You are on page 1of 28

*

!"#$%&'()"#"&$

+8.8.$$<.,5,<$6$/$5<2/8</$0(.$1
h=(5ó1'(13(59$6,=%ó5ó.ó0

5HFNOHVV$FFXPXODWLRQ7KURXJK6SDWLDO,QYHVWPHQWV9LD
,OOHJLWLPDWH5HJXODWLRQV

6HPUD3XUNLV"

Öz
7UNL\H·GH OLEHUDO PXKDID]DNDU HOLWOHUFH X\JXODQDQ LQüDDW RGDNO× ELULNLP SROLWLNDODU× NHQWOHU
]HULQGHE\NHWNLOHU\DUDWP×üW×U'HYDVDJD\ULPHQNXOYHDOW\DS×\DW×U×PODU×|]HOOLNOH·OL
\×OODUGDQEHULVHUPD\HELULNLPLQLQWHPHOLQLROXüWXUPXüWXUúQüDDWVHNW|UQQ|QQGHNL\DVDO
"%( VRV\DO PHNDQVDO YH NXUXPVDO ´HQJHOOHULQµ UDGLNDO D\×NODQPDV× PHNDQ×Q WHPL]OHQPHVLQLQ
\ROXQX DoP×ü YH DUWDQ RUDQGD RWRULWHUOHüHQ SROLWLNDODUOD D\U×FDO×NO× V×Q×ÁDU OHKLQH E\N ELU
ND\QDNDNWDU×P×\DS×OP×üW×U%XVUHo·OHUGHEDüODP×üYHOLEHUDOPXKDID]DNDUKNPHWLQ
\NVHNELUR\RUDQ×LOHLNWLGDUDJHOGLùL\×O×QGD\RùXQODüP×üW×U6|]HGLOHQE\N|OoHNOL
\DW×U×PODU XOXVDO YHYH\D XOXVODUDUDV× |]HO HPODN VHNW|U \DW×U×PF×ODU× YH RQODUOD LüELUOLùL
\DSDQ EHOHGL\HOHU YH GRùUXGDQ %DüEDNDQO×ùD EDùO× 72.ú JLEL NDPX NXUXOXüODU× WDUDI×QGDQ
JHUoHNOHüWLULOPHNWHGLU dHYUH YH ûHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù× GD VUHFLQ WHPHO DNW|UOHULQGHQ ELUL
ROPXüWXU%X\DW×U×PODUVRQXFXVHUPD\HELULNLPLHPODNVHNW|UQGHNLE\NVHUPD\HJUXSODU×YH
ÀQDQVVHNW|UOHULOHKLQHK×]ODQP×üW×U0DNDOHGH\DVDOG]HQOHPHOHULQPHNDQ×Q\DW×U×PF×ODULoLQ
HQJHOOHUGHQDU×QG×U×OPDV×QGDR\QDG×ù×UROQDQDOL]LDPDoODQPDNWDG×U%DüNDELULIDGH\OHVRV\DO
PHNDQ×QUHWLPLYH\HQLGHQUHWLPL\ROX\ODVHUPD\HELULNLPLLoLQ\HQLND\QDNODU\DUDW×OPDV×
YHSD\ODü×OPDV×QGDGHYOHWVHUPD\HDUDV×QGDNLSHUYDV×]LüELUOLùLQLQUROLQFHOHQHFHNWLU

Anahtar Sözcükler: úQüDDWRGDNO×ELULNLPPHNDQ×Q´HQJHOOHUGHQDU×QG×U×OPDV×µKXNXNL


G]HQOHPHOHURWRULWHUSROLWLNDODUPHNDQ×QUHWLPLYH\HQLGHQUHWLPL

Abstract
&RQVWUXFWLRQOHGJURZWKSROLFLHVLPSOHPHQWHGE\WKHQHZOLEHUDOFRQVHUYDWLYHHOLWHVKDYHKDG
GUDPDWLFHIIHFWVRQFLWLHVLQ7XUNH\+XJHUHDOHVWDWHDQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUDOLQYHVWPHQWVKDYHEHHQ
DWWKHFRUHRIWKHFDSLWDODFFXPXODWLRQPRGHOHVSHFLDOO\VLQFHWKHV5DGLFDODEROLVKPHQWRI

* 0XùOD6×WN×.RoPDQhQLYHUVLWHVLúNWLVDW%|OP'Ro'USXUNLV#PXHGXWU
(ùLWLP%LOLP7RSOXP'HUJLVL&LOW6D\×46 %DKDUSayfa: 
(GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFH6RFLHW\-RXUQDO9ROXPH,VVXH46 6SULQJ3DJH
Semra Purkis
WKH´REVWDFOHVµLQIURQWRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVHFWRUVXFKDVOHJDOVRFLDOVSDWLDODQGLQVWLWXWLRQDO
SDYHGWKHZD\IRUVSDFHFOHDUDQFHDQGPDVVLYHUHVRXUFHWUDQVIHULQIDYRXURISULYLOHJHGFODVVHV
XQGHULQFUHDVLQJO\DXWKRULWDULDQSROLFLHV7KHSURFHVVWKDWVWDUWHGLQLQWHQVLÀHGHVSHFLDOO\
VLQFH  ZKHQ WKH OLEHUDOFRQVHUYDWLYH JRYHUQPHQW KDV WDNHQ WKH SRZHU ZLWK VLJQLÀFDQW
PDMRULW\7KHVHODUJHVFDOHSURMHFWVKDYHEHHQLPSOHPHQWHGE\WKHQDWLRQDODQGRULQWHUQDWLRQDO
SULYDWHUHDOHVWDWHÀUPVLQDOOLDQFHZLWKWKHSXEOLFERGLHVVXFKDVPXQLFLSDODXWKRULWLHVWKH
0DVV+RXVLQJ$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 72.ú ZKLFKLVGLUHFWO\OLQNHGWRWKH3ULPH0LQLVWU\0LQLVWU\
RI(QYLURQPHQWDQG8UEDQ3ODQQLQJKDYHEHHQRQHRIWKHPDLQDFWRUVRIWKHSURFHVV&DSLWDO
DFFXPXODWLRQ DFFHOHUDWHG LQ IDYRU RI ODUJH FDSLWDO JURXSV LQ UHDO HVWDWH DQG ÀQDQFH VHFWRUV
LQ FRQVHTXHQFH ZLWK WKHVH LQYHVWPHQWV 7KLV DUWLFOH DLPV DW DQDO\VLQJ WKH UROH RI WKH OHJDO
UHJXODWLRQV LQ FOHDULQJ WKH VSDFH IURP WKH ´REVWDFOHVµ IRU WKH UHDO HVWDWH LQYHVWRUV LQ RWKHU
ZRUGVWKHUROHRIUHFOHVVVWDWH²FDSLWDODOOLDQFHLQFUHDWLQJQHZVRXUFHVRIFDSLWDODFFXPXODWLRQ
DQGVKDULQJLWWKURXJKWKHSURGXFWLRQDQGUHSURGXFWLRQRIVRFLDOVSDFH

Key Words: FRQVWUXFWLRQ OHG JURZWK VSDFH ´FOHDUDQFHµ OHJDO UHJXODWLRQV DXWKRULWDULDQ
SROLFLHVSURGXFWLRQDQGUHSURGXFWLRQRIVSDFH

*LULü
úVWHU HUNHQ LVWHU JHo NDSLWDOLVWOHüPLü ROVXQ NDSLWDOLVW VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQLQ
WHPHOL JDVS YH \ROVX]OXùD GD\DQ×U hUHWLPGH LüoLQLQ \DUDWW×ù× YH NDSLWDOLVW
ELULNLPLQWHPHOLRODQDUW×HPHùLQJDVS×\ODEDüOD\DQK×UV×]O×NIDUNO×DUDoODU×Q
"%)
NXOODQ×P×\OD IDUNO× G]H\OHUGH GHYDP HGHU 6HUPD\H ELULNLPLQLQ VRUXQVX]
LüOHGLùL YH E|OüOHFHN ND\QDNODU×Q ERO ROGXùX G|QHPOHUGH J|UHOL RODUDN
GDKD|UWO\|QWHPOHUOHGHYOHWLQRODQDNODU×Q×NXOODQDUDNVUGUOHQVHUPD\H
LoL E|OüP NDYJDV× |]HOOLNOH ND\QDNODU×Q GDUDOG×ù× NUL] G|QHPOHULQGH
N×]×üDUDNDo×ùDo×NDU'HYOHWVHUPD\HLüELUOLùLQLQDo×NoDJ|UQUKDOHJHOGLùL
EX G|QHPOHUGH EXUMXYD GHPRNUDVLVLQLQ HQ WHPHO NXUXPODU×Q×Q LüOH\Lü
LONHOHUL ELOH GHYOHWLQ VXQGXùX EWQ RODQDNODU×Q EHOOL VHUPD\H JUXSODU×QD
UDQW VDùODPD XùUXQD VHIHUEHU HGLOPHVL DG×QD D\DNODU DOW×QD DO×Q×U .DPX
ND\QDNODU×Q×QWHODüO×WDODQ×Q×Q\ROXJHFH\DU×ODU×o×NDU×ODQJD\U×KXNXNLWRUED
\DVDODU×EHOOLVHUPD\HJUXSODU×\ODNXUXODQNOL\HQWDOLVWLOLüNLOHUoHUoHYHVLQGH
o×NDU×ODQ ×VPDUODPD LPDU G]HQOHPHOHUL LOH ´HQJHOOHUGHQµ DU×QG×U×O×U
0HNDQ×Q\HQLGHQUHWLPL\ROX\ODELULNLPNUL]G|QHPOHULQLQHQNDUO×ELULNLP
NDQDOODU×Q×Q EDü×QGD JHOGLùLQGHQ PHNDQVDO \DW×U×PODU KHP 7UNL\H·GH
KHP GH GQ\DGD VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQLQ PHUNH]LQGH \HU DOPDNWDG×U $QFDN
À]LNVHO PHNDQOD ELUOLNWH RQXQ WHPHO NXUXFX XQVXUX RODQ VRV\DO LOLüNLOHU GH
G|QüPHNWHGLU 'HYOHWLQ LPDU \DVDODU×QGD SODQODUGD NDPX \|QHWLPLQGH YH
LOJLOL NXUXPODUGD \DSW×ù× GHùLüLNOLNOHU YH G]HQOHPHOHUOH DoW×ù× LKDOHOHUOH
KXNXNLVRV\DOPHNDQVDOYHNXUXPVDOHQJHOOHULRUWDGDQNDOG×UDUDNDUWPDV×QD
NDWN×GD EXOXQGXùX EX DODQGDNL GROJXQ NDUODU E\N VHUPD\H JUXSODU×Q×
LQüDDW VHNW|U \DW×U×PODU×QD \|QOHQGLUHUHN D\U×FDO×NO× V×Q×ÁDU OHKLQH GHYDVD
ELU ND\QDN DNWDU×P×QD \RO DoPDNWD YH oHüLWOL NDGHPHOHUGHNL EURNUDWODU
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

UDQWWDQ SD\ DOPDNWDG×UODU7UNL\H·GH |]HOOLNOH ·OL \×OODUGD K×] ND]DQDQ


EX VUHFLQ oRùX KXNXND D\N×U× RODQ \DVDO \DS×WDüODU× ·OL \×OODUGDQ EHUL
G|üHQPHNWHGLU$QFDNVHUPD\HQLQNDUK×UV×YHJLGHUHNRWRULWHUOHüHQ\|QHWLPLQ
oRùXGXUXPGDPHüUXODüW×U×F×DUDoODUDEDüYXUPD\DELOHJHUHNGX\PDPDV×Q×Q
VRQXFXRODUDNV|]NRQXVX\DW×U×PODU×NROD\ODüW×UPDNYHK×]ODQG×UPDN]HUH
o×NDU×ODQ EX \DVDODUD PDKNHPH NDUDUODU×QD YH LPDU SODQODU×QD X\PDG×ù×
\D GD \DVDO VUHoOHULQ ELWPHVLQL ELOH EHNOHPHGLùL J|UOPHNWHGLU %WQ
EXQODUD NDUü×Q NDSLWDOLVW VLVWHPGH FH]D KXNXNX WRSOXPXQ ´WHSHµVLQH GHùLO
´WDEDQ×µQDGDUEHLQGLUGLùLQGHQ 0DWKLHVHQ·GHQDNWDUDQ%DXPDQ 
´WHSHµGHQ\UWOHQ\DVDG×ü×LüOHUFH]DODQG×U×OPD]6XoGDFH]DGDV×Q×IVDOG×U
7HSHGHNLOHULQLüOHGLNOHULVRÀVWLNHVXoODUFH]DODQG×U×ODELOLUVXoWDQ×P×QDELOH
JLUPH]NHQ\RNVXOOXNQHGHQL\OHLüOHQHQ´VXoODUµVDQ×NVDQGDO\HVLQHRWXUWXOXU
%X PDNDOHGH ·OL \×OODUGDQ EHUL VHUPD\H OHKLQH PHNDQVDO \DùPDODPD\×
PHüUXODüW×UDQNROD\ODüW×UDQK×]ODQG×UDQYHNHQWOHULQWDULKVHONOWUHOGRùDO
GHùHUOHULQL\RNHGHUHNRQODU×KDI×]DV×]NLPOLNVL]VHUPD\HQLQJoJ|VWHULVLQLQ
WDüODüP×ü \×ù×QODU× KDOLQH JHWLUHQ WHPHO \DVDO G]HQOHPHOHU ]HULQGH
GXUXOPDNWDG×U

.UL]YHPHNDQVDO\DW×U×PODU×QVHUPD\HLoLQ´\DüDPVDOµ|QHPL
"%*
6HUPD\HQLQ JLUGLùL VRQ ELULNLP NUL]LQGHQ o×NPD oDEDODU× oHUoHYHVLQGH
X\JXODQDQQHROLEHUDOSROLWLNDODUVRQXFXGQ\D|OoHùLQGHKDUHNHWVHUEHVWvVLQLQ
DUWPDV×RQDPHNDQVDOIDUNO×O×NODU×KHU]DPDQNLQGHQGDKDoRNNXOODQDUDNNDU
RUDQODU×Q×DUWW×UPDRODQDù×YHUPHNWHGLU+DUHNHWNDELOL\HWLDUWDQVHUPD\HELU
\DQGDQNHQGLVLLoLQHQDYDQWDMO×NRüXOODU×WDü×\DQPHNDQODUDUDV×QGDDNDUNHQ
GLùHU \DQGDQ UHWLPGHQ E\N |OoGH NRSDUDN GDKD NDUO× RODQ ÀQDQVDO
DODQD À]LNL oHYUH \DW×U×PODU×QD YH DVNHUL KDUFDPDODUD ND\P×üW×U +DUYH\
     'DYLG +DUYH\·H J|UH EN]   .DSLWDOL]PLQ KHU
ELUNUHVHONUL]LQLQ|QFHVLQGHDü×U×ELULNHQVHUPD\HQLQVRQELUXPXWOD\HQL
YHULPOL DODQODUGD NXOODQ×PD VRNXOPDV× \ROX\OD X]XQ G|QHPOL \DS×O× oHYUH
\DW×U×PODU×QD K×]OD G|QüWUOPHVL oDEDV× J|]OHQPLüWLU DQFDN EX DODQODUGD
GD GHYDP HGHQ Dü×U× ELULNLP HùLOLPOHUL VRQXFX ELU VUHOLùLQH HUWHOHQHQ NUL]
\HQLGHQGDKDGDGHULQOHüHUHNRUWD\Do×NPDNWDG×U6HUPD\HJQP]GHJLUGLùL
ELULNLP NUL]LQL o|]PHNWHQ ]L\DGH IDUNO× FRùUDI\DODU YH VHNW|UOHU DUDV×QGD
ND\G×UPDNWDG×U $ü×U× ELULNPLü VHUPD\HQLQ GHùHUVL]OHüPH\H XùUDPDGDQ
NDUO×ELUELoLPGH\HQLGHQ\DW×U×OG×ù×\DQLDü×U×ELULNPLüVHUPD\HQLQYHHPHN
ID]ODODU×Q×QJHoLFLRODUDNHPLOGLùLELUDODQRODUDNPHNDQVDO\DW×U×PODU×QDUW×ü×
EWQGQ\DGDÀQDQVDODODQGDNL\HQLOLNOHUOHYHERUoODGHVWHNOHQPLüWLU.UHGL
VLVWHPL YH PHQNXOOHüWLUPH VD\HVLQGH NUHVHO |OoHNWH DN×ü× NROD\ODüW×U×ODQ
VHUPD\HID]ODODU×GQ\DQ×QIDUNO×\HUOHULQGHHQNDUO×RODELOHFHN\DW×U×PODU×Q
Semra Purkis

ÀQDQVPDQ×QD\|QOHQGLULOPHNWHYHIDUNO×FRùUDI\DODUGD\DUDW×ODQDUW×GHùHUHEX
\ROOD HO NRQDELOPHNWHGLU<DW×U×PODU×Q PDOL\HWOHUL LVH \LQH WUHY SL\DVDODUGD
LFDWHGLOHQNDUPDü×NDUDoODUODWRSOXPXQHQ]D\×INHVLPOHULQH\NOHQPHNWHGLU

