 INSTRUCTION MANUAL.

PITOT TUBE.

SET UP

 DESCRIPTION

 SPECIFICATIONS

 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

 INSTALLATION AND CONNECTIONS

 PRECAUTIONS

 TROUBLE SHOOTING

EXPREMENTATION
 THEORY

 OPERATING PROCEDURE’

 SYSTEM CONSTANTS

 OBSERVATION TABLE

 CALCULATIONS
NOMENCLATURE:

 d = inside diameter of pipe, cm.

 g = acceleration due to gravity, cm/s².

 h = head of fluid, cm.

 hm, = manometer readings, cm of manometer fluid.

 Q = flow rate of air in tube, lit/min.

 V = point velocity measured by Pitot tube, cm/s.

 V avg. = average velocity in the tube, cm/s. (obtained by dividing flow rate in

cm³/s by cross section of tube cm².

 NRe = Reynolds’s number, d V avg ρ/µ.

 ρm = density of manometer fluid, g/cm³.

 ρa = density of air, g/cm³.

 ρf = density of fluid, g/cm³.

INTRIDUCTION:

When fluid flows through a circular conduit, the velocity is given by dividing the

volumetric flow rate by the area of cross section of the conduit. This velocity is

average or mean velocity of the fluid through the conduit. Actually the velocity of

the fluid is not the same at all points in the pipe. Whether the flow is laminar or

turbulent, the velocity is maximum at the axis of the pipe and tapers off to zero at

the wall of the pipe.

Pitot tube is used for determining the local velocity at carious points in the pipe. It

is consists of an impact-static tube which is positioned parallel (static tube) to the

direction of flow and perpendicular to the direction of flow (impact tube).

Manometer is connected to the impact tube.

The resultant difference in the manometer level indicates the difference between

the sum of kinetic and pressure heads registered by the Pitot tube.

hm = cm.
V = 2gh where hm = hm (ρm – ρf)/ρf.

The velocity Vis the point velocity and not the average velocity. It is the velocity

corresponding to the position of Pitot tube.

PROCEDURE:

1. Start with maximum flow rate of air in tube. Adjust the position of Pitot

tube at a definite point. Measure its distance from the centre.

2. When steady state reached, record the manometer reading and flow rate

with help of calibrated orifice meter.

3. Set Pitot tube for different position at same flow rate and note

manometer readings.

4. Repeat procedure for different flow rates.

CALCULATIONS:

Determine the velocity at different positions by using the expression

V= 2.g.h

If hm is the difference of the liquid level in the manometer fluid,

h = hm(ρm – ρa)/pa. (Density of air calculated to the temperature of air and the

gauge pressure as recorded by manometer.

Plot V as a function of distance from the centre. Read from the graph of Vmax the

maximum velocity at the centre. If Q lit/min. is the rate of flow as recorded, the

average velocity is determined by dividing the vol. flow rate by ¶d²/4.

V avg. = (1000Q/60)/ ¶d²/4.

Calculate NRe for the flow.

Repeat calculations for different flow rates.