Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Collins CSEC® Biology Workbook Answers: Any One of The Following
Collins CSEC® Biology Workbook Answers: Any One of The Following
T nucleoid
Example: Adipose or fat tissue
Function: Any one of the following:
Insulates the body
Serves as a food reserve
Cushions and protects the body against physical
U flagellum
damage
(4)
Example: Bone tissue
c) Function: Any one of the following:
controls what enters and leaves the cell Helps to bring about movement
Supports the body
cytoplasm made of cellulose Example: Cartilage tissue
Function: Covers the ends of bones in joints to
controls the functioning of the cell prevent friction
cell wall Example: Areolar tissue
supports the organelles Function: Holds tissues together
Example: Fibrous tissue
cell membrane
supports and protects the cell Function: Any one of the following:
Forms ligaments, which hold bones together at
jelly-like substance joints
nucleus Forms tendons, which attach muscles to bones (6)
iv)
contains genetic information
transports water, minerals and food
(7)
epidermal tissue
d) i) V: Mitochondrion supports non-woody structures when turgid
W: Chloroplast (2)
ii) Respiration occurs in the mitochondria and this protects surfaces of roots, stems and leaves
photosynthetic tissue
10
time taken/min
following: following: 10
to make proteins poor growth
nitrogen
for plant growth chlorosis or yellowing
to make of the leaves 5
chlorophyll underdeveloped leaves
to make chlorosis or yellowing
magnesium 0
chlorophyll of the leaves 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(4) pH (2)
4. a) vi) Temperature (1)
Results of test if 5. a) Large, usually insoluble food molecules are broken
down into small, soluble food molecules. (1)
Test reagent(s) Jay’s Ron’s Ben’s
suggestion suggestion suggestion b) i)
is correct is correct is correct A enamel
Benedict’s turns opaque remains remains
solution orange blue blue
remains remains
turns blue- B dentine
iodine solution orange- orange-
black
brown brown
sodium C pulp
hydroxide and
remains turns
copper sulfate remains blue
blue purple
solutions or
biuret reagent
D cement
(9)
b) i) Enzymes are biological catalysts produced by all
living cells. They speed up chemical reactions E fibres
occurring in cells without themselves being
changed. (1)
c) i) Time taken for starch to
pH
be broken down/min
(5)
10
ii) Nerves and blood vessels (2)
5 iii) So that it can resist being chipped when biting on
hard foods and it can resist decay caused by acid
4
produced in the mouth (2)
10 iv) 1. To anchor the tooth in the jawbone
(4) 2. To act as a shock absorber (2)
ii) As pH increases from 4.0 to 7.6 the rate at which v) They break down large pieces of food into smaller
amylase breaks down starch increases. As pH pieces to give digestive enzymes a larger surface
increases above pH 7.6 the rate at which amylase area on which to act (2)
breaks down starch decreases. (2) vi) Any two of the following:
iii) 7.6 (1) Incisor
iv) Amylase is denatured (1) Pre-molar
Molar (2)
11
12
13
E pleural
membrane Y gill bar
(5)
c) i) Whilst resting: Total volume = 15 × 500 cm3
= 7500 cm3 Z gill raker
During exercise: Total volume = 35 × 1200 cm3
= 42 000 cm3 (2)
ii) Whilst resting: Volume = 4 × 7500 cm3 = 300 cm3 (3)
100
14
15
the pathogens. (4)
d) i) Immunity is the temporary or permanent 460
resistance to a disease. (1)
ii) Natural immunity results from a person having 450
been exposed to a disease-causing pathogen.
Artificial immunity is acquired by a person being 440
vaccinated against a pathogenic disease. (2)
iii) Amber’s lymphocytes produced antibodies against 430
the antigens of the chicken pox virus, which
destroyed the virus. Production of the antibodies 420
took time and Amber suffered symptoms
of chicken pox. On recovery, some of her 410
lymphocytes formed memory lymphocytes, which
produce large quantities of antibodies rapidly to 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
destroy the chicken pox virus each time it re-enters time/days (4)
her body. (4)
iv) A communicable disease is a disease that passes
from person to person. (1)
16
17
18
19
20
pupil
21
22
B9 Reproduction D oviduct or
ovary A fallopian
1. a) i) Reproduction is the process by which living
tube
organisms generate new individuals of the same
uterus B E uterus wall
kind as themselves. (2) lining
ii) 1. Sexual reproduction involves two parents,
whereas asexual reproduction involves one vagina C F cervix
parent.
2. Offspring produced sexually show variation,
(6)
whereas offspring produced asexually are
iii)
genetically identical. (2)
iii) Asexual reproduction is described as being where fertilisation occurs
conservative. (1) cervix
iv) contracts during birth
Asexual Sexual
reproduction reproduction where the embryo is implanted ovary
advantages 1. If the parent is Any two of the
well adapted to following: a ring of muscle
the environment If environmental uterus wall
all offspring will conditions change
be. has a rich blood supply
some offspring may
2. It is a rapid be better adapted.
process. produces female gametes oviduct
It enables species
to change and
adapt to changing a narrow tube lined with cilia
environments. uterus lining
Offspring are usually secretes female sex hormones
widely dispersed,
which reduces (4)
competition.
