UNIT-II

VECTOR CALCULUS
Directional derivative
The derivative of a point function (scalar or vector) in a particular
direction is called its directional derivative along the direction.
The directional derivative of a scalar point function φ in a given
direction is the rate of change of φ in the direction. It is given by the
component of grad φ in that direction.
The directional derivative of a scalar point function
→
→ ∇φ . a
φ (x,y,z) in the direction of a is given by →
.
a

Directional derivative of φ is maximum in the direction of ∇φ .

Hence the maximum directional derivative is ∇φ or gradφ
Unit normal vector to the surface
If φ (x, y, z) be a scalar function, then φ (x, y, z) = c represents
A surface and the unit normal vector to the surface φ is given by
∇φ
∇φ

Equation of the tangent plane and normal to the surface

→
Suppose a is the position vector of the point ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
→ → → →
On the surface φ (x, y, z) = c. If r = x i + y j + z k is the position vector of
→
any point (x,y,z) on the tangent plane to the surface at a , then the
→
equation of the tangent plane to the surface φ at a given point a on it is
→ →
given by  r − a .gradφ = 0
 
→
If r is the position vector of any point on the normal to the surface
→
at the point a on it. The vector equation of the normal at a given point
→
→ →
a on the surface φ is  r − a  × gradφ = 0
 
The Cartesian form of the normal at ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) on the surface

φ (x,y,z) = c is
x − x0 y − yo z − z0
= =
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∂x ∂y ∂z

Divergence of a vector
→
If F ( x, y, z ) is a continuously differentiable vector point function in
→
a given region of space, then the divergences of F is defined by
→ → →
→ → ∂F →∂F →∂F
→
∇. F = div F = i + j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
 →
∂F
→
=∑ i
∂x
→ → → → → → → →
If F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k ,then div F = ∇.( F1 i + F2 j + F3 k )
→ ∂F ∂F ∂F
i.e., div F = 1 + 2 + 3
∂x ∂y ∂z

Solenoidal Vector
→ → →
A vector F is said to be solenoidal if div F = 0 (ie) ∇. F = 0

Curl of vector function

→
If F ( x, y, z ) is a differentiable vector point function defined at each
→
point (x, y, z), then the curl of F is defined by
→ →
curl F = ∇ × F
→ → →
→ ∂F → ∂F → ∂F
= i× + j× + k×
∂x ∂y ∂z
→
∂F
→
= ∑i×
∂x
→ → → → → → → →
If F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k ,then curl F = ∇ × ( F1 i + F2 j + F3 k )

i j k
∂
→ ∂ ∂
curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
F1 F2 F3
→  ∂F ∂F  →  ∂F ∂F  →  ∂F ∂F 
= i  3 − 2  − j 3 − 1  + k 2 − 1 
 ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z   ∂x ∂y 
→ →
Curl F is also said to be rotation F

Irrotational Vector
→ →
A vector F is called irrotational if Curl F = 0
→
(ie) if ∇ × F = 0
Scalar Potential
→
If F is an irrotational vector, then there exists a scalar function φ
→ →
Such that F = ∇φ . Such a scalar function is called scalar potential of F

Properties of Gradient

1. If f and g are two scalar point function that ∇( f ± g ) = ∇f ± ∇g (or)

grad ( f ± g ) = gradf ± gradg
→ ∂ → ∂ → ∂ 
Solution: ∇( f ± g ) =  i + j + k ( f ± g )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 → ∂ → ∂ → ∂ 
=  i ( f ± g ) + j ( f ± g ) + k ( f ± g )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
→
∂f → ∂g → ∂f → ∂g → ∂f → ∂g
= i ±i + j ± j +k ±k
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
 
 → ∂f → ∂f → ∂f   → ∂g → ∂g → ∂g 
=  i + j + k  ±  i + j +k
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 
= ∇f ± ∇g