+HPHQKHPHQEWQGQ\DGDGHYOHWVHUPD\HLüELUOLùLLoLQGHPHNDQ\DUDWDFDù×
UDQWODUODELUOLNWHEHOOLV×Q×ÁDUDWUDQVIHUHGLOPHNWHGLU%DXPDQ·×Q|QHVUGù
JLEL       NUHVHO ÀQDQV GQ\DV×QGD XOXVDO KNPHWOHU
VHUPD\HDG×QDLüOHUL\ROXQDNR\DQRQODUDJYHQOLYHNDUO×\DW×U×PNRüXOODU×
KD]×UOD\DQ\HUHOSROLVNDUDNROODU×UROQR\QDPDNWDG×UODU.HQWPHNDQODU×Q×Q
XOXVODUDUDV× VHUPD\H YH EX VHUPD\H\H HNOHPOHQHELOPLü \HUOL VHUPD\HQLQ
o×NDUODU× YH LKWL\DoODU× GRùUXOWXVXQGD G]HQOHQPHVL NHQWLQ ND\QDNODU×Q×Q
E\N E|OPQGHQ NHQW QIXVXQXQ NoN ELU E|OPQQ \DUDUODQPDV×
DQODP×QDJHOLU%XGDVUHoOHUHHNOHPOHQPH\HQNHVLPOHULQ\DüDPNDOLWHVLQGH
GüüOHUH \RO DoDUDN KRüQXWVX]OXùD QHGHQ ROXU .HQW ND\QDNODU×Q×Q NHQWWH
\DüD\DQoRùXQOXùXQGDKDNDOLWHOLHùLWLPVDùO×NEHOHGL\HKL]PHWOHULVDùO×NO×
YH GD\DQ×NO× ELQDODUGD EDU×QPD JLEL LKWL\DoODU×Q×Q NDUü×ODQPDV× \HULQH
VHUPD\HQLQ NDU RUDQODU×Q× DUWW×UDFDN PHNDQVDO \DW×U×PODUD D\U×OPDV× ND\QDN
GDù×O×P×QGDNLHüLWVL]OLNOHULYHDGDOHWVL]OLNOHULGHULQOHüWLULU
"%!
(UNHQ NDSLWDOLVWOHüHQ ONHOHUGH NHQW PHUNH]LQLQ o|NQW DODQODU×QGD
\DüD\DQ \RNVXOODU× ´VR\OXODüW×UPDµ LOH JHo NDSLWDOLVWOHüHQ ONHOHUGH KHP
´VR\OXODüW×UPDµ\ROX\ODKHPGHJHFHNRQGXE|OJHOHULQGHGHùHUOHQHQNHQWVHO
DUVDODUD HO NR\XS EXUDGD \DüD\DQ V×Q×ÁDU× NHQWLQ HQ G×ü oHSHUOHULQH VUJQ
HGHUHNPONV]OHüWLUPH\ROX\ODELULNLP .DYUDP+DUYH\ VUPHNWHGLU
.HQWOHULQ HQ D\U×FDO×NO× VD\×ODQ WDULKVHO DODQODU× RUPDQO×N DODQODU× YH VX
NHQDUODU× \LQH D\U×FDO×NO× VD\×ODQ WRSOXPVDO V×Q×ÁDUD WDKVLV HGLOHUHN HNRORMLN
YH NOWUHO GHùHUOHU WDKULS HGLOPHNWHGLU %X DODQODU VW RUWD V×Q×ÁDU×Q ]HYN
YHWHUFLKOHULQHX\JXQ\DüDPDODQODU×KDOLQHJHWLULOPHNWH|QFHVLQGHEXUDODUGD
\DüD\DQVRV\DOV×Q×ÁDU\HUOHULQGHQHGLOPHNWHGLU

0HNDQ×QNHQGLVLQLQPHWDODüW×U×OPDV×YHELULNLPLQWHPHOD\Dù×KDOLQHJHOPHVL
VRQXFX NHQWOHüPH VUHoOHUL K×]ODQP×üW×U +HP NHQW PHUNH]OHULQGH KHP GH
EDQOL\|OHUGHNRQXW\DS×P×E\NDOW\DS×\DW×U×PODU×LüPHUNH]OHUL$90·OHU
\HQLRÀVDODQODU×ORMLVWLN\DW×U×PODU×EWQGQ\DGDGHYDPHWPHNWHGLU%WQ
EXQODU×QJHUoHNOHüWLULOPHVLHQHUML\DW×U×PODU×QDEDùO×ROGXùXQGDQJHOHQHNVHO
YH ELU |OoGH DOWHUQDWLI ND\QDNODUD \DS×ODQ E\N |OoHNOL HQHUML \DW×U×PODU×
VUHFH SDUDOHO RODUDN \UWOPHNWH GQ\DQ×Q |]HOOLNOH HQHUML ND\QDNODU×Q×Q
\RùXQODüW×ù×E|OJHOHULQGHEXPHNDQODU×QNRQWUROQQVUGUOPHVLQLQJDUDQWL
HGLOPHVLLoLQVDYDüODUVUHJHOPHNWHGLU
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

7UNL\H·GH\DüDQDQVUHoOHUIDUNO×O×NODU|]JQONOHUWDü×VDGDWHPHOHùLOLPOHU
Do×V×QGDQ GQ\DGDNLQH EHQ]HUOLNOHU J|VWHUPHNWHGLU .HQW PHUNH]OHUL YH
JHFHNRQGXVHPWOHULHQ\NVHNUDQWODU×QJHUoHNOHüWLULOHELOHFHùLDODQODURODUDN
\HUHO YH XOXVODUDUDV× VHUPD\HQLQ J|]GH DODQODU×G×UODU d×NDU×ODQ \DVDODU
YH G]HQOHPHOHUOH NDPX|]HO VHNW|U LüELUOLùL LoLQGH WHN WDUDÁ× EHOLUOHQHQ
NRüXOODUGD NDPXODüW×U×ODQ PHNDQODU LKDOHOHUOH |]HO VHNW|UQ \DW×U×PODU×QD
Do×ODUDN GHYOHW HOL\OH KHP ND\QDN \DUDW×OPDNWD KHP GH EHOOL VHUPD\H
JUXSODU×QDNHQWWH\DüD\DQJHQLüNLWOHOHULQDOH\KLQHE\NELUND\QDNDNWDU×P×
\DS×OPDNWDG×U 'DKD GRùUXVX GHYOHW HOL\OH \DUDW×ODQ ND\QDNODU GHYOHW YH
VHUPD\H WDUDI×QGDQ E|OüOPHNWHGLU %X GXUXP |]HOOLNOH E\N NHQWOHUGH
Do×NoDJ|]OHQHFHNELoLPGHNHQWOHULQV×Q×IFRùUDI\DV×Q×GHùLüWLUPHNWHGLU

7UNL\H·GHúQüDDW6HNW|U2GDNO×%LULNLP
7UNL\H·GH  VRQUDV× QHR OLEHUDO SROLWLNDODU YH KXNXNL G]HQOHPHOHUOH
PHNDQVDO KHU WUO \DW×U×P DOW\DS× NRQXW $90 NDPX ELQDODU× WXUL]P
WHVLVOHUL WLFDUL V×QDL ELQDODU VDQD\L E|OJHOHUL +(6·OHU YE  LoLQ DGHWD DODQ
´WHPL]OHPHVLµ \DS×OPDNWDG×U 0HNDQ XOXVDO YH XOXVODUDUDV× Dü×U× ELULNPLü
VHUPD\HQLQ NUL]L DüPD SROLWLNDODU×Q×Q NDUO×O×ù× KDOD \NVHN GROD\×V× LOH
VHUPD\HQLQ GHùHUVL]OHüPHVLQL JHoLFL ELU VUH ROVD GD |QOH\LFL PXFL]H DODQ×
"&#
RODUDNYDURODQLNWLVDGLKXNXNLVL\DVDOHQJHOOHUGHQK×]ODDU×QG×U×OPDVUHFLQH
JLULOPLüWLU6|]NRQXVXGLQDPLNOHUGHQHQoRNHWNLOHQHQNHQWLVHE\N|OoHNOL
SURMHOHULQ \RùXQODüW×ù× úVWDQEXO ROPXüWXU 6UHoWH NDPXVDO DODQ YH RQXQOD
ELUOLNWHNDPX\DUDU×LONHVLWP\OHRUWDGDQNDONPDNWDG×U

7UNL\H·QLQ GQ\D HNRQRPLVLQH G×üD Do×N SROLWLNDODUOD HNOHPOHQGLùL YH EX


SROLWLNDODU×Q X\JXODQPDV× LoLQ JHUHNOL \DVDO YH NXUXPVDO G]HQOHPHOHULQ
\DS×OG×ù× OL \×OODUGD JHQHO RODUDN GQ\DGD ROGXùX JLEL 7UNL\H·GH GH
LPDODW VHNW|U UHWLPL GXUJXQOXùD JLUPLü \HULQH WLFDUHW ÀQDQV YH KL]PHW
VHNW|U|QHPND]DQPD\DEDüODP×üW×U%XG|QHPV|]NRQXVXVHNW|UOHULQWDOHEL
RODQSOD]DODU×QYHoRNNDWO×LüPHUNH]OHULQLQLQüDHGLOPH\HEDüODQG×ù×\×OODUG×U
%\NKROGLQJOHULQVHYNYHLGDUHPHUNH]OHULLoLQVHoWLNOHULúVWDQEXOVUHoWHQ
HQ ID]OD HWNLOHQHQ \HU ROPXü VDQD\LQLQ E\N E|OP 7HNLUGDù .RFDHOL
%XUVD JLEL oHYUH LOOHUH WDü×QP×üW×U %XQXQ HQ |QHPOL QHGHQL úVWDQEXO·GD
UDQWODU×Q \NVHOPHVLGLU  G|QHPL úVWDQEXO·GD VDQD\LQLQ GXUDNODG×ù×
\DW×U×PODU LoLQGH NRQXW YH DOW\DS× \DW×U×PODU×Q×Q DUWW×ù× \×OODUG×U 6|QPH]
 %XDODQODUGDNL\DW×U×PODUGDNDPXYH|]HOVHNW|U\DW×U×PODU×DUDV×QGD
ELULüE|OPRUWD\Do×NP×üW×U+L]PHWVHNW|U\DW×U×PODU×LoLQGHHQE\NSD\×
|]HOVHNW|UNRQXW\DW×U×PODU×DOP×üNDPXVHNW|ULVHE\N|OoHNOLDOW\DS×
HQHUML XODüW×UPD JLEL \DW×U×PODUGD \RùXQODüP×üW× g]WUN    g]HO
NHVLPLQ\DSPD\DJ|QOOROPDG×ù×EXE\N|OoHNOL\DW×U×PODUD\Q×]DPDQGD
Semra Purkis

NDPX ND\QDNODU× NXOODQ×ODUDN NHQWLQ G×ü E|OJHOHULQGHNL +D]LQH DUD]LOHULQLQ


|]HONHVLPLQ\DW×U×PODU×QDKD]×UODQPDV×QGDLüOHYVHOROPXüWXU

%WQ EX \DW×U×PODU PHNDQD \DS×ODQ \DW×U×PODUG×U 6HUPD\H JLUGLùL ELULNLP


NUL]LQL LoHUGH YH G×üDU×GD PHNDQD \DS×ODQ \DW×U×PODUOD DüPD\D oDO×ü×\RUGX
%XV×UDGD\HQLHNRQRPLNSROLWLNDODU×QHWNLVL\OHD\DNWDNDODPD\DQVHUPD\HOHU
NDODQODUFD HOH JHoLULOHUHN K×]O× ELU VHUPD\HQLQ PHUNH]LOHüPHVL ROJXVX
\DüDQG×%XGXUXPGLùHUVHUPD\HOHUNDGDUúQüDDWüLUNHWOHULLoLQGHJHoHUOL\GL
%DQNDV× RODQ G×üD Do×OPD SROLWLNDODU×QD X\XP VDùOD\DELOHQ \D GD VL\DVL
LNWLGDUOD\DN×QLOLüNLOHUNXUDELOHQüLUNHWOHUÀQDQVNDSLWDOLQVDÁDU×QDNDW×OPD\D
GHYDP HWWLOHU (QND 6DEDQF× $NN|N dXNXURYD 8]DQODU 7RSUDN =RUOX
dDO×N úKODV JLEL oRùX LQüDDW N|NHQOL JUXSODU  g]WUN    ·OL
\×OODUGD KROGLQJOHüPH\H EDüOD\DQ LQüDDW üLUNHWOHUL G×ü WLFDUHWWH GH Dù×UO×ù×
ROXüWXUDQYHE\\HQüLUNHWOHUROPXüODUYH\XUWG×ü×QGDWLFDULüLUNHWOHUNXUDUDN
XOXVODUDUDV× WLFDUHW üLUNHWL NLPOLùL ND]DQDQ LON üLUNHWOHU ROPXüODUG×U g]WUN
    ·O× \×OODUGD PHNDQVDO \DW×U×PODU×Q DUWDQ RUDQGD ELULNLPLQ
WHPHO XQVXUX KDOLQH JHOPHVL\OH ELUOLNWH E\N |OoHNOL VHUPD\H JUXSODU× EX
DODQGDNL\DW×U×PODU×Q×\RùXQODüW×UPD\DEDüODP×üXOXVDOYHXOXVODUDUDV×LQüDDW
üLUNHWOHULGDKD|QFHNoNVHUPD\H\HE×UDNW×NODU×NRQXWDODQ×QDWRSOXNRQXW
"&"
SURMHOHULLOHELUOLNWHJLUPLü\HUDOW×UD\O×VLVWHPOHULDOW\DS×JLELE\NLQüDDW
SURMHOHULQL KD\DWD JHoLUPH\H EDüODP×üODUG×U ûHQJO   <LQH D\Q×
VHUPD\HJUXSODU×LQüDDWODEDùODQW×O×EDüNDDODQODUGDGD\DW×U×PODU×Q×DUWW×UP×ü
NDUO×EXOGXNODU×ÀQDQVDODUDF×O×NHQHUMLWXUL]P JHQHOOLNOHONVRWHO\DS×P× 
YH LQüDDW PDO]HPHOHUL JLEL VHNW|UOHUH |QHPOL \DW×U×PODU \DSP×üODUG×U 'DKD
|QFHUHHOVHNW|UGHUHWLP\DSDQED]×\HUOLVHUPD\HJUXSODU×GDJD\ULPHQNXO
VHNW|UQGH\DUDW×ODQUDQWWDQSD\DOPDNLoLQLQüDDWYHLOJLOLVHNW|UOHUHJLUPLü
EHQ]HUELoLPGHV|]NRQXVXUDQWWDQSD\DOPDNLVWH\HQELUoRNXOXVODUDUDV×üLUNHW
\DW×U×PODU×Q× 7UNL\H·GH GDKD oRN úVWDQEXO·GD \RùXQODüW×UP×üW×U ûHQJO
 úQüDDWVHNW|UQGHIDDOL\HWJ|VWHUPHN]HUHNXUXODQüLUNHWVD\×V×
DUDVׁo\×OGD\DNODü×N\]GHDUWP×üYH\DW×U×PF×ODU×QJ|]GH
VHNW|U KDOLQH JHOPLüWLU<HQL NXUXODQ üLUNHWOHU DUDV×QGD LQüDDW YH EDùODQW×O×
VHNW|UOHUGHNXUXODQüLUNHWVD\×V×\×O×QGDK×]ODDUWPD\DGHYDPHWPLüWLU
g\OH NL E\N VHUPD\H oHYUHOHUL LQüDDW VHNW|UQGHNL ÀUPD VD\×V×QGDQ
\DN×Q×UKDOHJHOPLüOHUGLU'XPDQND\DúQüDDW·×Q\|QHWLPNXUXOX%DüNDQ×8ùXU
'XPDQND\D´«ELQÀUPDROPD]$OPDQ\D·GDÀUPDYDU(NRQRPLVL
EL]LPNDW×P×]ú\L\OHN|WD\U×OPDO×µGL\H\DN×QPDNWDG×U .DGDN6DEDK
 

úQüDDW VHNW|U E\PHQLQ ORNRPRWLI VHNW|U ROPD\D GHYDP HWPHNWHGLU


7UNL\H  \×O×QGD HQ E\N  PWHDKKLWOLN ÀUPDODU× OLVWHVLQGH 
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

ÀUPDLOHdLQ·GHQVRQUDLNLQFLV×UDGD\HUDOP×üW×U <×OPD] 6HNW|U


JHOLüWLNoH DUD]L JHOLüWLUHQOHU SURMH JHOLüWLUHQOHU LQüDDW LüLQL \NOHQHQOHU
LQüDDWüLUNHWOHULJD\U×PHQNXO\DW×U×PRUWDNO×NODU× *<2 HPODNo×ODULQüDDW
PDO]HPHVLVDW×F×ODU×ÀQDQVNXUXOXüODU×JD\U×PHQNXOGDQ×üPDQO×NüLUNHWOHUL
JLEL IDUNO× X]PDQO×N DODQODU× RUWD\D o×NP×üW×U 6UHoWH NoN VHUPD\HOL
\DSVDWo×PWHDKKLWOHU\HUOHULQLNUHVHOVHUPD\HLOHEDùODQW×O×E\NVHUPD\HOL
LQüDDWüLUNHWOHULQHE×UDNPDNWDG×U6|]NRQXVXüLUNHWOHULQROXüWXUGXùX*<2·ODU
E\N|OoHNOL\DW×U×PODU×QSODQODQPDV×QGDSD]DUODQPDV×QGDÀQDQVPDQ×QGD
YH ULVNLQ WDEDQD \D\×OPDV×QGD HWNLOHULQL DUWW×UPD\D EDüODP×üODUG×U úQüDDW
VHNW|U\DW×U×PODU×Q×QVHNW|UGHPHQNXOOHüPHGHUHFHVLQLQDUWW×U×OPDV×\ROX\OD
ÀQDQVH HGLOPHVLQL VDYXQDQ E\N VHUPD\H oHYUHOHUL ELU \DQGDQ VHNW|UGH
\DW×U×P NDQDOODU×Q×Q Do×OPDV×Q× NROD\ODüW×UDFDN \DVDO G]HQOHPHOHULQ K×]OD
o×NDU×OPDV× \ROXQGD EDVN× \DSDUNHQ GLùHU \DQGDQ VHNW|UH JLULüLQ NRüXOODUD
EDùODQDUDNV×Q×UODQG×U×OPDV×Q×WDOHSHWPHNWHGLU

