of .
T3
(a) At 95% of speed, work compatibility yields
γ −1
T1 P2 γ
ηm C pg ∆T34 = C pa − 1
ηc P1
T1 1
∆T34 = C pa ( 4.0 ) 3.5 − 1
η m C pg 0.863
C paT1 0.486
=
ηm C pg 0.863
∆T ∆T
But: 34 = 34
1075 95% speed T3 100% speed
Therefore;
0.5465 0.863
T3= 1075 × × = 1214.5 K
0.859 0.486
(b) 95% mechanical speed at 273 K.
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N 288
(%design) = 95 =97.57 %
T1 273
m T1 p
From the operating line = 439, 2 = 4.29 and ηc = 0.862
P1 P1
273
∆T = (4.29)0.286 − 1 = 163.6K
0.862
439 × 0.76
m= = 20.19 kg/s
273
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Problem 9.5
γ −1
1
1 γ
= m T1 2 P 3.5
mηt T3 1 − − 1
P3 / P4 c
ηc P1
P3 P2
Let: = =r
P4 P1
At design point:
3.5
1
3.5
1
T1 r − 1 4 − 1
mc − mb 1 = 1 1
= × ×
mc ηtηc 1
0.8 × 0.85 3.3 1
1 3.5 1 − 1
3.5
T3 1 −
r 4
m mc − mb
= = 0.6622
mc mc
mb m T1 / P1
= 1 − 0.6622 = 0.3378 = b
mc mc T1 / P1
(m − m ) T (m − mb ) T3
c b 3
= c
1 1
P3 1 − r 2 P3 1 − 2
d r
And T3 is constant.
1 1
1− r 1− 2
mc − mb P 2
r = r Thus : P =P
= 3 3 2
( mc − mb )d ( P3 )d 1 1
1 − 2 rd 1 − 2
rd rd
mc T1 / P1 − mb T1 / P1 r 1 − 1 r 2 r2 −1
= =
22.8 − 7.7 4 1 − 1/16 15
mc T1 / P1 − mb T1 / P1 = 3.899 r 2 − 1 --------------------(1)
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mc T1 / P1 − mb T1 / P1 0.4457( r1 3.5 − 1)
= ------------------(2)
mc T1 / P1 1
1 − 1
3.5
r
3
Now: mb T1 / P1 = × 7.7 = 5.775
4
(2) becomes:
r
1
1
r r 3.5
0.4457 r1 3.5 − 1 1 − 1 3.5 right-hand-side
r
Hence;
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