2. If f and g are two scalar point functions then ∇( fg ) = f∇g + g∇f (or)
grad ( fg ) = fgradg + ggradf
→ ∂ → ∂ → ∂ 
Solution: ∇( fg ) =  i + j + k ( fg )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
→ ∂ → ∂ → ∂ 
=  i ( fg ) + j ( fg ) + k ( fg )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
→
 ∂g ∂f  → ∂g ∂f  → ∂g ∂f 
= i f + g  + j  f + g  + k  f +g 
 ∂x ∂x   ∂y ∂y   ∂z ∂z 
 → ∂g → ∂g → ∂g   → ∂f → ∂f → ∂f 
= f  i + j +k  + g  i + j + k 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z 
= f∇g + g∇f

 f  g∇f − f∇g
3. If f and g are two scalar point function then ∇  = where
g g2
g≠0
f  → ∂ → ∂ → ∂  f 
Solution: ∇  =  i + j + k  
g  ∂x ∂y ∂z  g 
→ ∂  f 
= ∑ i  
∂x  g 
 ∂f ∂g 
g
→ −f 
= ∑ i  ∂x 2 ∂x 
 g 
 
 
1  →
∂f →
∂g 
= 2  g∑ i − f∑i 
g  ∂x ∂x 
= 2 [g∇f − f∇g ]
1
g

→ → → → → →
4. If r = x i + y j + z k such that r = r ,prove that ∇r n = nr n − 2 r

→ ∂ → ∂ → ∂  n
Solution: ∇r n =  i + j + k r
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 → ∂r n → ∂r n → ∂r n 
=  i + j +k 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 →
∂r → n −1 ∂r → n −1 ∂r
= i nr n −1 + j nr + k nr
∂x ∂y ∂z
→ → →
 x y z
= nr n −1  i + j + k 
 r r r
nr n −1  → → → 
= x i + y j+ z k 
r  
nr n −1 →
= r
r

5. Find a unit normal to the surface x 2 y + 2 xz = 4 at (2,-2, 3)

Solution: Given that φ = x 2 y + 2 xz

→ ∂ → ∂ → ∂  2
∇φ =  i + j + k ( x y + 2 xz )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

( )
→ → →
= i (2 xy + 2 z ) + j x 2 + k (2 x )
At (2,-2, 3)

→ → →
∇φ = i (− 8 + 6) + j (4) + k (4)
→ → →
= − 2 i + 4 j+ 4k

∇φ = 4 + 16 + 16 = 36 = 6
Unit normal to the given surface at (2,-2,3)
→
→ →
∇φ − 2 i + 4 j + 4 k
=
∇φ 6
1  → → →
= − i + 2 j+ 2 k 
3 

6. Find the directional derivative of φ = x 2 yz + 4 xz 2 + xyz at (1,2,3) in the

→ → →
direction of 2 i + j − k
Solution: Given φ = x 2 yz + 4 xz 2 + xyz

→ ∂ → ∂ → ∂  2
∇φ =  i + j + k ( x yz + 4 xz 2 + xyz )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

( ) ( ) ( )
→ → →
= 2 xyz + 4 z 2 + yz i + x 2 z + xz j + x 2 y + 8 xz + xy k
At (1, 2, 3)

→ → →
∇φ = 54 i + 6 j + 28 k
→ → → →
Given: a = 2 i + j − k
→
∴ a = 4 +1+1 = 6
 →
a
∴ D.D = ∇φ . →
a
→ → →
→ 2 i + 2 j− k
 → → 
=  54 i + 6 j + 28 k .
  6
=
1
[108 + 6 − 28] = 1 [86]
6 6