<HUOL YH XOXVODUDUDV× HPODN üLUNHWOHUL \HUHO \|QHWLPOHU YH GRùUXGDQ


%DüEDNDQO×ùD EDùO× RODQ YH NDPXODüW×UPD NHQWVHO G|QüP DODQ× LODQ HWPH
JLEL JHQLü \HWNLOHUOH GRQDW×ODQ 72.ú JLEL NDPX NXUXOXüODU× VUHFLQ WHPHO
DNW|UOHULROPXüODUG×U<LQHVUHFLNUHGLOHUOHGHVWHNOH\HQEDQNDODUJLELÀQDQV
"&$
VHNW|U NXUXOXüODU× DQD DNW|UOHU DUDV×QGDG×UODU %X GXUXP ´L\Lµ \|QHWLüLP
RODUDNDGODQG×U×ODQGHYOHWVHUPD\HLüELUOLùLQLQHQDo×N|UQHùLGLU$QFDNVUHoWH
JLGHUHN HQ WHPHO LNL DNW|U RODUDN 72.ú YH dHYUH YH ûHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù×
HQ |QH o×NPDNWDG×U 72.ú KHP NRQXW WDOHS HGHQOHUH KHP GH PWHDKKLWOHUH
YHUGLùL NUHGLOHUOH KHP DU] KHP GH WDOHEL NRQWURO HGHELOPHNWHGLU %DNDQO×N
LVHDüDù×GDLQFHOHQHFHùL]HUHWP7UNL\H·QLQWRSUDNODUׁ]HULQGH\HUHOOLN
YH NDW×O×PF×O×N LONHOHULQH WDPDPHQ D\N×U× ELoLPGH RODùDQVW \HWNLOHUOH
GRQDW×OP×üDü×U×PHUNH]L\HWoLYH\ROVX]OXùDDo×NELU\DS×RUWD\Do×NP×üW×U

0HNDQ× VHUPD\HQLQ GHYLU K×]×Q× \DYDüODWDQ GROD\×V×\OD GD NDU RUDQODU×Q×Q


DUW×üK×]×Q×GüUHQHQJHOOHUGHQDU×QG×UPDRSHUDV\RQXQXQ|QHPOLELUD\Dù×
(\OO·GD\DS×ODQ$QD\DVD5HIHUDQGXPXLOH\DUJ×HQJHOLQLQGHRUWDGDQ
NDOG×U×OPDV× LOH WDPDPODQP×üW×U gQFHNL G|QHPLQ 7RSOX .RQXW )RQX úOOHU
%DQNDV×%D\×QG×UO×NYHúVNDQ%DNDQO×ù×$UVDRÀVL(PODN%DQNDV×'37JLEL
WHPHODNW|UOHULVUHoLoLQGHWDVÀ\HHGLOPLü$UVDRÀVLYH(PODN%DQNDV×·Q×Q
DUVDYHWDü×QPD]ODU×72.ú·\HGHYUHGLOPLüWLU72.úHQID]ODJHOLULNHQGLVLQH
EHGHOVL] RODUDN YHULOHQ +D]LQH DUD]LOHULQL VDWDUDN HOGH HWPHNWHGLU %X RUWDN
NDPXPONOHULGDUJHOLUOLWRSOXPVDONHVLPOHULQNRQXWLKWL\DoODU×Q×NDUü×ODPDN
]HUH ROXüWXUXODFDN ELU VRV\DO NRQXW SROLWLNDV× oHUoHYHVLQGH NXOODQ×OPDN
\HULQH GHYOHW LoLQGH GHYOHW NRQXPX\OD 72.ú WDUDI×QGDQ E\N üLUNHWOHUH
SD]DUODQDUDNE\NELUND\QDNDNWDU×P×QGDEXOXQXOPDNWDNDPX\DDLWDUD]LOHU
Semra Purkis

|]HOOHüWLULOPHNWHGLU0HNDQVHUPD\HELULNLPLQLQ´\HQLµPDQW×ù×oHUoHYHVLQGH
ROXüWXUXODQ dHYUH YH ûHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù× 72.ú *D\ULPHQNXO <DW×U×P
2UWDNO×NODU×JLELNXUXPODU|UJWOHQPHOHUYH\HUHO\|QHWLPOHUOHYHLPDUKDNODU×
LOH LOJLOL \DVDODUGD \DS×ODQ GHùLüLNOLNOHUOH WXUL]PL WHüYLN NDQXQX JLEL \HQL
\DVDODUOD KXNXNL HQJHOOHUGHQ YH LoLQGH \DüD\DQ GDKD DYDQWDMV×] V×Q×ÁDU GD
]RUOD\HUOHULQGHQHGLOHUHNXOXVDOYHXOXVODUDUDV×VHUPD\HQLQVHUEHVWoHKDUHNHW
HGHELOHFHùLELoLPGHDG×PDG×P\DW×U×PODUDKD]×UODQPDNWDG×U

0ONV]OHüWLUPH\ROX\ODELULNLPLQ\DVDOWHPHOOHUL
2FDNHNRQRPLNNDUDUODU×Q×QDUG×QGDQGQ\DGDNLJHOLüPHOHUHSDUDOHO
ELUüHNLOGHPHNDQ×QNHQGLVLQLQELULNLPLQWHPHODUDF×RODUDNPHWDODüW×U×OPDV×QD
YH SD]DUODQPDV×QD RODQDN YHUHFHN G]HQOHPHOHU \DS×OP×üW×U YH \DS×OPD\D
GHYDPHWPHNWHGLU%XVUHoWHQ\XNDU×GDEHOLUWLOGLùLJLELNHQWOHULQPHUNH]OHUL
WDULKLDODQODU×HVNLJHFHNRQGXPDKDOOHOHULNDGDURUPDQDODQODU×VXKDY]DODU×
YH N×\× E|OJHOHUL GH SD\ODU×Q× DOPDNWDG×UODU %X \DVDODUGDQ HQ |QHPOLOHUL
üXQODUG×U\×O×QGDo×NDU×ODQ7XUL]PL7HüYLN<DVDVײ\×OODU×DUDV×
KHUELULELU|QFHNLQLQX\JXODPDDODQ×YH\HWNLOHULQLJHQLüOHWHQYHJHFHNRQGX
DODQODU×Q× YH WP GLùHU NDoDN \DS×ODüPD DODQODU×Q× \DVDOODüW×UDUDN G]HQOL
DSDUWPDQWUNRQXWVWRNXQDG|QüWUOPHVLQLDPDoOD\DQEHüDGHWJHFHNRQGX
"&%
DI\DVDV×EXQODULoLQGH\×O×QGDo×NDU×ODQJHFHNRQGXYHNDoDN\DS×ODUD
LPDUKDNN×WDQ×\DQVD\×O×LPDUDII×\DVDV×\LQH\×O×QGDVD\×O×
%\NüHKLU%HOHGL\HVL.DQXQXLOHE\NüHKLUEHOHGL\HVLQLQLGDUL\HWNLOHULYH
ÀQDQVDO ND\QDNODU× DUWW×U×ODUDN GDKD |QFH EHOHGL\HQLQ VRUXPOXOXùXQGD RODQ
XODü×P EDU×QPD GRùDOJD] VDùODPD JLEL ELUoRN KL]PHWLQ |]HOOHüWLULOPHVLQH
RODQDN YHULOPHVL ·GH QD]×P SODQ EURODU×Q×Q NDSDW×OPDV× YH VSHNODWLI
DOW |OoHNOL SDUoD SODQODU G|QHPLQH JHoLOPHVL YH LPDU SODQODPD \HWNLVLQLQ
EHOHGL\HOHUH GHYUHGLOPHVL  \×OODU× DUDV×QGD \DS×ODQ G]HQOHPHOHUOH
WDU×P DODQODU×Q×Q WDU×P G×ü× DPDoODUOD NXOODQ×P×QD RODQDN YHULOPHVL YH EX
DODQODU×Q LPDUD Do×OPDV×  \×OODU× DUDV×QGD \DS×ODQ G]HQOHPHOHUOH
RUPDQ DODQODU×Q×Q WXUL]P HùLWLP KDWWD LVNDQ DPDoO× \DW×U×PODUD WDKVLVLQL
NROD\ODüW×U×F×PHY]XDWGHùLüLNOLNOHULPHWURSRODODQODU×QoHYUHVLQGHNLRUPDQYH
VXKDY]DODU×QGDLPDUDNDSDO×E|OJHOHUGHEXOXQDQ\DVDG×ü×\HUOHüLPDODQODU×Q×Q
NDUDUQDPHOHUOHLOoH\HG|QüWUOPHVL·GH6D\×O×.DQXQ+NPQGH
.DUDUQDPHLOHE\NüHKLUEHOHGL\HOHULV×Q×UODU×LoLQGHLOoHEHOHGL\HOHULQLQ\DQ×
V×UDEHOGHEHOHGL\HOHULNXUXOPDV×QDRODQDNVDùODQPDV×E|\OHFHSODQRQDPD
\HWNLVL RODQ EHOGH EHOHGL\HOHULQLQ PHWURSROLWHQ NHQW EWQQGHQ EDù×PV×]
KDUHNHW HWPH |]JUOù ND]DQPDV×\OD SODQODPD VUHFLQL HVQHNOHüWLULFL
IRQNVL\RQ VWOHQPHOHUL    \×O×QGD o×NDU×ODQ YH   
\×O×QGDWHNUDUGHùLüWLULOHQ%\NüHKLU%HOHGL\HVL<DVDV×LOHNRUXQPDV×\HULQH
LOoHOHüWLULOHUHN \DVDOODüW×U×ODQ DODQODUGD ×VODK SODQ× YH X\JXODPD LPDU SODQ×
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

X\JXODPDODU×Q×Q VHUEHVW E×UDN×OPDV× |]HOOHüWLULOHQ NDPX\D DLW LüOHWPHOHULQ


DUVDYHDUD]LOHULQLQ·GDQVRQUDLPDUDDo×OPDV×GRùDOWDULKVHODUNHRORMLN
VLWDODQODUׁ]HULQGHVSHNODV\RQ\DS×OPDV×QDRODQDNYHUHFHNELoLPGHNRUXPD
NXUXOODU×Q×Q \HWNLOHULQL V×Q×UODQG×UDQ G]HQOHPHOHU (NLQFL   
ûHQ\DS×O× ·OL\×OODUGDPHWURSROLWHQoHSHUOHULVHUPD\HQLQUDQW
DODQODU×KDOLQHJHWLUHQ\DVDODU×QHWNLOHUL·O×\×OODUGDDo×NoDRUWD\Do×NP×ü
YHEXUDODUGDRWXUDQDOWDOWRUWDV×Q×ÁDU\HUOHULQGHQHGLOHUHNRUWDYHVWRUWD
V×Q×ÁDUDKLWDSHGHQ\HQL\DüDPDODQODU×\DUDW×OP×üW×U<DUDW×ODQ\HQLDODQODU×Q
NHQWOHEDùODQW×V×Q×QNXUXOPDV×EXUDODUDDOW\DS×\DW×U×PODU×Q×Q\DS×OPDV×JLEL
\NVHNPDOL\HWOL\DW×U×PODU×QNDPXND\QDNODU×NXOODQ×ODUDN\DS×OPDV×\ROX\OD
PDOL\HWLQWRSOXPVDOODüW×U×OPDV×NHQWWH\DüD\DQDOWJHOLUJUXSODU×QGDQVWJHOLU
JUXSODU×QDND\QDNDNWDU×P×DQODP×QDJHOLUYHNHQWWH\DüD\DQJUXSODUDUDV×QGD
HüLWVL]OLùL GHULQOHüWLULU %XUDGD DVO×QGD LNL SDUDOHO VUHo \DüDQPDNWDG×U %LU
\DQGDQRUWDYHVWRUWDV×Q×ÁDU×QELUN×VP×NHQWG×ü×QGDNL\DUDW×OP×üJYHQOLNOL
DODQODUGD J|QOO L]RODV\RQX VHoHUNHQ GLùHU \DQGDQ VHUPD\HQLQ DOW JHOLU
JUXSODU×Q×Q\DüDPDNWDROGXùXNHQWPHUNH]OHULQGHGHùHUOHQPHDUD\×ü×VRQXFX
EXJUXSODUNHQWoHSHUOHULQHGRùUXJ|QOV]L]RODV\RQD]RUODQPDNWDG×U %DUWX
YH .ROOXRùOX    ·OL \×OODUGD HNRQRPLN NUL]LQ \RùXQODüPDV×
LOH VHUPD\H JHFHNRQGX E|OJHOHUL RUPDQODU VX KDY]DODU× \DQ×QGD NHQW
"&&
PHUNH]OHULQGH PHNDQ×Q \HQLGHQ UHWLOPHVLQH RODQDN YHUHQ EHOHGL\HOHUL
DFLO NDPXODüW×UPD GDKLO JHQLü \HWNLOHUOH GRQDWDQ NHQWVHO G|QüPH RODQDN
YHUHQ \DVDODU GHVWHùLQGH WDULKL VHPWOHUGH GH NHQWVHO G|QüP SURMHOHULQH
\RùXQODüP×üW×U

.HQWVHOG|QüPSURMHOHULQLQX\JXODQG×ù×YHX\JXODQDFDù×WDULKLDODQODUVW
RUWDJHOLUJUXEXQXQNHQGLOHULQHGDKDoRNKLWDSHGHQ\DüDPELoLPOHULQLVXQDQYH
HNRQRPLNNOWUHOVRV\DODo×ODUGDQNHQGLEHQ]HUOHUL\OHRWXUPDODU×QDRODQDN
YHUHQNHQWG×ü×QGDNLJYHQOLNOLNDSDO×VLWHOHUHWDü×QPDV×QGDQVRQUDJHQHOOLNOH
DOWRUWDJHOLUJUXSODU×Q×QRWXUGXùXDODQODUG×U%XSURMHOHULQX\JXODQPDV×V|]
NRQXVX JUXSODU×Q NHQWOHULQ HQ G×ü oHSHUOHULQH DW×OPDV×QD \RO DoPDNWDG×U
%XSURMHOHUNDQDO×LOHNDPX|]HOVHNW|ULüELUOLùLLoLQGHWHNWDUDÁ×EHOLUOHQHQ
NRüXOODUGD NDPXODüW×U×ODQ PHNDQODU LKDOHOHUOH |]HO VHNW|UQ \DW×U×PODU×QD
Do×ODUDN GHYOHW HOL\OH EHOOL VHUPD\H JUXSODU×QD EDüWD úVWDQEXO ROPDN ]HUH
|]HOOLNOHE\NNHQWOHUGH\DüD\DQJHQLüNLWOHOHULQDOH\KLQHGHYDVDELUND\QDN
DNWDU×P× \DS×OPDNWDG×U %WQ EX X\JXODPDODU VRQXFX SODQODPDQ×Q |QHPL
LKPDOHGLOLUELUG]H\HLQPLüWLU

.HQWVHOG|QüPNDYUDP×UHVPLRODUDNLONNH]7HPPX]·GH\UUOùH
JLUHQVD\×O×%HOHGL\H<DVDV×·QGDNXOODQ×OP×üW×U 7UNQYH<DS×F×
 %X\DVDQ×QKHPHQDUNDV×QGDQ7HPPX]·GD5HVPL*D]HWH·GH\D\×QODQDQ
Semra Purkis

 VD\×O× <×SUDQDQ 7DULKL YH .OWUHO 7Dü×QPD] 9DUO×NODU×Q <HQLOHQHUHN


.RUXQPDV× YH <DüDW×ODUDN .XOODQ×OPDV× +DNN×QGD .DQXQ o×NDU×OP×üW×U %X
\DVDODU %\NüHKLU EHOHGL\HOHULQH EX EHOHGL\HOHU V×Q×UODU× LoLQGH EXOXQDQ
LOoH YH LO NDGHPH EHOHGL\HOHUL YH QIXVX ·LQ ]HULQGHNL EHOHGL\HOHUH
EHOHGL\HYHPFDYLUDODQV×Q×UODU×LoLQGHNHQWVHOG|QüPYHJHOLüLPSURMHOHUL
X\JXODPD DPDF×\OD NDPXODüW×UPD \HWNLVL YHUPHNWHGLU<HQLOHPH DODQODU×QGD
EXOXQDQ\DS×ODU×QERüDOW×OPDV×\×N×P×YHNDPXODüW×U×OPDV×QGDDQODüPD\ROX
HVDVW×U$QODüPDVDùODQDPD\DQKDOOHUGHJHUoHNYH|]HOKXNXNW]HONLüLOHULQLQ
PONL\HWLQGHEXOXQDQWDü×QPD]ODULOJLOLLO|]HOLGDUHVLYHEHOHGL\HWDUDI×QGDQ
NDPXODüW×U×ODELOLU4 <DVDQ×Q EX KNPOHUL\OH EHOHGL\HOHUH YHULOHQ EX JHQLü
\HWNLOHU NDUü×V×QGD PONL\HW VDKLSOHULQLQ LGDUH\H NDUü× KDNODU×Q× NRUXPDN
]HUH N×V×WOD\×F× KLoELU KNP \HU DOPDPDNWDG×U$\Q× ]DPDQGD  VD\×O×
\DVD LOH 72.ú·\H JHQLü ELU DODQ Do×OP×üW×U dQN NHQWVHO G|QüP YH
JHOLüLP SURMHOHULQLQ 72.ú WDUDI×QGDQ RUWDNO×NODU \ROX\OD \DGD WHN EDü×QD
X\JXODQDELOHFHùL EHOLUWLOPLüWLU  WDULKLQGH 5HVPL *D]HWH·GH
\D\×QODQDUDN \UUOùH JLUHQ  VD\×O× .DQXQOD ´ VD\×O× %HOHGL\H
.DQXQXµQXQ ´.HQWVHO '|QüP YH *HOLüLP $ODQ×µ EDüO×NO×  PDGGHVL
GHùLüWLULOPLüWLU <DS×ODQ GHùLüLNOLN LOH EHOHGL\H YH PFDYLU DODQ V×Q×UODU×
LoHULVLQGH ´úPDUO×LPDUV×] \DS×O×\DS×V×]µ WP DODQODU ´G|QüPµ NDSVDP×
"&'
LoHULVLQH DO×QP×üW×U 8\JXODPD\D WDP ELU NH\ÀOLN JHWLULOPLü YH EXQXQOD GD
\HWLQLOPH\LS7UNL\H·GHNLELUoRNLOPHUNH]LQGHQGDKDE\NELU\HUOHüPH\L
NDSVD\DFDNE\NONWHELUDODQRODQKHNWDUDNDGDUDODQODU×QDGHWV×Q×U×
ROPDNV×]×QG|QüPDODQ×LODQHGLOPHVLG]HQOHQPLüWLU

