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132Kv Sub Station PDF
132Kv Sub Station PDF
1
Group members
Submitted To
Engr.Tuheed-ur-Rehman
Contents
1.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------04
1.2 Brief history of electric power-----------------------------------------------------04
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1.3 Electrical power system------------------------------------------------------------05
1.4 Electrical distribution --------------------------------------------------------------05
1.4.1 AC distribution-----------------------------------------------------------06
1.5 Definition of sub-station-----------------------------------------------------------06
1.5.1 Classification of sub-station--------------------------------------------06
1.6 Functions of a substation-----------------------------------------------------------07
1.7 132KV Substation Bosan Road Multan------------------------------------------08
1.8 Equipment used in a sub-station--------------------------------------------------09
1.8.1 Bus – bar-------------------------------------------------------------------10
1.8.2 Insulators------------------------------------------------------------------11
1.8.3 Isolating switches--------------------------------------------------------11
1.8.4 Instrument transformer--------------------------------------------------12
1.8.4.1 Current transformer-----------------------------------------12
1.8.4.2 Voltage transformer-----------------------------------------13
1.8.5 Metering and indicating instrument ----------------------------------14
1.8.6 Miscellaneous equipment-----------------------------------------------15
1.8.7 Protective relay-----------------------------------------------------------15
1.8.8 Circuit breaker------------------------------------------------------------17
1.8.8.1 The type of the circuit breaker-----------------------------18
1.8.8.2 Breaker used in 132KV grid station----------------------19
1.8.8.2.1 Oil circuit breaker----------------------------------------19
1.8.8.2.2 Vacuum circuit breaker----------------------------------19
1.8.8.2.3 SF6 circuit breaker---------------------------------------20
1.8.9 Power transformer-------------------------------------------------------21
1.8.9.1 Parallel operation of three-phase transformers---------22
1.8.10 Bus-bar schemes used in a sub station------------------------------23
1.8.11 Bus-bar isolator---------------------------------------------------------23
1.8.12 Bus coupler--------------------------------------------------------------24
1.8.13 Battery -------------------------------------------------------------------24
1.8.13.1 Batteries room ---------------------------------------------25
1.8.14 Lighting arrestor--------------------------------------------------------25
1.8.15 Capacitor -----------------------------------------------------------------26
1.9 Outgoings -------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
1.1 Introduction
Electricity is the basic need for the economic development of any country.
Electricity has now become a necessity for all as it powers the machinery,
the computers, the health-care systems and the entertainment of modern
society. Every power system has three major components
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Generator
T.L
Load
Transmission Line
Distribution
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1) The generating station converts the energy of gas, oil, coal or
nuclear fuel to electric energy. The generator voltage is around 15-
25 kV (12.5KV at Mangla Dam Generation).
2) The main transformer increases the voltage to 230-765 kV. (220-
500KV in Pakistan) This reduces the current and losses.
3) The high voltage transmission line transports the energy from the
generating station to the large loads, like towns. Example: Energy
generated at Palo Verde is transported by a 500 kV line to the
KYRENE substation at Phoenix.
4) The high voltage substation reduces the voltage to 500-220 / (220-
132) kV. The substation serves as a node point for several lines.
5) The sub-transmission lines (132 kV-11 kV) connect the high voltage
substation to the local distribution station.
6) The Distribution lines 11 kV distribute the energy along streets or
underground. Each line supplies several step-down transformers
distributed along the line.
7) The distribution transformer reduces the voltage to 240 (1-phase) or
415V (3-phase) which supplies the houses, shopping centers, etc.
1.4.1 AC Distribution
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Now a days A.C. system is universally used for distribution of electric
power as it is more economical than direct current method. One important
reason for the use of alternating current in preference to direct current is
the fact that alternating voltage level can be changed in magnitude by a
transformer. High transmission and distribution voltages have greatly
reduced the current in the conductors and the resulting line losses.
High voltage AC transmission offers
Higher transmission capacity / Km
Lower line-voltage drop / Km
Lower transmission losses / MW transfer
Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer
Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer
The electric power is produce at the power station, which are located at
favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered
to the consumer through a large network of transmission and distribution.
At many place in the line of power system, it may be desirable and
necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. Voltage, AC to DC,
frequency P.F. etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable
apparatus called sub-station for example, generation voltage (5kv or 20kv)
at the power station is stepped up to high voltage (Say 500kv,220kv,132kv
or 66kv) for transmission of electric power. Similarly near the consumer’s
localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization level.
This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station.
1.5 Definition of sub-station
“The assembly of apparatus used to change some
characteristics (e.g. Voltage frequency. P.F. etc) of electric supply is called
sub-station”.
1.5.1 Classification of sub-station
There are several ways of classifying sub-station. However the two most
important way of classification is
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5 - Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
6 - Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5 Hz and
50.5 Hz).
7 - Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
8 - Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.
1.7 132KV Substation Bosan Road Multan
132KV Substation Bosan Road Multan is an out-door substation. A simple layout
of substation is shown below
Figure 1
Symbol used in Diagram
Isolator
Current Transformer
Circuit Breaker
Potential Transformer
Power Transformer
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Lighting Arrester
Incoming Supply
1) Industrial state side
2) Khanewal side
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1.8.2 Insulators
The insulator serves two purpose. They support the conductor (
or bus bar ) and confine the current to the conductor. The most commonly
used material for the manufactures of insulators is porcelain. There are
several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type etc.) and there
used in Sub-Station will depend upon the service requirement.