7. Find the angle between the surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 5 and

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x = 5 at (0,1,2)
Solution: Let φ1 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 and φ2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x
∂φ1 ∂φ ∂φ
= 2 x, 1 = 2 y , 1 = 2 z
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ2 ∂φ ∂φ
= 2 x − 2, 2 = 2 y, 2 = 2 z
∂x ∂y ∂z
→ → →
∇φ1 = 2 x i + 2 y j + 2 z k
→ → →
∇φ2 = (2 x − 2) i + 2 y j + 2 z k
At (o,1,2)
→ →
∇φ1 = 2 j + 4 k
→ → →
∇φ2 = −2 i + 2 j + 4 k
 → →  → → →
 2 j + 4 k . − 2 i + 2 j + 4 k 
∇φ1.∇φ2   
Cos θ = =
∇φ1 ∇φ2 16 + 4 4 + 4 + 6
4 + 16 20
cosθ = =
20 24 20 24
 20 
θ = cos −1  
 20 24 
 20 
= cos −1  

 24 

8. Find the angle between the surfaces x log z = y 2 − 1 and x 2 y = 2 − z at the

point (1,1,1)
Solution: let φ1 = y 2 − x log z and φ2 = x 2 y + z
∂φ1 ∂φ ∂φ x
= − log z , 1 = 2 y, 1 = −
∂x ∂y ∂z z
∂φ2 ∂φ ∂φ
= 2 xy, 2 = x 2 , 2 = 1
∂x ∂y ∂z
→ →
k→
∇φ1 = (− log z ) i + 2 y j − k
z
→ →
∇ φ2 = 2 j − k
 ∇φ1.∇φ2 2 −1 1
Cos θ = = =
∇φ1 ∇φ2 4 +1 4 +1+1 5 6
 1 
θ = cos −1  
 5 6

( )
9. Find ∇ 2 r n
Solution: ∇ (r ) = ∇.∇(r )
2 n n

∂ ∂ ∂
= i (r ) + j (r ) + k (r )
→ → →
n n n

∂x ∂y ∂z
→
∂r → n −1 ∂r → n −1 ∂r
= i nr n −1 + j nr + k nr
∂x ∂y ∂z
→ → → →
r = x i + y j+ z k
→
r = r = x2 + y 2 + z 2

r 2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2
∂r ∂r x
2r = 2 x ⇒ =
∂x ∂x r
∂r ∂r y
2r = 2y ⇒ =
∂y ∂y r
∂r ∂r z
2r = 2 z ⇒ =
∂z ∂z r
( ) → x → y → z 
∴ ∇ 2 r n = nr n −1  i + j + k 
 r r r
 → → →
= nr n − 2  x i + y j + z k 
 
n−2  →

= nr  r 
 
→ → →
 
Since ∇ φ u  = ∇φ . u + φdiv u
 
( )
→
 
∇ 2 r n = ∇ nr n − 2 r 
 
( )
→ →
 
= nr n − 2  ∇. r  + ∇ nr n − 2 . r
 
→  → ∂ → ∂ → ∂  → → → 
∇. r =  i + j + k  x i + y j + z k 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  
=1+1+1 = 3

( ) ( )
→
∇ 2 r n = 3nr n − 2 + n∇ r n − 2 . r
= 3nr n − 2 + n(n − 2) r n − 4 .r 2( )
= 3nr n − 2 + n(n − 2) r n − 2 ( )
( ) [ ]
∇ 2 r n = r n − 2 n 2 + n = n(n + 1)r n − 2
 → → → → → →
10. If r = x i + y j + z k and r = r .Prove that r n r is solenoidal if n = −3 and
→
r n r is irrotational for all vectors of n.
→ → → →
Solution: r n r = r n x i + r n y j + r n k
 → ∂ n ∂ n ∂ n
div  r n r  = ( )
r x + r y + ( ) ( )
r z …………………(1)
  ∂x ∂y ∂z
Now r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Differentiating partially w.r.to x,

∂r ∂r x
2r = 2x ⇒ =
∂x ∂x r
∂r ∂r y
Similarly, 2r = 2y ⇒ =
∂y ∂y r
∂r ∂r z
2r = 2 z ⇒ =
∂z ∂z r
∂ n ∂ ∂r
Now
∂x
(r x ) = x (r n ). + r n
∂r ∂x
x
= x.n r n −1 + r n
r
∂ n
∂y
( r y ) = nr n − 2 y 2 + r n