%|\OHFH SDUoDF× SODQODPD DQOD\×ü×Q×Q |Q VRQXQD NDGDU Do×OP×üW×U


.DQXQ ´0ONL\HW +DNN×µQ× N×V×WOD\DQ YH KDWWD RUWDGDQ NDOG×UDQ KNPOHU
LoHUPHNWHGLU .DQXQXQ LON I×NUDV×QGDNL G]HQOHPH\H J|UH ´NRQXW DODQODU×
VDQD\L DODQODU× WLFDUHW DODQODU× ROXüWXUXOPDN ]HUH«µ NHQWVHO G|QüP
SURMHOHUL X\JXODQDELOHFHNWLU 7002%  %XUDGD GLNNDWL oHNHQ QRNWD
VLVWHPLQ LüOH\LüLQLQ GHYDP×Q×Q \LQH VLVWHPLQ HQ WHPHO KDN RODUDN J|UGù
PONL\HW KDNN×Q×Q ED]× WRSOXPVDO V×Q×ÁDU LoLQ Dü×QG×U×OPDV× ED]×ODU×Q×Q
GD GDKD ID]OD ´PONOOHüWLULOPHVLµ LOH VDùODQPDV×G×U $VO×QGD \DQO×ü RODQ
WDULKLER\XQFDWHPHOLQGH´K×UV×]O×NµYH´JDVSµRODQELUNXUXPXQKDNRODUDN
WDUW×ü×OPDV×G×U.RQXNHQWVHODUD]LOHULQNXOODQ×PELoLPOHUL]HULQGHQ\DUDW×ODQ
UDQWODU×Q NHQWOLOHUH HüLW YH DGLO ELU ELoLPGH G|QS G|QPHPHVL oRùXQOXùXQ
\DUDU×QD YH RQODU×Q LKWL\DoODU×QD J|UH NXOODQ×O×S NXOODQ×OPDPDV×G×U$VO×QGD
RUWD\D o×NDUG×ù× HNRORMLN WDKULEDWODUD NDUü×Q NHQWVHO DUD]L ]HULQGHQ VUHNOL
UDQW \DUDWPD DQOD\×ü×Q×Q NHQGLVL VRUXQOXGXU<RNVD PONL\HWOH D\Q× WDULKVHO
NDYüDNWDRUWD\Do×NDQV×Q×Á×WRSOXPODUGD|]HOOLNOHGHNDSLWDOL]PGHPONL\HW
KHU]DPDQND\JDQELU]HPLQHRWXUPXüWXU'ROD\×V×\ODEXUDGDV|]NRQXVXRODQ
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

VDGHFHPONL\HW]HULQGHQELUKDNLGGLDV×ROPDPDO×G×U6.HQWVHOG|QüPDODQ×
LODQHGLOHQUDQWSRWDQVL\HOL\NVHNE|OJHOHUJHQHOOLNOHNHQWLQHQJYHQFHVL]
WRSOXPVDO NHVLPOHULQLQ \DüDG×NODU× E|OJHOHUGLU %X VHPWOHUGH \DüD\DQODU×Q
E\NE|OPNLUDF×G×U'|QüPSURMHOHULX\JXODQDQE|OJHOHUGH\DüD\DQODU
LoLQGH ND]DQoO× o×NDQODU ELUGHQ ID]OD HY VDKLEL RODQODUG×U %XQODU×Q E\N
E|OPGHNHQWVHOG|QüPSURMHVLX\JXODQDFDNE|OJHOHUGHHUNHQGDYUDQDUDN
WHN WHN PON VDKLEL RODQODUGDQ DO×P \DSDQ \DW×U×PF×ODUG×U $V×O ND]DQoO×
o×NDQODU NDPX ND\QDNODU× NXOODQ×ODUDN NDPXODüW×U×O×S \DW×U×PD KD]×UODQDQ
EX E|OJHOHUGHQ LKDOH DODQ LQüDDW üLUNHWOHUL \DW×U×PF×ODU PWHDKKLWOHU SURMH
JHOLüWLUHQOHU ÀQDQV NXUXOXüODU× YH RQODUOD LüELUOLùL \DSDQ EHOHGL\HOHU 72.ú
YHdHYUHYHûHKLUFLOLN%DNDQO×ù×JLELNDPXNXUXOXüODU×G×U6|]NRQXVX\DVD
LOH  \×O×QGD KD]×UODQDQ '|QüP $ODQODU× +DNN×QGD <DVD 7DVDU×V×Q×Q
WRUED\DVDODUODNDQXQODüW×U×ODPD\DQPDGGHOHULGH\DVDOODüW×U×ODUDNVD\×O×
\DVDQ×Q RODQDN YHUPHGLùL E\N NHQWVHO SURMHOHUH RODQDN YHULOPLüWLU 
\×O×QGD 7RSOX .RQXW .DQXQXQD LODYH HGLOHQ KNPOHU *HFHNRQGX .DQXQX
NDSVDP×QGD LGDUHOHULQ NXOODQ×P×QD JHoPLü DODQODU× 7RSOX .RQXW úGDUHVLQLQ
NXOODQ×P×QDGHYUHWPLüWLU WDULKOLYHVD\×O×.DQXQ 7HPPX]
·GH  VD\×O× %D]× .DQXQ YH .DQXQ +NPQGH .DUDUQDPHOHUGH
'HùLüLNOLN<DS×OPDV×QD 'DLU .DQXQ o×NDU×ODUDN EX WDVDU×Q×Q ED]× PDGGHOHUL
"&(
ELU WRUED \DVD LoLQGH \DVDOODüW×U×OP×üW×U 7UNQ YH <DS×F×    %X
G]HQOHPHOHUOH 72.ú·QLQ YH g]HOOHüWLUPH úGDUHVL %DNDQO×ù×·Q×Q \HWNLOHUL
JHQLüOHWLOPLü+D]LQHPONL\HWLQGHNLRNXODODQODU×'6ú.DUD\ROODU×7&''
WDü×QPD]ODU×Q×Q VDW×ü× NROD\ODüW×U×OP×ü |]HO PONL\HWH NRQX RODPD\DFDN
PXWODN\DS×\DVDù×RODQN×\×ODU×QEHGHONDUü×O×ù×|]HONLüLOHUHGHYUHGLOPHVL\DGD
\×OJLELX]XQVUH\OHLUWLIDNKDNN×YHULOPHVL\ROX\ODN×\×\DùPDODQPDV×Q×Q
\ROXDo×OP×üW×U 7UNQYH<DS×F× <LQHVD\×O×\DVDLOH
\×O×QGD \UUOùH NRQXODQ  VD\×O× 7RSOX .RQXW .DQXQX·QGD GHùLüLNOLN
\DS×ODUDN72.ú·\HKHUWULPDUYH|OoHNWHSODQODU\DSPD\HWNLVLYHULOPLüWLU
%|\OHFH  \×O×QGD %DüEDNDQO×ùD EDùODQDQ 72.ú·\H \HUHO \|QHWLPOHUH
YHULOHQ \HWNLOHULQ |QHPOL ELU E|OP DNWDU×OP×ü QHUHGH\VH ELU EDNDQO×ù×Q
\HWNLOHULQH NDYXüWXUXOPXüWXU 7UNQ YH <DS×F×     ·OL
\×OODUGD\DVDODUYHo×NDU×ODQNDQXQKNPQGHNDUDUQDPHOHUWDNLSHGLOPHVL]RU
YHoRNK×]O×GHùLüLNOLNOHULJQGHPHJHWLUPLüWLU%X\ROODGXUXPDX\JXQ\DVD
o×NDU×OPDV×YHGDKDVRQUDEXQODU×QWRUED\DVDODUOD\HQLGHQG]HQOHQPHVLLOH
\DVDODU DUDoVDOODüW×U×OP×üW×U 7UNQ YH<DS×F×   72.ú GRQDW×OG×ù×
RODùDQVW\HWNLOHUOHE\N|OoHNOL\DW×U×PODU×QJHUoHNOHüPHK×]×QGD\DüDQDQ
VRUXQODU×QDü×OPDV×Q×NROD\ODüW×UP×üW×U3ODQODPD\HWNLVLQHVDKLS·LQ]HULQGH
NXUXP YDUG×U YH EX GXUXP EWQONO ELU SODQ \DSPD RODQDù×Q× WP\OH
RUWDGDQNDOG×UPDNWDG×U3ODQODPDQ×Q\HULQLEHOOLDODQODUDRGDNODQP×üNHQWVHO
WDVDU×PSURMHOHULDOP×üW×U ûHQJO 
Semra Purkis

72.ú LQüDDW RGDNO× ELULNLPLQ HQ |QHPOL DNW|UOHULQGHQ ELULGLU %DüODQJ×oWD


RUWDDOWRUWDV×Q×I×QNRQXWLKWL\DF×Q×NDUü×ODPDDPDF×\ODNXUXOPXüROPDV×QD
NDUü×QGRQDW×OG×ù×JHQLü\HWNLOHUOH|]HONHVLPOHLüELUOLùLLoLQGHNDUDPDF×\OD
NHQGL DUVDODU× ]HULQGH GRùUXGDQ NRQXW UHWPH\H EDüODP×ü YH VWRUWD YH
VWV×Q×ID\|QHOLNNRQXWDODQODU×LQüDHWPLüWLU%XQXNHQWVHOUDQWODU×Q\NVHN
ROGXùXE|OJHOHUGHKDV×ODWSD\ODü×P×\|QWHPL\OHNDWNDUü×O×ù×DUVDWHPLQHGHUHN
\DSPDNWDG×U

VRQUDV×G|QHPGHLQüDDWVHUPD\HVLLoLQGHNLEHOLUOLVHUPD\HJUXSODU×Q×Q
K×]OD VLYULOPHVLQGH GHYOHW LKDOHOHUL |QHPOL URO R\QDP×ü 2FDN ·GH
\UUOùH NRQDQ .DPX úKDOH .DQXQX  NH] GHùLüWLULOPLü YH · DüN×Q
GHùLüLNOLNOH X\JXODQP×üW×U %X GHùLüLNOLNOHUOH ED]× LKDOHOHU NDSVDP G×ü×QD
o×NDU×O×UNHQ ED]×ODU× LoLQ GH LVWLVQDL KNPOHU JHWLULOPLüWLU <LQH EHOHGL\H
NDQXQODU×QGD \DS×ODQ GHùLüLNOLNOHUOH JHOHQHNVHO EHOHGL\H KL]PHWOHULQGH
NHQWVHO DOW\DS× KL]PHWOHULQGH EDN×P KL]PHWOHULQGH VRV\DO \DUG×PODU×Q
VUGUOPHVLQGH |]HO VHNW|UQ KL]PHW DO×P×Q×Q \ROX Do×OP×üW×U $W×OJDQ
 %|\OHFHEHOHGL\HKL]PHWOHULE\N|OoGHWDüHURQODüW×U×ODUDN|]HO
VHNW|UHGHYUHGLOPLüWLU.DPXLKDOH\DVDV×QGDNLGHùLüLNOLNOHUOHGHNDPXLKDOH
\|QHWLPLNXUDOV×]ODüW×U×ODUDNPHUNH]LOHüWLULOPLüWLU
"&)

'Q\D·GDYH7UNL\H·GHPHNDQD\DS×ODQ\DW×U×PODU×QX\JXODQDQHNRQRPLN
SROLWLNYHVWUDWHMLNSROLWLNDODUODEXGHUHFH\RùXQODüPDV×DVO×QGDVHUPD\HQLQ
NUL]LQLQ QH NDGDU \RùXQODüW×ù×Q×Q LüDUHWLGLU .HQWVHO YH N×UVDO DODQODU×
E\N |OoHNOL \DW×U×PODUD DoDQ o |QHPOL \DVDQ×Q NDEXO HGLOGLùL  \×O×
EX Do×GDQ |QHPOL ELU \×OG×U %XQODU NDPXR\XQGD N×VDFD % \DVDV× NHQWVHO
G|QüP \DVDV× YH EWQüHKLU \DVDV× RODUDN DQ×ODQ \DVDODUG×U <×O×QGD
NXUXODQdHYUHYHûHKLUFLOLN%DNDQO×ù×·Q×Q\HWNLOHULQLQ|QFH.+.·OHUOHVRQUD
GD V|] NRQXVX NDQXQODUOD JHQLüOHWLOHUHN JoOHQGLULOPHVL 7UNL\H·GH LPDU
\HWNLOHULQLQPHUNH]LOHüWLULOHUHNEXG]HQOHPHOHU]HULQGHQ\DUDW×ODQUDQWODU×Q
VL\DVLLNWLGDUD\DN×QVHUPD\HJUXSODU×QDDNWDU×OPDV×GDKDGRùUXLIDGH\OHEX
JUXSODUOD SD\ODü×OPDV× |QQGHNL KHPHQ KHPHQ EWQ HQJHOOHULQ Dü×OPDV×
\|QQGHE\NDG×PODU×QDW×OG×ù×Q×J|VWHUPHNWHGLU%\N|OoHNOL\DW×U×PODU×Q
LKDOHOHUL KHU G|QHPGH LNWLGDUODUD \DN×Q EHOOL VHUPD\H JUXSODU× WDUDI×QGDQ
DO×QPDNWDG×U *QP]GH EX üLUNHWOHU LNL HOLQ SDUPDNODU×Q× JHoPHPHNWHGLU
%N]0ONV]OHüWLUPH$ùODU× 

.DPXR\XQGD % \DVDV× RODUDN DGODQG×U×ODQ DQFDN DVO×QGD +D]LQH·\H DLW


GLùHUWDU×PDUD]LOHULQLGHNDSVD\DQVD\×O×NDQXQ·GHUHVPL
JD]HWHGH \D\×QODQDUDN \UUOùH JLUPLüWLU .DQXQOD +D]LQH\H DLW WDU×P
DUD]LOHULQLQ NXOODQ×F×ODU×QD KLVVHGDUODU×QD YH NLUDF×ODU×QD EHOLUWLOHQ VUHOHU
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

LoLQGHEDüYXUPDODU×KDOLQGHV|]NRQXVXWRSUDNODU×UD\LoEHGHOLQ\DU×À\DW×QD
VDW×QDOPDKDNN×WDQ×QPDNWDG×U2UPDQYDVI×Q×ND\EHWWLùLJHUHNoHVL\OHELQ
KHNWDUE\NOùQGHNLDUD]LVDW×üDo×NDU×OP×üW×U8\JXODPDGDWRSUDNODU×QUD\Lo
EHGHOOHULoRN\NVHNWXWXOPXüYHEXNRüXOODUGDV|]NRQXVXWRSUDNODU×\×OODUG×U
NXOODQDQ N|\OOHU \HULQH \DVD\OD DPDoODQG×ù× ]HUH  \DW×U×PF×ODU DOPD\D
EDüODP×üODUG×U <DVD EX DUD]LOHUGH NDoDN \DS×OP×ü EXOXQDQ ELUoRN \DS×\×
\DVDOODüW×UPD LüOHYL J|UPüWU <DQL RUPDQO×N DODQ× LüJDO HGHUHN RUPDQO×N
YDVI×QGDQo×NDUDQODU|GOOHQGLULOHUHNRUPDQN|\OVFH]DODQG×U×OP×üRUPDQ
YDVI×Q×\LWLUPLüDODQNDSVDP×QGDROPD\DQWDU×PDUD]LOHULELOHN|\OQQHOLQGHQ
DO×QDUDN \DW×U×PF×ODUD VDW×OP×üW×U 7UNL\H·QLQ IDUNO× \HUOHULQGH N|\OOHULQ
\DVD\D NDUü× LWLUD]ODU× DVNHU YH SROLVLQ PGDKDOHOHUL YH JD] ERPEDODU× LOH
EDVW×U×OP×üW×U0ONV]OHüWLUHUHNELULNLPNHQWVHODODQODUGD$IHW5LVNL<DVDV×
LOH PHüUXODüW×U×O×UNHQ N×UVDO DODQODUGD % <DVDV× LOH PHüUXODüW×U×OPD\D
oDO×ü×OPDNWDG×U

