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D. Chapter 3. Compression PDF
D. Chapter 3. Compression PDF
AXIALLY LOADED
MEMBERS
. Most axially loaded structural members carry some moment in addition to axial load
- for this discussion, restrict consideration to axial load only.
37
CIVL 4135 Chapter 3. AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS • 38
3.2.3. Spacing of Ties to Prevent Longitudinal Bar Buckling
A. Tied column may fail prior to steel yield if shell spalls and longitudinal bars buckle;
B. Insure that bar buckling load is greater than yield load. (σcr > fy)
Assume that bar buckling load is greater than yield load - Assume a pin-pin bar between ties:
π 2 EI
Pcr = (3.1)
L2
π D4
I= (3.2)
64
π 2E
σ cr = (3.3)
16( L / D)2
Example:
π 2E π E
σ cr = → 40 = (3.4)
16( L / D)2 16( L / D)2
L = 21 D
ACI Code requires (ACI, Sect 7.10.5.2) that spacing not to be greater than
Longitudinal Rods
and spiral hooping
ACI 10.9.2:
at least 4 bars in tied columns
at least 6 bars in spiral columns
at least 3 bars in triangular ties
Bundles of steel bars are sometimes used to prevent congestion. It is shown that they act
as a unit with area as the same as all of the bundle bars.
In buildings columns generally have proportions with the ratio of length to cross section
width (L/h) in the range from about 8 to 12. (use of high strength, more slender column
becoming more popular.)
1 ′
1. Up to f c ≈ f c concrete stress-strain approximately linear. This is known as the
2
“working” or “service load” range:
fc f Es
ε = εc = εs = = s or fs = fc (3.5)
Ec Es Ec
letting
fs = n fc
Then
P = Acfc + Asfs = Acfc + nfcAs
= fc(Ac + nAs)
Transformed area
The three bars along each of the two faces are thought of as being removed and replaced,
at the same distance from the axis of the section, with added areas of fictitious concrete of total
amount of nAs. Alternatively, as shown in figure c, we can think of the area of the steel bars as
replaced with concrete in which case one has to add to the gross concrete area Ag so obtained
only (n -1)As in order to obtain the same total transformed area.
So, knowing Ac = Ag - As
P = fc(Ag + (n-1)As)
Given: 4 # 8 bars
Assume: fc′ = 4000 psi fy = 40 ksi
What axial load will cause concrete to be at its maximum working stress?
Solution:
4000
fc = = 2000 psi
2
E
f s = s f c = nf
Ec
• Strength of actual column varies over length - water migrates to top, causing top to be
slightly weaker.
⇒ use fc = 0.85 f c′ at nominal load condition
then PN = Acfc + Asfs
= Ac(0.85 f c′ ) + Asfy
for column of previous example:
PN = (144 - 3.16)(0.85)(4000) + 3.16(40,000) = 605 kips
1. Determine the stress in the concrete and stress in the steel if the applied load is equal to
3100 kips.
2. Determine the stress in the concrete and stress in the steel if the applied load is equal to
4050 kips.
3.6. Confinement
A. ACI spiral reinforcement ratio based on tests by Richart, Brandtzeg and Brown - 1928;
Using 6” x 12” cylinders, they related lateral confining pressure to axial capacity;
ρ s f ys
f c = 0.85 f c′ + 4.0 f 2′ = 0.85 f c′ + 4.0
*
2
f c = 0.85 f c′ + 2.0 ρ s f ys
*
Therefore, make sure spiral increases capacity of core enough to make up for loss of
shell.
then
0.85 f c′ ( Ag − Acore )
ρs = (3.8)
Acore (2 f ys )
or
0.425 f c′ ⎛ Ag ⎞
ρs = ⎜ − 1⎟ (3.9)
f ys ⎝ Acore ⎠
conservatively, change 0.425 to 0.45 to get Eq. 10-6 of ACI:
0.45 f c′ ⎛ Ag ⎞
ρs = ⎜ − 1⎟ ACI ( Eq.10 − 6) (3.10)
f ys ⎝ Acore ⎠
which says that the ratio of spiral reinforcement shall not be less than the value given by the
equation above; where fy is the specified yield strength of spiral reinforcement but not more
than 60,000 psi.
PA = PN = As f y + 0.85 f c′ ( Ag − As ) (3.11)
after spalling of shell:
2. Columns are assigned the following strength reduction factor (ACI 9.3.2.2)
Given:
( )
Pu = 0.80(0.65) ⎡⎣ Ast (60) + 0.85(4) 144 − Ast ⎤⎦ = 29.43Ast + 254.6
therefore
(
690 = 0.85(0.75)Ag ⎡⎣(0.02) (40ksi) +0.85(3ksi) 1− 0.02 ⎤⎦ )
Solve for Ag
Ag = 328 in 2
π 2
Ag = Dg = 328 in 2 → Dg = 20.44 in round to 20.5 in
4
⎛ 1⎞
20.5 − 2 ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 17.5 in (3.19)
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞
20.5 − 2 ⎜ 1 ⎟ − 2 ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ = 15.875 in (3.20)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 8⎠ ⎝ 8⎠
π (15.875) = 50 in (3.21)
50 − (12)(0.875)
= 3.29 in (3.22)
12
Since 3.29 in > (1.5) db= (1.5) (0.875) = 1.31 in, this acceptable (ACI 7.6.3). In addition, the
minimum amount of spiral reinforcement as given in Eq. 10-6 of ACI needs to be checked.
4 Asp 4 × 0.11
ρsactual = = = 0.0126 > 0.0159 ok
DS 2 × 17.5
20”
CONCRETE STEEL
60 ksi
5000 psi
Ec = 29,000 ksi
Ec = 57, 000 f c′
εy
ε0
1. Determine the stress in the concrete and stress in the steel if the applied load is equal to 1,700
kips.
ans: steel: ? ksi concrete: ? ksi
2. Determine the stress in the concrete and stress in the steel if the applied load is equal to 2,100
kips.
ans: steel: ? ksi concrete: ? ksi
3. Determine the maximum axial load that can be supported by the column (Ultimate Strength
accoding to ACI).
Pn = ? and Pu = ?
Assume the column to be spiral column with the spiral properties given and calculate the
loads right before spalling of concrete shell and after spalling of concrete shell. Does the
spiral satisfy the code for minimum spiral ratio (Eq. 10-6 of ACI).
8”
11”
Answer: PA = kips
PB = kips
C. Design a spiral column and a tied column to carry a dead load of 400 kips and a live
load of 410 kips. The given loads are axial loads. Use 4000 psi concrete and 60,000 psi
steel. Detail your designs.