∂ n
∂z
(r z ) = nr n − 2 z 2 + r n
From (1) we have
div r n r  = nr n − 2 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 3r n
 →
 
= nr n + 3r n
= (n + 3)r n
→
 →
The vector r n r is solenoidal if div r n r  = 0
 
⇒ (n + 3)r n = 0
⇒ n+3=0
⇒ n = −3
→
∴ r n r is solenoidal only if n = -3
→ → →
i j k
 →
 ∂ ∂ ∂
Now curl  r n r  =
  ∂x ∂y ∂z
rnx rn y rnz
 ∂ ∂
∑ i  ∂y (r z ) − ∂z (r y )
→
n 
n
=
 
 → ∂r ∂r 
= ∑ i  nr n −1 z − nr n −1 y 
 ∂y ∂z 
 →
 y z
= ∑ i  nr n −1

r
z − nr n −1 y 
r

∑ i (nr )
→
n−2
= yz − nr n − 2 yz
=0
→ → → →
Curl ( r n r ) = 0 i + 0 j + 0 k =0

→
Curl ( r n r ) = 0 for all values of n
→
Hence r n r is irrotational for all values of n.

( )
→ → → →
11. Prove that F = y 2 cos x + z 3 i + (2 y sin x − 4) j + 3xz 2 k is irrotational and
find its scalar potential
Solution:

→ → →
i j k
→
  ∂ ∂ ∂
curl  F  =
  ∂x ∂y ∂z
y cos x + z 3
2
2 y sin x − 4 3xz 2

[ ]
→ → →
= i [0 − 0] − j 3z 2 − 3 z 2 + k [2 y cos x − 2 y cos x ] = 0
→
∴ F is irrotational.

→
To Find φ such that F = gradφ
∂φ → ∂φ → ∂φ
∴ ( y 2 cos x + z 2 ) i + (2 y sin x − 4 ) j + 3xz 2 k = i
→ → → →
+ j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
Integrating the equation partially w.r.to x,y,z respectively
φ = y 2 sin x + xz 3 + f1 ( y, z )
φ = y 2 sin x − 4 y + f 2 ( x, z )
φ = xz 3 + f3 ( x, y )
∴φ = y 2 sin x + xz 3 − 4 y + C , is scalar potential

→ → → → → →
12. Prove that div A× B  = B .(curl A) − A.(curl B)
 
→ → → →
 
Proof : div A× B  = ∇.( A× B)
 
→
∂ → →
= ∑ i  A× B 
∂x  
→ →
→ → ∂ B  → ∂ A →

= ∑ i  A×   
 
∂x 
+ ∑ i 
 ∂x
× B 
   
→ →
→ ∂ B → → ∂ A →
= − ∑ i  × A  + ∑ i  × B 
 ∂x   ∂x 
   
  → → →  → → →
∂B  i × ∂ A . B
= −  ∑ i × . A +  ∑
 ∂x  ∂x 
   
→ → → →
   
= −  curl B . A+  curl A . B
   

→ → →
   
13.Prove that curl  curl F  = ∇ ∇ • F  − ∇ 2 F
   
Solution:

→ →
   
curl  curl F  = ∇ ×  ∇ × F 
   
→
→ → → →→ → →→
By using a×  b× c  =  a . c  b −  a . b  c
     
→ →
 
=  ∇. F ∇ − (∇.∇ ) F
 
 → →
=  ∇. F ∇ − ∇ 2 F
 

VECTOR INTEGRATION
Line, surface and Volume Integrals

Problems based on line Integral

Example 1:
( )
→ → → → →
If F = 3x 2 + 6 y i − 14 yz j + 20 xz 2 k Evaluate ∫ F .dr from (0,0,0) to
C