6HUPD\HUHWLPDODQ×QGDLoLQHGüWùNUL]L´FDQKDYOL\OHµPHNDQDYHEXQXQOD
LOLüNLOLRODUDNÀQDQVDODQ×QDDNDUDNDüPD\DoDO×ü×UNHQ|QQHo×NDQSU]OHU
NRQXVXQGD GD JLGHUHN VDEU×Q× \LWLUPHNWH YH UDGLNDOOHüHUHN VLVWHPLQ WHPHO
GD\DQDù× RODUDN NXWVDOODüW×U×ODQ PONL\HW KDNN×Q× HQ D]×QGDQ EHOOL V×Q×ÁDU
"&*
LoLQWP\OHYH]RUODRUWDGDQNDOG×UPDNWDWHPHOLQVDQKDNODU×QGDQELULRODQ
EDU×QPDKDNN×Q×HOOHULQGHQDOPDNWDG×U·GHo×NDU×ODQVD\×O×
$IHW5LVNL$OW×QGDNL$ODQODU×Q'|QüWUOPHVL+DNN×QGDNL.DQXQEXDN×ü×
NROD\ODüW×UDFDNG]HQOHPHOHUEDU×QG×UPDNWDG×U$IHW\DVDV×LOHELUOLNWHGHSUHP
EDKDQH HGLOHUHN NDPX JYHQOLùL YH EDU×QPD KDNN× |QFHOLNOL ELU \HQLOHPH
\HULQH\LQHUDQWRGDNO×ELUG|QüPDQOD\×ü×LOHKHPPONVDKLSOLùLQLQGüN
ROGXùX VHPWOHUGH \DüD\DQODU×Q EDU×QPD KDNODU× HOOHULQGHQ DO×QPDNWD KHP
GH E\N E|OP HY VDKLEL RODQ HVNL RUWD V×Q×ÁDU×Q oRùXQOXùXQXQ EDU×QPD
NRüXOODU×N|WOHüLUNHQPONOHULQLQHQD]×QGDQELUE|OPQHHONRQXOPDNWDG×U
'HSUHP EDKDQHVL\OH NHQWVHO G|QüP DODQ× LODQ HGLOHQ \HUOHUGH NRQXW YH
Lü\HULVDKLELRODQODUPDVUDÁDU×Q×NHQGLOHULVWOHQGLNOHUL\×N×PVRQUDV×VDGHFH
DUVDKLVVHVLVDKLEL\DS×OPDNWDNDUDUDNDW×OPD\DQODU×QKLVVHVLDo×NDUWW×UPD\OD
GLùHUKLVVHGDUODUDVDW×OPDNWDRQODUDOPD]VDdHYUHYHûHKLUFLOLN%DNDQO×ù×·Q×Q
EHOLUOHGLùL UD\Lo EHGHO |GHQPHNWHGLU 0ON VDKLSOHULQGHQ KLVVHOHULQH
J|UH DUVD\D NDPXODüW×UPD LoLQ ELoLOHQ EHGHOL\OH \HQLGHQ \DS×OG×NWDQ VRQUD
ROXüDFDNRODQEHGHODUDV×QGDNLIDUN×|GHPHOHULLVWHQPHNWH|QFHNLQGHQGDKD
NoN PHWUHNDUH\H VDKLS HYOHU \NVHN À\DWODUOD VDW×ODUDN EX À\DW IDUN×Q×
|GH\HELOHQOHULQELOHPONOHULQLQELUE|OPQHHONRQPDNWDG×U.DQXQQHUHGH\VH
KHU PDGGHVL\OH $QD\DVD\D D\N×U×O×N LoHUPHNWHGLU %X \DVD\OD $QD\DVD·Q×Q
·QFL PDGGHVLQGH \HU DODQ VRV\DO YH KXNXN GHYOHWL LONHVL  PDGGHVLQGH
\HU DODQ ´HüLWOLNµ LONHVL  PDGGHVLQGH \HU DODQ ´NRQXW GRNXQXOPD]O×ù×µ
Semra Purkis

PDGGHVLQGH\HUDODQ´PONL\HWKDNN×µ·QF×PDGGHVLQGH\HUDODQ´KDN
DUDPDKUUL\HWLµYH·QFLPDGGHOHULQGH\HUDODQ´VDùO×NoHYUHYHNRQXW
´LONHOHULPDGGHVLQGH\HUDODQ´LGDUHQLQKHUWUOLüOHPYHH\OHPOHULQGHQ
GROD\×NDUü×\DUJ×\ROXQXQDo×NROPDV×µLONHVLLKODOHGLOPHNWHGLU d+' 

<DVDLOHULVNOL\DS×RODUDNLODQHGLOHQ\DS×ODUDVDKLSOHULQHYHULOHQN×VDVUHOHU
LoLQGH\×N×OPDG×ù×WDNGLUGH]RUODHONRQPDNWDWDKOL\HLüOHPOHULYH\×N×OPDODU
|QQGHNL HQJHOOHU NDOG×U×OPDNWD EWQ EX LüOHPOHUH NDUü× KDN DUD\×üODU× LOH
LOJLOLKXNXNL\ROODUDQD\DVD\DD\N×U×RODUDNQHUHGH\VHNDSDW×OPDNWDG×U<DVD\D
J|UHELQDV×\×N×ODQPDOLNOHUNHQGLOHULQH\DS×ODQWHEOLJDW×WDNLSHGHQJQ
LoLQGH DQODüPD VDùOD\DPD]ODUVD DFHOH NDPXODüW×UPD LOH WDü×QPD]ODU×QD HO
NRQXOPDNWDG×U%XPDGGHLOHKXNXNVX]X\JXODPDODUDNDUü×\DUJ×\DEDüYXUPD
KDNN×JQHGüUOHUHNúGDUHNDUü×V×QGDHüLWJoWHROPD\DQKDON×QGDYD
DoPD VUHVLQLQ N×V×WODQPDV× YH Do×ODQ GDYDODUGD GD \UWPH\L GXUGXUPD
NDUDU×YHULOHPH\HFHùLQLQEHOLUWLOPHVLKDNDUDPDKUUL\HWLQLQLKODOLVRQXFXQX
GRùXUPDNWDG×U<UWPH\LGXUGXUPDNDUDU×Q×QRUWDGDQNDOG×U×OPDV×KHPKDN
DUDPDKUUL\HWLQLQKHPGHKXNXNGHYOHWLLONHVLQLQDo×NLKODOLGLU d+' 

.DQXQOD dHYUH YH ûHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù×·QD VW |OoHNOL SODQGDQ UXKVDW


"&!
DüDPDV×QD NDGDU RODQ JHQLü \HWNLOHU YHULOPHNWH \HUHO LGDUHOHULQ SODQODPD
\HWNLVLQH GDUEH YXUXOPDNWD NDPXVDO DODQODU WDVÀ\H HGLOPHNWH $QD\DVD
YH PHYFXW PHY]XDW JHUHùL PONL\HWH GDLPL LVNkQD NRQX RODPD\DQ NDPX
RUWDNPDO×RODUDNWDQ×PODQDQ\D\ODNN×üODNYHPHUDODUEHOHGL\HYH\DLO|]HO
LGDUHVLQHGHYUHGLOHUHN\DS×ODüPD\ROXDo×OPDNWDG×U%WQPHUDYH\D\ODNODU×Q
¶\D]O×N¶DG×DOW×QGDLNLQFLNRQXWRODUDN\HUOHüLPHDo×OPDV×Q×QNDoDN\DS×ODU×Q
PHüUXODüW×U×OPDV×LOHELUOLNWH\HQLNHQWVHOQLWHOLNOLDODQODU\DUDW×OPDV×Q×Q|Q
Do×OPDNWDG×U 7002%  $IHW 5LVNL $OW×QGDNL $ODQODU×Q '|QüWUOPHVL
+DNN×QGDNL.DQXQLOHEWQLPDU\HWNLOHUL72.ú·\HGROD\×V×\OD%DüEDNDQO×ùD
GHYUHGLOPHNWHGLU'HSUHPEDKDQHVL\OHEWQ7UNL\HEHOLUVL]|OoWOHUHJ|UH
UH]HUY YH ULVNOL DODQODU RODUDN LODQ HGLOHELOPHNWHGLU úODQ HGLOHQ EX DODQODUOD
LOJLOLYDURODQYH72.úYH72.úLOHLüELUOLùLLoLQGHYHRQXQDoW×ù×DODQODUGD
\DW×U×P\DSDQE\NVHUPD\HOLüLUNHWOHULQ|QQGHHQJHOWHüNLOHGHELOHFHNKHU
WUO\DVDYHPHY]XDWGHYUHG×ü×E×UDN×OPDNWDG×U

.DQXQ LOH ELUOLNWH ´ VD\×O× =H\WLQFLOLùLQ ,VODK× 9H <DEDQLOHULQLQ


$ü×ODWW×U×OPDV× +DNN×QGD .DQXQ  VD\×O× 0HUD .DQXQX·QXQ 
VD\×O× 2UPDQ .DQXQX·QXQ  VD\×O× 7RSUDN .RUXPD YH $UD]L .XOODQ×P
.DQXQX·QXQ  VD\×O× .DQXQ·XQ  VD\×O× .DQXQ·XQ 7XUL]PL 7HüYLN
.DQXQX·QXQ %RùD]LoL .DQXQX·QXQ  VD\×O× $VNHUv <DVDN %|OJHOHU
YH *YHQOLN %|OJHOHUL .DQXQX·QXQ YH  VD\×O× .DQXQ  VD\×O× .×\×
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

.DQXQX·QXQ EX .DQXQ·XQ DUD]L NXOODQ×P× EDN×P×QGDQ X\JXODQPDV×Q×


HQJHOOH\LFL KNPOHUL YH GLùHU NDQXQODU×Q EX .DQXQ·D D\N×U× KNPOHUL
X\JXODQPD]´KDOHJHWLULOPHNWHGLU

6UHoWH 72.ú DUDF×O×ù×\OD JLULüLPFL JLEL GDYUDQDQ GHYOHW YH E\N LQüDDW
üLUNHWOHUL VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQLQ EDü×Q× oHNHQ \DS× VHNW|UQQ WHPHO DNW|UOHUL
KDOLQH JHOPLüOHUGLU <DVD LOH NHQWLQ UDQW× HQ \NVHN E|OJHOHULQGH KDOHQ
\DüDPDNWD RODQ RUWD YH DOW RUWD V×Q×ÁDUGDQ JHUL\H NDODQODU×Q GD NHQW G×ü×QD
DW×ODUDNNHQWPHUNH]OHULQLQVWRUWDYHVWV×Q×ÁDUDWDKVLVHGLOPHVLQLQ]HPLQL
JoOHQGLULOPLüWLU

<DN×QG|QHPGHo×NDU×ODQHQFUHWOL\DVDODUGDQELULGHNDPXR\XQGD´EWQüHKLU
\DVDV×µRODUDNDGODQG×U×ODQ\DVDOG]HQOHPHGLU  \×O×QGDo×NDU×ODQ
YH  \×O×QGDWHNUDUGHùLüWLULOHQ%\NüHKLU%HOHGL\HVL<DVDV×·QGD
\HQLGHQ GHùLüLNOLN \DS×OP×ü 2Qo úOGH %\NüHKLU %HOHGL\HVL YH  úOoH
.XUXOPDV×LOH%D]×.DQXQYH.DQXQ+NPQGH.DUDUQDPHOHUGH'HùLüLNOLN
<DS×OPDV×QD'DLUQROXNDQXQ·GHNDEXOHGLOPLüWLU<DS×ODQ
EXGHùLüLNOLNJHUHùLLONPDKDOOLLGDUHOHUVHoLPLQGH\DQL0DUW·WHQVRQUD
ELQN|\PDKDOOH\HEHOHGL\HRODQEHOGHN|\HG|QüHFHNWLU$\U×FD
"'#
GHùLüLNOLNOHELUOLNWHN|\W]HONLüLOLùLQHDLWPHUD\D\ODNYHGLùHUWPYDUO×NODU×Q
EHOHGL\HOHUH GHYUHGLOPHVL\OH WDU×P DODQODU× PHUDODU \D\ODODU×Q YH N×\×ODU×Q
LPDUD Do×OPDV× RODQDNO× KDOH JHWLULOPLüWLU .DQXQOD %\NüHKLU LODQ HGLOHQ
EHOHGL\HOHUGHLO|]HOLGDUHOHULYHRQXQVHoLOPLüRUJDQ×LOJHQHOPHFOLVLQLQW]HO
NLüLOLNOHULNDOG×U×ODUDN\HWNLOHULYDOLQLQJ|UHYOHQGLUHFHùLELUYDOL\DUG×PF×V×Q×Q
EDüNDQO×ù×QGD<DW×U×Pú]OHPHYH.RRUGLQDV\RQ%DüNDQO×ù×QDGHYUHGLOPLüWLU
%XPHUNH]EURNUDWODUGDQROXüDQ|]HOEWoHOLELUNXUXOXüRODFDNW×U%|\OHFH
PHUNH]L \|QHWLP WDUDI×QGDQ DWDQDQ YDOLOHULQ \HWNLOHUL DUW×U×ODUDN EHOHGL\H
EDüNDQODU×Q×Q \HWNLOHUL D]DOW×OP×üW×U <HULQGHQ \|QHWLP RUJDQODU× DOH\KLQH
JHWLULOHQEXG]HQOHPHLOH\HUHOOHüPH\HULQHPHUNH]LOHüPHJoOHQGLULOPLüWLU
']HQOHPHQLQ \DS×OPDV×QGD %DüEDNDQ·×Q NLüLVHO WHUFLKOHULQLQ WHPHO URO
R\QDPDV× (UGHUYHúQFLRùOX 7UNL\H·QLQGH·GHLP]DODG×ù×YH
·WH\UUOùHVRNWXùX$YUXSD<HUHO<|QHWLPOHUg]HUNOLNûDUW×CQ×Q´\HUHO
\|QHWLPOHULQ V×Q×UODU×QGD ELU UHIHUDQGXP \ROX\OD LOJLOL \HUHO WRSOXOXNODUD
|QFHGHQ GDQ×ü×OPDGDQ GHùLüLNOLN \DS×ODPD]µ LONHVLQH ´YDWDQGDüODUD \DN×Q
ELU\|QHWLPµDQOD\×ü×QD´\HUHO\|QHWLPOHULQNRUXQPDV×YHJoOHQGLULOPHVLµ
LONHVLQHYHJHQHORODUDNûDUW·×QUXKXQDD\N×U×G×U%XG]HQOHPHLOHPHUNH]H
X]DN PDKDOOHOHUH G|QüWUOHQ N|\OHUGH \DüD\DQODU×Q EHOHGL\H KL]PHWOHULQH
HULüLPOHUL ]RUODüW×U×O×S SDKDO×ODüW×U×O×UNHQ WDU×P DUD]LOHULQLQ DUVDODüW×U×ODUDN
\DW×U×PODUD Do×OPDV×QGD N×\×ODU×Q YH RUPDQO×N DODQODU×Q \DùPDODQPDV×QGD
EURNUDWLNVUHoOHUK×]ODQG×U×OP×üYHVL\DVDOODüW×U×OP×üW×U
Semra Purkis

.DQXQODQIXVXELQLDüDQNHQWOHULQ%\NüHKLUKDOLQHJHWLULOPHVLRODQDNO×
N×O×QP×ü YH7UNL\H QIXVXQXQ \]GH ·LQLQ \DüDG×ù× E|OJHOHU %\NüHKLU
NDSVDP×QD VRNXOPXüWXU %\NüHKLU EHOHGL\HOHULQLQ V×Q×UODU×Q×Q LO PONL
V×Q×UODU× LOH oDN×üW×U×OPDV×\OD  E\NüHKLUGHNL WP EHOGH EHOHGL\HOHUL
NDSDQP×üW×U úO V×Q×UODU×Q×Q JHQLüOHWLOPHVL\OH  \×O×QGDQ EX \DQD úVWDQEXO
YH.RFDHOL·QGHX\JXODQPDNWDRODQEWQüHKLUPRGHOLEWQE\NüHKLUOHUH
\D\J×QODüW×U×OPDNWDG×U ´3HUJHOµ RODUDN WDQ×PODQDQ  YH  NP·OLN
\DU×oDSODULoLQGHYDUO×ù×Q×VUGUHQE\NüHKLUOHU\HULQHLOLQJHQHOLQGHJ|UHY
YH\HWNLVDKLELE\NüHKLUOHUNXUXOPDNWDG×U <$<(' <DVD\OD\HUHONUHVHO
VHUPD\H\H \HQL HNRQRPLN UDQW DODQODU× Do×OPDV×Q×Q \DQ×QGD LNWLGDUD VL\DVL
UDQWRODQDNODU×GDDo×OPDNWDG×U$.3·QLQEX\DVD\ODüLPGLHOLQGHEXOXQPD\DQ
 E\NüHKLUGHQ ·QQ V×Q×UODU×Q× LO |OoHùLQH NDGDU JHQLüOHWHUHN |OoHùLQL
NP\DU×oDS×QDNDGDUJHQLüOHWWLùL\HQLE\NüHKULQGH·XQX HVNLVD\×
 LGL  ND]DQPD RODV×O×ù×Q×Q DUWW×ù× J|UOPHNWHGLU 'RùDQ   <DVD\OD
ELUOLNWHPDKDOOH\HG|QüHQN|\OHUGHEXOXQDQYH8OXVDO$GUHV9HUL7DEDQ×QD
ND\×WO×WP\DS×ODU×QUXKVDWO×VD\×OPDV×JLELELUX\JXODPDLPDUDII×DQODP×QD
JHOPHNWHGLU %|\OHFH N×\× YH RUPDQ DODQODU×Q× LüJDO HGHQ VLW DODQODU×Q× YH
NRUXQPDV×JHUHNHQGRùDOGHùHUOHULWDKULSHGHQYHDVOHQ\×N×OPDV×JHUHNHQWP
\DS×ODU×Q \DVDOO×ù× VRUJXODQPDGDQ UXKVDWO× VD\×OPDNWDG×U 7002% û32
"'"
 