Insulators
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For example, consider that the isolator are connected on both side of a cut
breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first.
1) Current transformer
2) Potential transformer
3) Power transformer
4) Aux-transformer
1.8.4.1 Current Transformer
A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer
which steps-down the current in a known ratio, the primary of this
transformer consist of one or more turn of thick wire connected in series
with the line, the secondary consist of thick wire connected in series with
line having large number of turn of fine wire and provides for measuring
instrument, and relay a current which is a constant faction of the current
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in the line.The current transformer (CT) is often treated as a ‘‘black box.’’ It is
a transformer that is governed by the laws of electromagnetic induction:
ε = k βAc Nf
Where
ε = Induced voltage
β = Flux density
Ac = Core cross-sectional area
N = Turns
f = Frequency
k = Constant of proportionality
CT 600/5A
CT 200/5A
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132KV
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Temperature Gauge
Ammeter
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electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical quantities, which
are different under normal and fault condition. The electrical quantities
which may change under fault condition are voltage, current, frequency
and phase angle. Having detect the fault, the relay operate to close the
trip circuit of C.B.
Distance Relay
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1.8.8 Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a
circuit under normal as well as fault condition. It is so designed that it can
be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and
automatically under fault condition. For the latter operation a relay wt. is
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used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used for voltage up to 66 KV
while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher voltage,
air blast vacuum or SF6 cut breaker are used.
Advantages
Pressure Gauge
SF6 Gas
Advantages
Simple construction, less cost.
SF6 gas is not catches flame, non toxic & chemically inert gas.
Maintenance free.
Ability to interrupt low and high fault current.
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larger the unit. Power transformers are available for step-up operation,
primarily used at the generator and referred to as generator step-up (GSU)
transformers, and for step-down operation, mainly used to feed distribution
circuits. Power transformers are available as single-phase or three-phase
apparatus.
Transformer is a vital link in a power system which has made possible the
power generated at low voltages (6600 to 22000 volts) to be stepped up to
extra high voltages for transmission over long distances and then transformed
to low voltages for utilization at proper load centers.
This flux induces an electro-motive force in the secondary winding too. When
load is connected across this winding, current flows in the secondary circuit.
This produces a demagnetizing effect, to counter balance this the primary
winding draws more current from the supply so that
IP.NP = IS.NS
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Transformer ratings
Incoming # 01 20/26 MVA
Incoming # 02 20/26 MVA
Incoming #03 31.5/40 MVA
Maximum Load
TR1 113/1305 A
TR2 113/1305 A
TR3 175/2008 A
1.8.9.1 PARALLEL OPERATION OF THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS
Ideal parallel operation between Transformers occurs when (1) there are
no circulating currents on open circuit, and (2) the load division between the
Transformers is proportional to their kVA ratings. These requirements
necessitate that any - two or more three phase Transformers, which are
desired to be operated in parallel, should possess:
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1) The same no load ratio of transformation;
2) The same percentage impedance;
3) The same resistance to reactance ratio;
4) The same polarity;
5) The same phase rotation;
6) The same inherent phase-angle displacement between primary
and secondary terminals. The above conditions are characteristic of all three
phase Transformers whether two winding or three winding. With three
winding Transformers, however, the following additional requirement must
also be satisfied before the
Transformers can be designed
suitable for parallel operation.
7) The same power ratio
between the corresponding
windings.
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1.8.12 Bus-coupler
Bus coupler is a device which is used switch from one bus to the other without
any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. It is
achieved with the help of circuit breaker and isolators.
Bus coupler is used in sub-station for changing the source of supply without
interrupting the transmission. Let we have two source feeders A1(132KV) &
A2(132KV). And initially A1 is connected via transfer bus, main bus, bus coupler
1 to transformer. Now we want to change source feeder A1 with A2, the Bus
coupler comes into play. 1st we connect all three phases of feeder A2 to
Transfer bus which in turn connected to main bus in parallel to transfer bus of
feeder A1.Since both are in parallel so there neither be any damage nor any
interruption in supply takes place. Thus we have same value (132KV) supply
from combined sources in our main bus. Now we connect the bus coupler of A2
and disconnect bus coupler of A1.
next, we remove the transfer bus connection of A1 from main bus followed by
disconnecting all three phases.
Now our supply is completely through feeder A2 and bus coupler 2.
Bus-coupler
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1.8.13 Battery
A battery is a device that converts the chemical energy contained in
its active materials
directly into electric energy by means of an electrochemical oxidation-
reduction (redox)
reaction. In the case of a rechargeable system, the battery is recharged by a
reversal of the
process.
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1.8.14 Lighting arrestor
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect
the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning. Metal oxide
varistors (MOVs) have been used for power system protection since the mid
1970s. The typical lightning arrester also known as surge arrester has a high
voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge or switching
surge travels down the power system to the arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth.
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Lighting arrestor
1.8.15 Capacitor
Capacitors are used in substation to improve power factor.
Capacitor bank
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1.9 Outgoings of 132 KV Substation Bosan Road
Multan
Raza Hall
Express
Usmanabad
Hazori bagh
Wapda colony
Gulgusht
Eidgah
Shamsabad
Sabzazar
Shalimar
Gray vala
Hussain agahi
University
P.K.Colony
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