23
testis I (6)
R
iii) G: Carries sperm to the urethra
I: 1. Produces sperm
hormone level
2. Produces the male sex hormones Q
J and K: Produce secretions, which stimulate the
1st day of
sperm to swim
menstruation
L: Stores sperm (5)
c) i) Ovulation: The release of an ovum from the ovary.
Menstruation: The loss of the uterus lining from
the body. (2)
ii) 1 7 14 21 28
Events in the Events in the time/days
Time (1)
ovaries uterus
3. a) i) The penis becomes erect and is placed into the
an immature ovum the uterus lining
female vagina. Semen is ejaculated into the top of
undergoes meiosis breaks down and
day 1 to day 5 the vagina and the sperm swim through the cervix
and one cell begins is lost from the
and uterus and into the oviducts. If an ovum is
to mature body
present in one of the oviducts, one sperm enters,
the Graafian follicle the uterus lining leaving its tail outside. The nuclei of the ovum and
develops around thickens sperm fuse, forming a zygote. (4)
day 6 to day 13
the ovum as it ii) The zygote divides repeatedly by mitosis to form
continues to mature the embryo. The embryo moves down the oviduct
the mature ovum and is implanted into the uterus lining. It gains
is released and the food and oxygen by diffusion from the mother’s
day 14 Graafian follicle blood and carbon dioxide and waste diffuses back
_______________ into the mother’s blood. (3)
forms the corpus
luteum iii) Menstruation would stop. (1)
iv)
the corpus luteum the uterus lining
day 15 to day 25 U placenta
remains remains thick
the corpus luteum the uterus lining V umbilical
embryo or S
day 26 to day 28 degenerates begins to break cord
foetus
down amnion or T W amniotic
(9) amniotic sac fluid
iii) Q: Oestrogen
R: Progesterone (2)
iv) Q: Stimulates the uterus lining to thicken and its (6)
blood supply to increase after menstruation v) U: Any one of the following:
R: Causes the uterus lining to remain thick (2) To obtain food and oxygen for the embryo by
diffusion from the mother’s blood
To remove carbon dioxide and waste from the
embryo by diffusion into the mother’s blood
V: To carry food and oxygen to the embryo and
carbon dioxide and waste away from the embryo
T and W: To support and protect the embryo (3)
b) i) Any method that prevents pregnancy from
occurring (1)
24
available
through 1.2
living with HIV/AIDS
protects
against latex may 1.0
sexually cause an
0.8
transmitted allergic
diseases reaction 0.6
25
26
27
28
Gametes: N n × N n
(4) Random fertilisation:
v) Any two of the following:
Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells, Gametes N n
whereas meiosis produces four genetically N NN Nn
unidentical cells.
Each cell produced in mitosis has the diploid n Nn nn
number of chromosomes, whereas each cell F1 genotype: NN Nn Nn nn
produced in meiosis has the haploid number of
chromosomes. F1 phenotype: normal normal normal albino
The homologous chromosomes do not pair and There is a 25% chance that their first child will have albinism.
the chromatids do not exchange genetic material (6)
in mitosis, whereas they pair and the chromatids iii) It is not possible. Individual 3 must have passed
exchange genetic material in meiosis. (4) a dominant allele to individual 10. He could
3. a) i) A dominant trait is an inherited trait that results have done this if he had been either homozygous
from the presence of a single dominant allele. A dominant or heterozygous. (2)
recessive trait is an inherited trait that results from 4. a) i) Codominance occurs when neither allele
the presence of two recessive alleles. (2) dominates the other, such that the influence
ii) Genotype is the combination of alleles present of both alleles is visible in the heterozygous
in an organism. Phenotype is the observable individual. (1)
characteristics of an organism. (2) ii)
iii) Homozygous means that the two alleles in Parental phenotype: sickle-cell × sickle-cell
corresponding positions on a pair of homologous trait trait
chromosomes are identical. Heterozygous means Parental genotype: HbA HbS × HbA HbS
that the two alleles are different. (2)
b) i) (4) Gametes: HbA HbS × HbA HbS
Parental
phenotype: can taste PTC × cannot taste PTC Random fertilisation:
Parental
genotype: Tt × tt Gametes HbA HbS
29
4
Gametes: XH Xh × XH Y
Random fertilisation:
2
Gametes XH Y
0
XH XHXH XHY
145– 150– 155– 160– 165– 170– 175–
Xh XHXh XhY 149 154 159 164 169 174 179
height/cm
(5)
(4)
F1 genotype: XHXH XHY XHXh X hY
ii) Continuous variation (1)
F1 phenotype: normal normal normal haemophiliac iii) Normal distribution (1)
female male female male
5. a) i) 1. The genotype of the organism
2. Environmental influences (2)
ii) Any three of the following:
Crossing over and exchange of genetic material
during meiosis
The random arrangement of chromosomes around
the equator of the spindles during meiosis
Random fertilisation of female gametes by male
gametes
Mutations (3)
30
31
32