úQüDDWRGDNO×ELULNLPLQ72.úLOHELUOLNWHHQWHPHOLNLQFLDNW|URODQdHYUHYH
ûHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù×  \×O×QGD \DS×ODQ JHQHO VHoLPOHU VRQUDV×  VD\×O×
.+. LOH NXUXOPXü YH JHQLü \HWNLOHUOH GRQDQPD\D EDüODQP×üW×U  VD\×O×
.+.·\HJ|UH´+HUWUYH|OoHNWHNLÀ]LNLSODQODUDYHEXQODU×QX\JXODQPDV×QD
\|QHOLNWHPHOLONHVWUDWHMLYHVWDQGDUWODU×EHOLUOHPHNYHEXQODU×QX\JXODQPDV×Q×
VDùODPDN %DNDQODU .XUXOXQFD \HWNLOHQGLULOHQ DODQODU LOH PHUNH]L LGDUHQLQ
\HWNLVLLoLQGHNLNDPX\DW×U×PODU×PONL\HWLNDPX\DDLWRODQDUVDYHDUD]LOHU
]HULQGH \DS×ODFDN RODQ \DS×ODUGD PLOOL JYHQOLùH GDLU WHVLVOHU DVNHUL
\DVDN E|OJHOHU JHQHO V×ù×QDN DODQODU× |]HO JYHQOLN E|OJHOHUL HQHUML YH
WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ WHVLVOHULQH LOLüNLQ HWWOHUL KDULWD SODQ SDUVHODV\RQ
SODQODU×Q×YHGHùLüLNOLNOHULQLUHVHQ\DSPDN\DSW×UPDNRQD\ODPDNYHEDüYXUX
WDULKLQGHQLWLEDUHQLNLD\LoLQGH\HWNLOLLGDUHOHUFHUXKVDWODQG×UPD\DS×OPDPDV×
KDOLQGH UHVHQ UXKVDW YH \DS× NXOODQPD L]QL YHUPHNµ dHYUH YH ûHKLUFLOLN
%DNDQO×ù×·QDDLWWLU $O×FD 

=DWHQ JHQLü \HWNLOHUOH GRQDW×OP×ü RODQ dHYUH YH üHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù×Q×Q 
$ùXVWRV ·GH UHVPL JD]HWHGH \D\×QODQDQ  VD\×O× NDQXQ KNPQGH
NDUDUQDPH LOH \HWNLOHUL GDKD GD JHQLüOHWLOPLüWLU  VD\×O× .DUDUQDPH\H ELU
EWQ RODUDN EDN×OG×ù×QGD .DUDUQDPHQLQ dHYUH YH ûHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù׶Q×Q
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

DVOHQ\HUHO\|QHWLPOHUHDLWRODQSODQ\DSPD\DSW×UPDRQD\ODPD\HWNLOHULQLQ
\DQ×V×UDSURMHRQD\×\DS×UXKVDW×YH\DS×NXOODQPDL]LQEHOJHVLYHULOPHVLJLEL
J|UHYYH\HWNLOHUHSDUVHO|OoHùLQGHYHD\U×FDO×NO×ELoLPGHGLOHGLùLQFHHONR\PD
\HWNLVLQLWDQ×PODG×ù×J|UOPHNWH|]HOoHYUHNRUXPDE|OJHOHULPLOOLSDUNODU
WDELDWSDUNODU×YHWDELDW×NRUXPDDODQODU×Q×Q\DQ×V×UDGRùDOVLWDODQODU×Q×QGD
VRUXPOXOXùXQXQYHULOPHVL\OHWPNRUXQPDV×JHUHNOLGRùDDODQODU×YHWDELDW
YDUO×NODU×EDNDQO×ù×Q\HWNLDODQ×LoLQHVRNXOPDNWDWDU×PDODQODU×QGDPHUDODUGD
\D\ODODUGDWDODQYH\DS×ODüPDQ×Q|QDo×OPDNWDG×U<DS×GHQHWLPVLVWHPLQGH
\DS×ODQG]HQOHPHOHUOHELUOLNWHNRUXPDDPDoO×LPDUSODQODU×Q×Q\DS×OPDV×Q×Q
]RUODüW×U×OPDV×Q×Q\DQ×V×UDVLWDODQODU×QGDSODQV×]ELoLPGH\DS×ODüPDQ×QGD
|QDo×OPDNWDYHNRUXPDNXUXOODU×YHPHVOHNRGDODU×LüOHYVL]KDOHJHWLULOPH\H
oDO×ü×OPDNWDG×U 7002%û32 <DS×ODQG]HQOHPHLOHWPN|\OHULQ\DQ×
V×UD EHOHGL\HOHULQ \DNODü×N RODUDN  ¶LQL ROXüWXUDQ QIXVX  NLüLQLQ
DOW×QGDNLEHOHGL\HOHULQV×Q×UODU×LoLQGHYHPFDYLUDODQODU×QGDNL\DS×ODüPDODU
GD \DS× GHQHWLP VLVWHPL G×ü×QD o×NDU×OP×üW×U %XUDODUGD LQüD HGLOHFHN
\DS×ODUGDUXKVDWYHLPDUSODQ×DUDQPDPDV×Q×QWDU×PDUD]LOHULQLQNXOODQ×P×QGD
\RODoDFDù×VRQXoODU×NHVWLUHELOPHNJoGHùLOGLU

']HQOHPHQLQ0DGGHVLQHJ|UH´VD\×O×7RSOX.RQXW.DQXQXQXQHN
"'$
QFLPDGGHVLoHUoHYHVLQGHX\JXODPD\DSPDNYH\D\DSW×UPDNEXX\JXODPDODUD
\|QHOLNRODUDNNHQWVHOG|QüP\HQLOHPHYHWUDQVIHUDODQODU×JHOLüWLUPHNEX
DODQODU×Q KHU |OoHNWHNL LPDU SODQ× YH LPDU X\JXODPDODU×Q× NHQWVHO WDVDU×P
SURMHOHULQL\DSPDN\DSW×UPDNYHRQD\ODPDNEXoHUoHYHGHSD\O×PONL\HWOHUL
D\×UPDN ELUOHüWLUPHN DUVD YH DUD]L G]HQOHPHOHUL \DSPDN LPDU KDNN×
WUDQVIHU HWPHN NDPXODüW×UPD YH JHUHNWLùLQGH XVXOQH X\JXQ RODUDN DFHOH
NDPXODüW×UPD\ROXQDJLWPHN\DS×UXKVDW×YH\DS×NXOODQPDL]LQOHULQLYHUPHN
YHNDWPONL\HWLWHVLVYHWHVFLOLQLVDùODPDNµNRQXODU×QGDdHYUHYHûHKLUFLOLN
%DNDQO×ù×\HWNLOHQGLULOPLüWLU 5HVPL*D]HWH 

.DUDUQDPHLOHdHYUHYHûHKLUFLOLN%DNDQO×ù×·Q×QJ|UHYYH\HWNLOHULVD\×O×
LPDUNDQXQXQGD0DOL\H%DNDQO×ù×Q×QJ|UHYOHULQGH6D\×O×<DS×'HQHWLPL
+DNN×QGD .DQXQ¶GD .OWU YH 7DELDW 9DUO×NODU×Q× .RUXPD .DQXQX·QGD
\DS×ODQ GHùLüLNOLNOHUOH KLoELU GHPRNUDWLN ONHGH X\JXODQDPD\DFDN ELoLPGH
JHQLüOHWLOPLü NOWUHO DUNHRORMLN GRùDO WDULKL GHùHUOHULQ EXOXQGXNODU×
DODQODU \DS×ODüPD WHKGLGL LOH EDü EDüD E×UDN×OP×üW×U <DS×ODQ G]HQOHPHOHUH
D\U×QW×ODU×\OD EDN×OG×ù×QGD dHYUH YH ûHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù× 72.ú LOH ELUOLNWH
WP7UNL\HWRSUDNODU×Q×QEWQQGHV×Q×UV×]LPDU\HWNLOHUL\OHGRQDW×OP×üW×U
72.ú GRùUXGDQ %DüEDNDQO×ùD EDùO×G×U dHYUH YH ûHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù×·Q×Q
GD \HWNLOHULQL NXOODQPD ELoLPLQLQ 72.ú·GHQ IDUNO× ROPDG×ù×  $UDO×N
2SHUDV\RQX oHUoHYHVLQGH RUWD\D o×NDQ JHOLüPHOHU VRQXFX %DNDQ·×Q NHQGLVL
Semra Purkis

WDUDI×QGDQDo×NODQP×üW×U%XGXUXPHNRQRPLNROGXùXNDGDUVL\DVLNDUDUDOPD
VUHoOHULQGHNLEDUL]RWRULWHUOHüPH\LJ|]OHU|QQHVHUPHNWHGLU

%\DVDV×$IHW5LVNL$OW×QGDNL$ODQODU×Q'|QüWUOPHVL+DNN×QGDNL.DQXQ
YH%WQüHKLU\DVDODU×LOH\HWNLOHULJHQLüOHWLOHQdHYUHYHûHKLUFLOLN%DNDQO×ù×
7HPPX] ·WH LNWLGDU SDUWLVLQFH JHFH \DU×V× YHULOHQ ELU |QHUJH\OH GDKD
GD JHQLü \HWNLOHUH NDYXüWXUXOPXüWXU %DNDQO×ù×Q GDKD |QFHNL X\JXODPD\D
J|UH EHOLUOL ELU DODQGD SODQSURMH YH X\JXODPD \DSDELOPHVL LoLQ %DNDQODU
.XUXOX NDUDU× \D GD ¶ULVNOL· DODQ LODQ HGLOPHVL JHUHNLUNHQ ELU JHFHGH NDPX
PONOHULQGHQ |]HO PONOHUH NDGDU EWQ PONOHUGH üDUWV×] SODQ YH SURMH
\DSPD\DUXKVDWYHUPH\HKDWWD\×N×PNDUDU×DOPD\DYH\DSPD\DNDGDU\HWNLOL
N×O×QP×üW×U ,ü×N5DGLNDO 

%XV×Q×UV×]\HWNLOHU\DQ×QGDPXKDOHIHWLQVLYLOWRSOXP|UJWOHULQLQYHPHVOHN
RGDODU×Q×QVHVOHULQLQN×V×OPDV×QD\|QHOLNG]HQOHPHOHURWRULWHUOHüPHQLQDo×N
WH]DKUGU7HPPX]JHFH\DU×V×NDEXOHGLOHQWRUED\DVDLOHLPDUSODQODU×QD
\|QHOLN KDULWD SODQ YH SURMHOHUGH 7002%¶QLQ  YL]H \HWNLVL GROD\×V×\OD
IHQQLGHQHWLPNDOG×U×OPDNWDG×U$UDO×NWDULKOL5HVPL*D]HWH¶GH7UN
0KHQGLV YH 0LPDU 2GDODU× %LUOLùL¶QH EDùO×  RGDQ×Q ]HULQGH dHYUH
"'%
YH ûHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù×QFD LGDUL YH PDOL GHQHWLP \DS×ODFDù×QD LOLüNLQ NDUDU
\D\×PODQP×üW×U7002%·VDLGDULYHPDOLGHQHWLPLQHVDVYHXVXOOHULNXUDOODU×
NDQXQOD EHOLUOHQPHGHQ VDGHFH %DNDQODU .XUXOX NDUDU×QD GD\DO× RODUDN
%DNDQO×NoD KHUKDQJL ELU GHQHWLP \DS×OPDV×Q×Q$QD\DVD¶\D D\N×U× RODFDù×Q×
|QH VUPHNWHGLU %|\OHFH 7002%·XQ \HWNL YH JHOLUOHUL N×V×WODQPDNWD
PKHQGLVYHPLPDUODUGHYUHG×ü×E×UDN×ODUDNKHUüH\HLNWLGDU×QNDUDUYHUHFHùL
ELUG]HQOHPH\HJHoLOPHNWHGLU 7002% 

ûLPGL\HNDGDUEHüNH]GHùLüWLULOHQ´7DELDW×YH%L\RORMLNdHüLWOLOLùL.RUXPD
.DQXQX7DVDU×V×µVLYLOWRSOXPNXUXOXüXQGDQROXüDQ7DELDW.DQXQXú]OHPH
*LULüLPL·QLQ EWQ oDEDODU×QD NDUü×Q  WDULKLQGH 7UNL\H %\N
0LOOHW0HFOLVL%DüNDQO×ù×·QDJ|QGHULOPLüWLU%XDUDGDo×NDU×ODQELUoRN.+.
WRUED\DVDYHED]×NDQXQODUGD\DS×ODQGHùLüLNOLNOHUOHDVO×QGD\DVDGD\DS×OPDN
LVWHQHQ G]HQOHPHOHULQ E\N E|OP NDQXQODüW×U×OP×üW×U  VD\×O× .+.
LOHdHYUHYHûHKLUFLOLN%DNDQO×ù×QDYHULOHQ\HWNLOHUEX\DVDLOHGHVWHNOHQPHN
LVWHQPHNWHGLUdHYUHYHûHKLUFLOLN%DNDQO×ù×QDYHULOHQ\HWNLOHUOH7UNL\H·QLQ
SODQODQPDV×Q×QWHNHOGHQ\UWOPHVL|QJ|UOPHNWHGLUYH´VWQNDPX\DUDU×µ
JHUHNoHVL\OHNRUXPDDODQODU×Q×QLODQ×\|QHWLPLV×Q×UODU×Q×QGHùLüWLULOHELOPHVL
NXOODQ×P×LPDUSODQODU×Q×Q\DS×OPDV×YHEDüNDNXUXPODU×QNDW×O×P×Q×Q|QQH
JHoLOPHVL DPDoODQPDNWDG×U 7DVDU× LOH ELUOLNWH  VD\×O× 0LOOL 3DUNODU
NDQXQXQXQ\UUONWHQNDOG×U×OPDV×|QJ|UOPHNWH´GRùDOVLWµVWDWVRUWDGDQ
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

NDOG×U×OPDNWDG×U %X G]HQOHPH LOH |]HOOLNOH VRQ G|QHPGH VD\×ODU× K×]OD


DUWDQ +(6·OHUH NDUü× Do×ODQ GDYDODUGD |QHPOL ELU \DVDO GD\DQDN RODQ 0LOOL
3DUNODU .DQXQX ´HQJHOLµ EHUWDUDI HGLOPH\H oDO×ü×OPDNWDG×U $O×FD 
 0LOOLSDUNODUD\Q×]DPDQGDWHUPLNVDQWUDOOHUPDGHQDUDPDYHLüOHWPH
JLEL HNRORML\H ]DUDU YHUHQ IDDOL\HWOHUH Do×ODELOHFHNWLU7DVDU×\D J|UH NRUXPD
DODQODU×Q×Q LüOHWPH \HWNLVL WDOHS ]HULQH LO |]HO LGDUHOHULQH EHOHGL\HOHUH
YDN×IYHGHUQHNOHUHEDNDQRQD\×LOHYHULOHELOHFHNWLU<DüDQDQGHQH\LPOHUEX
GXUXPGDGRùDOYHNOWUHOYDUO×NODU×QEXOXQGXùXDODQODU×QNDPX|]HOVHNW|U
LüELUOLùLLoLQGH\DS×ODFDNRODQ\DW×U×PODUDDo×ODFDù×Q×J|VWHUPHNWHGLU

7DVDU×LOHONHNDON×QPDV×LoLQE\N|QHPHVDKLSROGXùXYDUVD\×ODQHQHUML
PDGHQ XODüW×UPD VDQD\L WXUL]P JLEL IDDOL\HWOHU LoLQ ´VWQ NDPX \DUDU×µ
ROGXùXYHDo×NoDWDQ×PODQPDP×üRODQGROD\×V×\ODGDQDV×OVDSWDQDFDù×EHOOL
ROPD\DQVWQNDPX\DUDU×WHVSLWLGXUXPXQGDNRUXPDDODQODU×Q×Q\XNDU×GDNL
DODQODUGD \DW×U×PODUD Do×ODELOHFHùLQL |QJ|UPHNWHGLU %DüO×ù×Q×Q DNVLQH WDVDU×
NRUXPDGDQoRNVRQ\×OODUGD\LQHV×NoDNXOODQ×ODQPXùODNNDYUDPODUGDQELUL
RODQ´VUGUOHELOLUµNXOODQ×PDYXUJX\DSPDNWDG×U

6D\×ODQEX\DVDOYHNXUXPVDOG]HQOHPHOHUOHVHUPD\HQLQ\HUHONUHVHOELULNLP
"'&
JHUHNOHULQHX\JXQELoLPGHPHNDQ×Q\HQLGHQ|OoHNOHQGLULOGLùLQLHQJHOOHUGHQ
DU×QG×U×OG×ù×Q×YHGDKDUDKDWNRQWUROHGLOHELOLUKDOHJHWLULOPHVLQLQWHPHOOHULQLQ
DW×OG×ù×Q×L]OHPHNPPNQGU

']HQOHPHOHU LNL WLS NHQWVHO JHOLüLP IRUPX RUWD\D o×NDUPDNWDG×U %LU


\DQGDQ NHQW LoLQGH JHUoHNOHüHQ JHOLüPHOHU |QHPOL \RùXQOXN DUW×üODU×QD
QHGHQ ROXUNHQ GLùHU \DQGDQ NHQW oHSHUOHULQGH \DUDODQ SURMHOHU NHQWVHO
\D\×OPD\D \RO DoPDNWDG×U EX VUHoOHU NHQWLQ VRV\R HNRQRPLN FRùUDI\DV×Q×
GHùLüWLUHQ |QHPOL HWNLOHUH \RO DoPDNWDG×U (UD\G×Q YH $OWD\   
.HQWoHSHUOHULQGHNLSURMHOHURUWDYHVWRUWDV×Q×ÁDUD\|QHOLNüHNLOGHUHWLOHQ
G×üD NDSDO× \DüDP DODQODU× RODELOLUNHQ RUJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHOHUL QLYHUVLWH
NDPSVOHUL UHNUHDV\RQ DODQODU× ELoLPLQGH GH RODELOPHNWHGLU .HQWLQ |]HO
oHYUHVHONRüXOODU×YHPDQ]DUDRODQDNODU×EXOXQDQVHPWOHULK×]ODVWJHOLUJUXEX
´JHWWRµODU×QD G|QüWUOUNHQ ûHQ\DS×O×    |QFHGHQ EXUDODUGD
\DüD\DQ GDKD JoV] WRSOXPVDO NHVLPOHU NHQWLQ HQ DYDQWDMV×] E|OJHOHULQH
GRùUX\HUOHULQGHQHGLOPHNWHGLU.HQWVHOPHY]XDW×QGHùLüLPLLOHELUOLNWHEHOLUOL
JUXSODUDPHYFXWNHQWVHODUVD]HULQGHQVHUYHWDNWDU×P×PHüUXODüW×U×OPDNWDG×U
(UD\G×QYH$OWD\ 

Son söz
g]HOOLNOH\×O×QGDOLEHUDOPXKDID]DNDUELUKNPHWLQLNWLGDUDJHOPHVL\OH
Semra Purkis

JLGHUHNDUWDQGR]GDRWRULWHUOHüHQVL\DVLYHHNRQRPLNSROLWLNDODUYHEXDQOD\×üOD
\DS×ODQ\DVDOG]HQOHPHOHUHPODNYHÀQDQVVHNW|UQGH\RùXQODüDQVHUPD\H
JUXSODU×Q×Q NDUODU×Q×Q DUW×ü×Q× K×]ODQG×UP×üW×U $QFDN \HUHO \|QHWLPOHUL
JoOHQGLUPHN WDULKL NOWUHO PLUDV× YH EL\RORMLN oHüLWOLOLùL NRUXPDN JLEL
DGODUOD SDUODPHQWRGDQ JHoLULOHQ \DVDODU WHUVLQH HNRORML\H JHUL G|QOPH]
]DUDUODUDYHPHUNH]L\|QHWLPLJoOHQGLULFLVRQXoODUD\RODoP×üW×U

6RQ \×OODUGD \DEDQF× \DW×U×PF×ODU 7UNL\H·GH JD\ULPHQNXO VHNW|UQH KHP


IDDOL\HW J|VWHUPHN LoLQ GRùUXGDQ \DW×U×P \DSDUDN KHP GH JD\ULPHQNXO
VDW×Q DODUDN JLUPHNWHGLUOHU %XQXQ QHGHQL RODUDN GD $%' YH $YUXSD·GD
HPODN À\DWODU× GüHUNHQ 7UNL\H·GH \NVHOPHVL RODUDN J|VWHULOPHNWHGLU
%X JHOLüPHQLQ WHPHO QHGHQL GQ\D HNRQRPLVLQGH NUL]OH ELUOLNWH NHQGLVLQH
\HQL \DW×U×P DODQODU× DUD\DQ Dü×U× ELULNPLü VHUPD\HQLQ \RO DoW×ù× ÀQDQVDO
üLüNLQOLNWLU'LùHUELUQHGHQLGH7UNL\H·GH\DS×ODQKXNXNVDOG]HQOHPHOHUOH
PHNDQD\DS×ODQ\DW×U×PODU×QKHP\HUOLKHPGH\DEDQF×VHUPD\H\DW×U×PF×ODU×
LoLQJQJHoWLNoHGDKDNDUO×YHFD]LSKDOHJHWLULOPHVLGLU

6RQ\×OODUGD|]HOOLNOHVWRUWDYHVWV×Q×ÁDUD\|QHOLNRODUDN\DS×ODQPDUNDO×
ONV NRQXWODUD RODQ WDOHS DUWP×üW×U 0DUNDO× NRQXWODU GRODU HXUR DOW×Q YH
"''
KD]LQH ERQRVXQD J|UH oRN GDKD \NVHN JHWLULOHUH XODüP×üW×U 7Dü 6DEDK
 gUQHùLQúVWDQEXO·GDELQOHUFHNRQXWSURMHVLQLD\Q×DQGD\UWHQ
HQ E\N LQüDDW üLUNHWOHULQGHQ $ùDRùOX ûLUNHWOHU *UXEX <|QHWLP .XUXOX
%DüNDQ× $OL $ùDRùOX·QD J|UH JD\ULPHQNXO VDGHFH HQ JYHQOL GHùLO HQ
LVWLNUDUO×\DW×U×PDUDF×G×UYHNRQXWWD]DUDUHWPHNPPNQGHùLOGLU$QW<DS×
<|QHWLP.XUXOX%DüNDQ×0HKPHW2ND\LVHúVWDQEXO·GDNLPDUNDO×NRQXWODUGD
GHùHUDUW×ü×Q×Q$YUXSDLOH\DU×üW×ù×Q×V|\OH\HUHN´·GH$QWKLOO·GHLONVDW×üD
EDüODG×ù×P×]GDPHWUHNDUHVLQLELQGRODUGDQVDWW×ù×P×]GDLUHOHUEXJQELQ
 GRODUGDQ DO×F× EXOX\RUµ GHUNHQ 6HOHQLXP 7ZLQV SURMHVL\OH G|UW \×OGD
\DW×U×PF×V×QD \]GH ·H YDUDQ RUDQGD ND]DQo VDùOD\DQ $üo×RùOX úQüDDW
<|QHWLP.XUXOX%DüNDQ×<DüDU$üo×RùOXGD´úVWDQEXOJLELNRQXWÀ\DWODU×Q×Q
KkOkJHUHNHQGHùHUOHULQHXODüPDG×ù×ELU\HUGHJD\ULPHQNXOHQoRNND]DQG×UDQ
\DW×U×PDUDF×ROPD\DGHYDPHGHFHNµGHPHNWHGLU 7Dü6DEDK 

·OL\×OODUGDQEHUL|QFHNLG|QHPLQSODQODPDYHLPDUODLOJLOLNXUXPODU×Q×Q
NDSDW×ODUDNLPDU\HWNLOHULQLQ|QFHE\N|OoGH\HUHO\|QHWLPOHUHGHYUHGLOPHVL
DQFDNNDPX\|QHWLPLQGH\DS×ODQG]HQOHPHOHUOH\HUHO\|QHWLPOHULQ\HQLGHQ
|OoHNOHQGLULOPHVL LOH \HWNLOHULQ 72.ú YH dHYUH YH ûHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù×QGD
GROD\×V×\ODPHUNH]LLNWLGDUGD\RùXQODüW×U×OPDV×YHVLYLOWRSOXPNXUXOXüODU×Q×Q
DNDGHPLV\HQOHULQ KDWWD LOJLOL GLùHU NDPX NXUXPODU×Q×Q VUHoOHUH NDW×O×P×Q×Q
HQJHOOHQPHVL LOH PXKDOHIHWLQ VHVLQLQ N×V×ODUDN PHNDQ×Q GHYOHW GHVWHùLQGHNL
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

\DW×U×PF×ODUFDNROD\FDNRQWUROHGLOHELOLUKDOHJHWLULOPHVLQLQWHPHOOHULDW×OP×üW×U
0HNDQ×Q \DW×U×PF×ODUD GDKD NDUO× RODFDN ELoLPGH Do×OPDV× YH PHNDQ×Q
NHQGLVLQLQPHWDODüW×U×ODUDNELULNLPLQHQWHPHO|ùHVLKDOLQHJHOPHVL\ROXQGD
\DS×ODQ\DVDOG]HQOHPHOHUGHHQE\NDG×PODU×QDW×OG×ù×\×O×QGDVWVWH
o×NDU×ODQ$IHW<DVDV×%<DVDV×%WQüHKLU<DVDV×JLEL\DVDOG]HQOHPHOHUOH
\LQHD\Q×\×O\DEDQF×X\UXNOXODUDJD\U×PHQNXOVDW×ü×QGDNDUü×O×NO×O×NLONHVLQLQ
NDOG×U×OPDV× YH YDU RODQ V×Q×UODPDODU×Q D]DOW×OPDV× PHNDQ× \DW×U×PF×ODU
Do×V×QGDQ |QHPOL ´HQJHOOHUGHQµ DU×QG×UP×üW×U $\Q× KXNXNL \|QWHPOHU GLùHU
\DQGDQ WRSOXPXQ GDKD DYDQWDMV×] X\JXODQDQ OLEHUDO VDOG×U×GDQ ]DUDU J|UHQ
NHVLPOHULQLQVH PONV]OHüWLULOPHOHULQLQ WRSOXPVDO PDOL\HWOHULQL |GH\HUHN
\DUDWW×NODU× RUWDN DODQODU×Q \DùPDODQPDV×Q×Q \ROXQX VRQXQD GHN DoP×üW×U
%\N NHQWOHULQ PHUNH]LQGH YH oHSHULQGH GHYOHW VHUPD\H LüELUOLùLQGH
JHUoHNOHüWLULOPHNWH RODQ G|QüP YH GHùHU DUW×üODU× LOH NHQWOHULQ V×Q×IVDO
FRùUDI\DV× YH PHNDQVDO LüE|OP GH G|QüPHNWHGLU ´+XNXNLµ \|QWHPOHU
PONV]OHüWLUPH\LPHüUXODüW×UPDGDDUDoRODUDNNXOODQ×OPDNWDG×U

%HOOL ELU ELULNLP G]H\LQH XODüP×ü RODQ LQüDDW VHUPD\HVL \HQL \DVDODUOD
RUWD\D o×NDQ NDUO× ELULNLP RODQDNODU×Q× GHùHUOHQGLUPHN LoLQ \HQL ND\QDNODU
\DUDW×ODUDN EX SL\DVDQ×Q PHQNXOOHüWLULOPHVLQL YH E|\OHFH ÀQDQVPDQ
"'(
PDOL\HWOHULQLQGüUOHUHNWDEDQD\D\×OPDV×Q×WDOHSHWPHNWHGLU%XGRùUXOWXGD
DW×ODQDG×PODUGDQELULPRUWJDJH\DVDV×Q×Qo×NDU×OPDV×GLùHULGHE\NLQüDDW
üLUNHWOHULQLQ*D\U×PHQNXO<DW×U×P2UWDNO×NODU× *<2 ELoLPLQGH|UJWOHQHUHN
VHUPD\HSL\DVDV×QDDo×OPDODU×G×U

<DW×U×PF×ODU YH DUNDODU×QD DOG×NODU× GHYOHW \HWNLOLOHUL NHQWLQ WDULKL GRùDO


YH NOWUHO PLUDV×Q× NDUD G|QüWUPHN LoLQ ROGXNoD VDE×UV×]ODUG×U (VNL
72.ú %DüNDQ× RODQ YH GDKD VRQUD  $UDO×N RSHUDV\RQXQD NDGDU dHYUH
YH ûHKLUFLOLN %DNDQO×ù× \DSDQ (UGRùDQ %D\UDNWDU EX NRQXGDNL DFLOL\HWL YH
VDE×UV×]O×ù× Do×N ELU ELoLPGH LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU ´«%XQX PXWODND \DSDFDù×]
%XEHQLPEDNDQO×ù×P×QDQDNDLGHVLDQDNXOYDU×%XNRQXGDEL]oRNFLGGL\L]
YHELURNDGDUGDKH\HFDQO×\×]%LUVDQL\HELOHYDNLWJHoLUPH\HFHùL]µ´<DVDO
GD\DQDù×P×] VDùODP %X NH] \HWNL\L YDOLOLNOHUH YHUGLN %X |QHPOL <×N×PGD
EHOHGL\HOHU \HWNLOL ROXQFD ]RUOXN o×N×\RU +HP VL\DVL EDNDELOL\RUODU KHP GH
SROLVMDQGDUPDYDOL\HEDùO×ROXQFDGDKDHWNLOLRODFDNµ 72.úKDEHU

%LU\DW×U×PF×Q×QVDE×UV×]O×ù×YHNHQWDUD]LOHULQLQ\DW×U×PODUDDo×ODUDNEXUDODUGD
\DüD\DQODU×Q \HULQGHQ HGLOPHVLQGH GHYOHWLQ UROQ oDUS×F× ELoLPGH RUWD\D
NR\DQV|]OHULLVHü|\OH
Semra Purkis

´ûLPGLPHVHODEDN×Q$UPXWOXúVWDQEXO·XQHQPNHPPHOE|OJHOHULQGHQELUL
(QSDKDO×JD\ULPHQNXO%RùD]WDEDNJLELDOW×QGDEHQED]HQDUDEDPODRUD\D
JLGL\RUXPEDN×\RUXPDüDù×\DGL\RUXP´E|\OHELUüH\QDV×ORODELOLUµ$GDP
JHFHNRQGXGDVDQGDO\HGHü|\OHRWXUX\RUEDNW×ù×PDQ]DUDLQDQ×OPD]<DQLRQD
WDSXVXYHULOVHR\HULQQH\DSDFDN"2UD\×KHPHQVDWDFDNJLGHFHNEDüNDELU
\HUH2UD\DJHOHQLQüDDWüLUNHWLPNHPPHOELUYLOODSURMHVLYV\DSDELOHFHN
<DQLDUVDUHWPHQLQELUVLVWHPLGHEX%XGDüXDQGDGHYOHWLQHOLQGHRODQELU
LPNDQ6DGHFHEXQXQ\DVDOVUHFLGHYDPHGL\RU$QD\DVDGDNLGHùLüLNOLNOHUGHQ
ELUE\NELUEHNOHQWLGHEX]DWHQ%XüHNLOGHGHELUDUVDUHWLPLPNDQ×YDUµ
(QJLQ<HüLO<HüLOúQüDDW<|QHWLP.XUXOX%DüNDQ× *<2'(5 

+×]O× UDQW LüWDK× LOH OHKWH o×NDU×ODQ \DVDODU YH NXUXPVDO G]HQOHPHOHUH
NDUü×Q SURMHOHULQ JHUoHNOHüWLULOPHVL LoLQ VUPHNWH RODQ \DVDO VUHoOHULQ
VRQXoODQPDV×Q×Q ELOH EHNOHQPHPHVL ELU oRN |UQHNWH J|UOPüWU *H]L
SDUN× SURMHVLQGHQ  2'7h·GHQ \RO JHoLULOPHVLQH úVWDQEXO·GD oQF
KDYDDODQ× \DS×OPDV×QD NDGDU ELUoRN LULOL XIDNO× SURMH EX GXUXPD |UQHNWLU
úQüDDW üLUNHWOHUL\OH LüELUOLùL LoLQGH KDUHNHW HGHQ \HUHO \|QHWLPOHU SURMHOHULQ
JHUoHNOHüWLULOHFHùLDODQODU×Q\DW×U×PODUDKD]×UKDOHJHWLULOPHVLYHPDOL\HWLQLQ
NDPX\D\NOHQPHVLJ|UHYLQLVWOHQPLüOHUGLU
"')

úVWDWLVWLNLYHULOHUHYHLQüDDWVHNW|ULOHLOJLOLNXUXOXüODU×Q\D\×QODU×QGD\DS×ODQ
GHùHUOHQGLUPHOHUHEDN×OG×ù×QGDJHOLüPLüONHOHUGHGXUJXQODüDQ\DGDNoOHQ
LQüDDWVHNW|U\DW×U×PODU×QDNDUü×QJHOLüPHNWHRODQONHOHUGHVHNW|UKDODNDUO×
ELU VHNW|U RODUDN J|UOPHNWHGLU $ùDRùOX ûLUNHWOHU *UXEX *HQHO 0GU
+DVDQ 5DKYDO× ´%X G|QHPOHUGH NUL] V|] HGLOPHVLQH UDùPHQ EL]LP WDP
NHQGLPL]LFHQQHWWHKLVVHWWLùLPL]ELUG|QHPµ *<2'(5 GL\HUHNHNRQRPLN
NUL]LQKHPV×Q×IVDOER\XWXQXKHPGHPHNDQVDOER\XWXQXRUWD\DNR\PXüWXU
.UL]GQ\DQ×QKHU\HULQGHD\Q×DQGDD\Q×üLGGHWWHRUWD\Do×NPDPDNWDEWQ
WRSOXPVDONHVLPOHULD\Q×ELoLPGHHWNLOHPHPHNWHYHVHUPD\HGHEXPHNDQVDO
IDUNO×O×NODU×PHNDQODUDUDV×ND\G×UPDODU\DSDUDNNDUDG|QüWUHELOPHNWHGLU

0HNDQ ]HULQGHQ \DUDW×ODQ UDQWODUVD V×Q×ÁDU DUDV×QGD DGDOHWOL ELU ELoLPGH


GDù×W×OPDNWDQVDGHYOHWYHEHOOLVHUPD\HJUXSODU×DUDV×QGDSD\ODü×OPDNWDEX
UDQWODU×QELUN×VP×GHYOHWHYH\HUHO\|QHWLPOHUHYHUJLOHU\ROX\ODJHULG|QHUNHQ
E\NELUN×VP×GDIDUNO×G]H\OHUGHNLOLWQRNWDODU×Q×WXWDQEURNUDWODUDUüYHW
RODUDNG|QPHNWHGLU

·OL \×OODU×Q RUWDODU×QGDQ EDüOD\DUDN YH ·O× \×OODU×Q RUWDODU×QGDQ


LWLEDUHQ K×]ODQDQ ELU ELoLPGH E\N VHUPD\HQLQ HPODN VHNW|UQH JLULüL\OH
ELUOLNWH VDGHFH NRQXW GHùLO \DüDP WDU]× RODUDN UHWLOLS SD]DUODQDQ NDSDO×
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

VLWHOHU ELoLPLQGH NRQXW UHWLPL EX V×Q×ÁDU×Q WHUFLKOHUL KDOLQH JHWLULOPLüWLU


'HSUHP JYHQOLN YH SUHVWLM VORJDQODU×\OD \DS×ODQ UHNODPODU YH |]HO
SD]DUODPD WHNQLNOHUL\OH ED]HQ ELQOHUFH NRQXWX NDSVD\DQ EX NDSDO× VLWHOHUH
WDOHS\DUDW×OPDNWDG×U·GHQ·DNDGDU7UNL\H·GHWRSODPELQDVD\×V×
oNDWGDLUHVD\×V×LVHNDWWDQID]ODDUWP×üW×UYHúQüDHGLOHQNRQXWODU×Q·L
|]HOVHNW|UFH\DS×OP×üW×U 7hú. EXQDNDUü×QWRSOXPXQGH]DYDQWDMO×
NHVLPOHUL LoLQ NRQXW Do×ù× VUPHNWHGLU 2\VD LVWDWLVWLNL YHULOHU 7UNL\H·GH
YDURODQELQDYHKDQHVD\×ODU×Do×V×QGDQLQFHOHQGLùLQGHELUNRQXWDo×ù×GHùLO
NRQXWID]ODV×YDUG×U%D]×WRSOXPVDOJUXSODUDo×V×QGDQNRQXWID]ODO×O×ù×YDUNHQ
ED]×ODU× LoLQVH NRQXW Do×ù× V|] NRQXVX ROPDNWDG×U .RQXW VDKLEL RODQ GDU
JHOLUOL NHVLPOHULQ E\N E|OP GH JYHQOL ROPD\DQ VDùO×NV×] NRQXWODUGD
\DüDPDNWDG×UODU%XGDNRQXWDo×ù×Q×QV×Q×IVDOER\XWXQXRUWD\DNR\PDNWDG×U
'HYOHWHQWHPHOLQVDQKDNODU×QGDQELULRODQEDU×QPDKDNN×Q×YHLQVDQD\DN×ü×U
\DüDPNRüXOODU×Q×VDùOD\DFDNVRV\DOSROLWLNDODUROXüWXUPDN\HULQHRUWDNNDPX
PDOODU×Q×KXNXNXQWHPHOLROPDV×JHUHNHQKDNDGDOHWHüLWOLNYHNDPX\DUDU×
LONHOHULQH D\N×U× \DVDO G]HQOHPHOHUOH oLùQH\HUHN E\N VHUPD\H OHKLQH
´oLWOHPHNWHGLUµ

'ú3127/$5
"'*
 %XUMXYD KXNXN VLVWHPLQLQ J|UQüWH GH ROVD ELUH\ WRSOXP GHYOHW
LOLüNLOHULQLQ  KDN DGDOHW HüLWOLN NDPX \DUDU× HNVHQOHULQGH G]HQOHQPHVL
DQODP×QGDKXNXN%XDQODPGD\DVDODU×QJD\U×KXNXNLOLùLQGHQKLoGHùLOVH
´VL\DVHWHQGRùUXµJ|UQPHNDG×QDELOHKXNXNXQWHPHOLONHOHULQHX\PD\DQ
\DVDODU DQODP×QGD NXOODQ×OP×üW×U3HUYDV×]O×NWDQ GD NDVWHGLOHQ EX \DVDODU
\ROX\OD KDWWD ]DPDQ ]DPDQ  EX \DVDODUD ELOH X\PD JHUHùL GX\PDGDQ
ELULNLPLQ\ROXQXDoPDG×U

 ·GH \UUOùH JLUHQ  6D\×O× %\N ûHKLU %HOHGL\H <DVDV×


LOH úVWDQEXO·XQ EHOHGL\H V×Q×UODU× LO PONL V×Q×UODU×\OD oDN×üW×U×OP×ü YH
%HOHGL\HQLQ\|QHWVHO\HWNLDODQ×NLORPHWUHNDUHGHQNPò 
NPòNDUDDODQ×NPòJ|ODODQ× ROPXüWXU'DKD|QFHE\NüHKLU\HWNL
DODQ×QGDEXOXQDQLOoHVD\×V×GD·GHQ·\Ho×NP×üW×UDQFDN\×O×QGD
LVHVD\×O×NDQXQODLOoHVD\×V×·Do×NDU×OP×üW×U

  WDULKOL  VD\×O× .DPXODüW×UPD .DQXQX YH 


WDULKOLVD\×O×$IHW5LVNL$OW×QGDNL$ODQODU×Q'|QüWUOPHVL<DVDV×
LOH %DNDQODU .XUXOX·QXQ RQD\×\OD  dHYUH YH ûHKLUFLOLN  %DNDQO×ù×·QD
72.ú·\H EHOHGL\HOHUH LO |]HO LGDUHOHULQH  YHULOHQ \HWNL $FHOH
NDPXODüW×UPDX\JXODPDV×GDKD|QFH´\XUWVDYXQPDV×LKWL\DF×YHDFHOHOLùLµ
WHVSLWLQLQ\DS×ODELOGLùLRODùDQVWGXUXPODUGD%DNDQODU.XUXOX\HWNLVLQGH
Semra Purkis

\DS×OPDNWD\G× $QFDN $.3 G|QHPLQGH EX LVWLVQDL GXUXP VUHNOLOLN


ND]DQP×ü GXUXPGDG×U g]HOOLNOH NHQWVHO G|QüP  HQHUML YH XODüW×UPD
SURMHOHULQGHDFHOHNDPXODüW×UPD\DSPD\ROXQDV×NV×NEDüYXUXOPDNWDG×U
 %N]KWWSZZZWEPPJRYWUNDQXQODU
 %N]KWWSZZZIDWLKKDEHUFRPPLPDUODURGDVLDFLNODPDKWP

 .HQWVHO G|QüP SURMHOHULQLQ X\JXODQG×ù× VHPWOHUGH \DüD\DQODU PON


VDKLEL ROVDODU ELOH VRQXoWD oRùX LoLQ HOOHULQGHQ DO×QDQ üH\ X\JXQ
NRüXOODUGD EDU×QPD KDNODU×G×U dQN HYOHULQLQ \×N×OPDV×\OD NLUDF× YH\D
PON VDKLEL ROPDN ]HUH WDü×QPDN ]RUXQGD NDOG×NODU× \HUOHU JHQHOOLNOH
NHQWLQ HQ DYDQWDMV×] YH PHUNH]H X]DN \HUOHULQGH \DS×ODQ GüN NDOLWHOL
72.úNRQXWODU×ROPDNWDEXGXUXPNHQWPHUNH]LQLQJHWLUGLùLHNRQRPLN
YH VRV\DO RODQDNODU× ND\EHWPHQLQ \DQ× V×UD EDU×QPD NRüXOODU×Q×Q GDKD
GD N|WOHüPHVLQH \RO DoPDNWDG×U dRùX GXUXPGD GD |]HOOLNOH \DSVDWo×
NRQXW VXQXPXQXQ \D\J×Q ROGXùX G|QHPGH PON VDKLEL ROPXü HVNL RUWD
V×Q×ÁDU HNRQRPLN NRüXOODU× EXUDODUGD \DüDPD\D YH D\Q× ]DPDQGD EDQND
NUHGLOHULQLJHUL|GHPH\H\HWHUOLROPD\×QFDERUoODU×QDNDUü×O×NKLVVHOHULQL
VDW×S \D NHQW PHUNH]LQH \DN×Q o|NQW DODQODU×QD G|QPHNWH \D GD GDKD "'!
XFX]EDüNDELUNHQWHEXVHIHUWDPDPHQPONV]RODUDNJ|oHWPHNWHGLUOHU
<DQL PONOHULQLQ EXOXQGXùX \HUOHUGHNL UDQW DUW×ü×QGDQ SD\ DODPDG×NODU×
JLEL GDKD GüN \DüDP VWDQGDUWODU×QD UD]× ROPDN GXUXPXQGD NDOPDNWD
ELU |OoGH \DGD WDPDPHQ PONV]OHüPHNWHGLUOHU .RQX EX PDNDOHQLQ
V×Q×UODU×Q×DüPDNWDG×U$QFDNKHUGXUXPGDRUWDYHDOWRUWDV×Q×ÁDUGDQVW
RUWDV×Q×ÁDUDGRùUXELUND\QDNDNWDU×P×V|]NRQXVXROPDNWDG×U

 KWWSPXONVX]OHVWLUPHRUJ
 .DQXQXQWDPLVPL´2UPDQ.|\OOHULQLQ.DON×QPDODU×Q×Q'HVWHNOHQPHVLYH
+D]LQH$G×QD2UPDQ6×Q×UODU×'×ü×QDd×NDU×ODQ<HUOHULQ'HùHUOHQGLULOPHVL
LOH+D]LQH\H$LW7DU×P$UD]LOHULQLQ6DW×ü×+DNN×QGD.DQXQµüHNOLQGHGLU
%N]KWWSZZZUHVPLJD]HWHJRYWUHVNLOHUKWP

 %N] dDùGDü +XNXNoXODU 'HUQHùL KWWSHNLQGXVXFRPXVHUGRFVKDN


NHQWVHOBGRQXVXPKWP

%N]KWWSZZZWPPRERUJWUJHQHOEL]GHQBGHWD\SKS"NRG  WLSL 

%N]KWWSZZZSODQODPDRUJQHZJXQFHOKDEHUOHUDIHWULVNLDOWLQGDNL
DODQODULQGRQXVWXUXOPHVLKDNNLQGDNDQXQWDVDULVLKWPO
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

0DUW·WH%\NüHKLU\DS×ODQLOVD\×V×2UGX·QXQHNOHQPHVL\OH·HYH
\HQLLOoHVD\×V×·\Ho×NDU×OP×üW×U

.DQXQOD ELUOLNWH LO G]H\LQGH GRùUXGDQ VHoLOHQ WHN DNW|U EHOHGL\H


EDüNDQ× RODFDN E\NüHKLU EHOHGL\H PHFOLVL LOoH EHOHGL\H EDüNDQODU× YH
LOoH PHFOLVOHULQGHQ JHOHQ \HOHUGHQ ROXüDFDNW×U 0HYFXW VHoLP VLVWHPL
LOH ELUOLNWH GüQOGùQGH G]HQOHPHQLQ LNWLGDUGDNL VL\DVL SDUWLQLQ
\HWNLOHULQL\RùXQODüW×U×F×VRQXoODU\DUDWPDV×NDo×Q×OPD]RODFDNW×U

%N] KWWSZZZWEEJRYWUPHY]XDWNDQXQODU$YUXSDB<HUHOB<RQHWLPOHUB
R]HUNOLNB6DUWLSGI

%N]KWWSZZZVSRRUJWUJHQHOEL]GHQBGHWD\SKS"NRG  WLSL  


VXEH 

%N]KWWSZZZUHVPLJD]HWHJRYWUHVNLOHUKWP

%N]KWWSZZZUHVPLJD]HWHJRYWUHVNLOHUKWP
"(#
dHYUH 0KHQGLVOHUL 2GDV× (OHNWULN 0KHQGLVOHUL 2GDV× +DULWD YH
.DGDVWUR 0KHQGLVOHUL 2GDV× úo 0LPDUODU 2GDV× úQüDDW 0KHQGLVOHUL
2GDV×-HRÀ]LN0KHQGLVOHUL2GDV×-HRORML0KHQGLVOHUL2GDV×0DNLQH
0KHQGLVOHUL 2GDV× 0LPDUODU 2GDV× 3H\]DM 0LPDUODU× 2GDV× YH ûHKLU
3ODQF×ODU×2GDV×

%N]KWWSZZZWPPRERUJWUJHQHOEL]GHQBGHWD\SKS"NRG 

%N]KWWSZZZWEPPJRYWUGSGI

%N]KWWSHPODNNXOLVLFRPDOLDJDRJOXNRQXWWD]DUDUHWPHNPXPNXQ
GHJLO

%N]KWWSZZZJ\RGHURUJWU3')V3XEOLVKLQJV*D\ULPHQNXO=LUYHVL
YH,67$1%8/5(VWDWH3DQHOOHUL(NLSGIV

KWWSZZZJ\RGHURUJWU3')V3XEOLVKLQJV*D\ULPHQNXO=LUYHVL
YH,67$1%8/5(VWDWH3DQHOOHUL(NLSGI
Semra Purkis

.$<1$.d$
$O×FD 66* ´7DELDW× YH %L\RORMLN dHüLWOLOLùL .RUXPD .DQXQX7DVDU×V×·Q×Q
'RùD.RUXPD0HY]XDW×dHUoHYHVLQGH'HùHUOHQGLULOPHVLµ$QNDUD%DURVX
'HUJLVL  

$W×OJDQ*7UNL\H·GH7RSOXPVDO6×Q×ÁDU  ·GHQ*QP]H


7UNL\H·GH7RSOXPVDO<DS×YH'HùLüLPGHU%OHQW'XUX)DUXN$OSND\D
3KRHQL[$QNDUD  

%DUWX&$YH.ROOXRùOX%(PHUJLQJ6SDFHVRI1HR/LEHUDOLVP$*DWHG
7RZQ DQG D 3XEOLF +RXVLQJ 3URMHFW LQ ,VWDQEXO 1HZ 3HUVSHFWLYHV RQ
7XUNH\ 

%DXPDQ=.UHVHOOHüPH$\U×QW×<D\×QODU×úVWDQEXOdHY$EGXOODK<×OPD]
 

d+' dDùGDü +XNXNoXODU 'HUQHùL KWWSHNLQGXVXFRPXVHUGRFVKDN


NHQWVHOBGRQXVXPKWPHULüLP
"("
'RùDQ $ ( ´.HQWL $]PDQODüW×UDUDN %LULNLP <HQL %\NüHKLU <DVDV×QD
+DUYH\·LQ dHUoHYHVLQGHQ %DNPDNµ KWWSHKD\DOHWQHWLQGH[SKS
PDNDOHVHFWLRQVRHQHPOLPDNDOHOHUNHQWLD]PDQODVWUDUDN
ELULNLP\HQLEXH\XHNVHKLU\DVDVQDKDUYH\LQFHUFHYHVLQGHQEDNPD
(\OO(ULüLP

(NLQFL 2 .DoDN <DS×ODüPD YH $UD]L 6WRNX  <×OGD 'HùLüHQ .HQW YH
0LPDUO×Núü%DQNDV×YH7DULK9DNI×2UWDN<D\×Q×  

(UD\G×Q $ YH $OWD\ ' .HQWVHO $UVD hUHWLPLQL <|QOHQGLUHQ <HQL
']HQOHPHOHU YH <|QHWLüLP %LoLPOHUL (OHüWLUHO 'HùHUOHQGLUPH .RQXW
6HPSR]\XPX7002%0LPDUODU2GDV×úVWDQEXO%\NNHQWûXEHVL
  

(UGHU 6 YH úQFLRùOX 1 ´$.3 '|QHPLQGH <HUHOOHüPH YH <HQLGHQ
0HUNH]LOHüPH %DùODP×QGD <HQL %\NüHKLU <DVDV× <HUHO 6L\DVHWWH
·WHQ%HUL1H2OGX"µBirikimV  

+DUYH\'7KH8UEDQ3URFHVV8QGHU&DSLWDOLVP$)UDPHZRUNIRU$QDO\VLV
8UEDQLVDWLRQDQG8UEDQ3ODQQLQJ,Q&DSLWDOLVW6RFLHW\(GV0LFKDHO'
6FRWW$60HWKXHQ&R /WG/RQGRQ 
+XNXND$\N×U×<DVDODU<ROX\OD0HNDQh]HULQGHQ3HUYDV×]%LULNLP

7KH1HZ,PSHULDOLVP2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV1HZ<RUN  

6HUPD\H0XDPPDV×6HO<D\×QODU×  

,ü×N7KWWSZZZUDGLNDOFRPWUWXUNL\HFHYUHBYHBVHKLUFLOLNBEDNDQOLJLQDB
VXSHUB\HWNLOHUBYHULOGL(ULüLP

.DGDN û 6DEDK  KWWSZZZVDEDKFRPWU


(NRQRPLELQLQVDDWVLUNHWLROPD](ULüLP

g]WUNg7UNL\H·GH%\N6HUPD\H*UXSODU×)LQDQV.DSLWDOLQ2OXüXPX
YH*HOLüLPL6RV\DO$UDüW×UPD9DNI×úVWDQEXO  

6|QPH] 0  úVWDQEXO·XQ úNL <] ·GHQ ·H 'HùLüLP $UNDGDü


<D\×QHYL$QNDUD  

ûHQJO7 7UNL\H·QLQ .HQWOHüPH 'HQH\LPLQLQ '|QHPOHQPHVL ·GHQ


*QP]H7UNL\H·GH7RSOXPVDO<DS×YH'HùLüLPGHU%OHQW'XUX)DUXN
$OSND\D3KRHQL[$QNDUD  
"($

7Dü ' 6DEDK KWWSZZZVDEDKFRPWU(NRQRPL\DWLULPLQ


NUDOLHYPLVHULüLP

7002%dHYUH0KHQGLVOHUL2GDV×dHYUH'XUXP5DSRUXKWWSZZZ
FPRRUJWU\D\LQODUNLWDSBJRVWHUSKS"NRGX HULüLP

7002%ûHKLU3ODQF×ODU×2GDV×+DEHU%OWHQL.DV×P$UDO×NVD\×
KWWSZZZVSRRUJWUUHVLPOHUHNOHUHDIIHDFBHNSGI  HULüLP


7002% KWWSZZZWPPRERUJWUJHQHOEL]GHQBGHWD\SKS"NRG 


HULüLP

72%%7UNL\H 2GDODU YH %RUVDODU %LUOLùL KWWSZZZWREERUJWU6D\IDODU


$QD6D\IDDVS[HULüLP

72 . ú K D E H U K W W S    Z Z Z W R N L K D E H U F R P  W U  K D E H U 
'&%Q&%&&)&%&PUHVPHQ
ED&)ODG&%HULüLP
Semra Purkis

7hú.7UNL\HúVWDWLVWLN(QVWLWV<DS×ú]LQúVWDWLVWLNOHUL

7UNQ$YH<DS×F×0.HQWVHO'|QüPYH<DVDODU×Q$UDoVDOODüDQ5RO
úNWLVDW'HUJLVL  

<$<(' KWWSZZZ\D\HGRUJLGLQFHOHPHOHUEX\XNVHKLUNDQXQXQH
JHWLUPHNWHGLUSKS

<×OPD]&,17(67UNL\HúQüDDW6DQD\LFLOHULúüYHUHQ6HQGLNDV×'Q\D\×
úQüD(GHQOHU'HUJLVL$ùXVWRV

"(%

You might also like