(1,1,1) along the curve x = t , y = t , z = t 2 3

Solution: The end points are (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1)

These points correspond to t = 0 and t = 1
∴ dx = dt , dy = 2t , dz = 3t 2

( )
→

∫ F .dr = ∫ 3x + 6 y dx − 14 yzdy + 20 xz dz
2 2

C C

∫ (3t ) ( )
1
= 2
+ 6t 2 dt − 14t 5 (2tdt ) + 20t 7 3t 2 dt
0

= ∫ (9t 2 − 28t 6 + 60t 9 )dt

1

(
= 3t 3−4t 7 + 6t10 0 )
1

= [(3 − 4 + 6 ) − 0] = 5

Example 2:
→ → → →
Show that F = x 2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k is a conservative vector field.
 → →
Solution: If F is conservative then ∇ × F = 0
→ → →
i j k
→ ∂ ∂ ∂ → → →
Now ∇ × F = = 0 i + 0 j+ 0 k = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
x2 y2 z2
→
∴ F is a conservative vector field.

Surface Integrals
Definition: Consider a surface S. Let n denote the unit outward normal to the
→
surface S. Let R be the projection of the surface x on the XY plane. Let f be
a vector valued defined in some region containing the surface S. Then the
→ ∧
→ → ∧ f .n
surface integral of f is defined to be ∫∫ f . nds = ∫∫
S R
→
→
dx.dy
n. k

Example 1;
→ ∧ → → → →
Evaluate ∫∫
S
f . nds where F = z i + x j − y 2 z k and S is the surface of

the cylinder x + y 2 = 1 included in the first octant between the planes z = 0

2

and z = 2.
→ → → →
Solution: Given F = z i + x j − y 2 z k

φ = x2 + y2 − 1

→ →
∇φ = 2 x i + 2 y j
∇φ = 4 x 2 + 4 y 2
=2 x 2 + y 2
=2
∧ ∇φ
The unit normal n to the surface =
∇φ
2 xi + 2 yj
= = xi + yj
2
→ ∧
 → → →
  → →
F . n =  z i + x j − y 2 z k . x i + y j  = xz + xy
  
 INTEGRAL THEOREMS
(i) Gauss’s divergence theorem
(ii) Stoke’s theorem
(iii) Green’s theorem in the plane

Green’s Theorem
Statement:
If M(x,y) and N(x,y) are continuous functions with continuous
partial derivatives in a region R of the xy plane bounded by a simple closed
curve C, then
 ∂N ∂M 
∫c Mdx + ndy = ∫∫R  ∂x − ∂y dxdy , where C is the curve described in the
positive direction.
 Verify Green’s theorem in a plane for the integral ∫ (x − 2 y )dx + xdy
c

taken around the circle x + y = 4

2 2

Solution: Green’s theorem gives

 ∂N ∂M 
∫c Mdx + Ndy = ∫∫R  ∂x − ∂y dxdy

Consider ∫ (x − 2 y )dx + xdy
c

M = x – 2y N=x
∂M ∂N
= −2, =1
∂y ∂x
 ∂N ∂M 
∴ ∫∫  − dxdy
R 
∂x ∂y 
∫∫ (1 + 2)dxdy = 3∫∫ dxdy
R R

= 3[Area of the circle]

= 3 πr 2
=3. π .4
= 12π ……………………(1)
Now ∫ Mdx + Ndy
We know that the parametric equation of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4
x = 2 cos θ y = 2 sin θ
dx = −2 sin θdθ , dy = 2 cos θdθ
∴ Mdx + Ndy = ( x − 2 x )dx + xdy
= (2 cos θ − 4 sin θ )(− 2 sin θdθ ) + 2 cos θ (2 cos θ )dθ
= − 2 cos θ sin θ + 8 sin 2 θ + 4 cos 2 θdθ
Where θ various from 0 to 2π
2π
∴ ∫ Mdx + Ndy = ∫ (− 2 cosθ sin θ + 4 sin θ + 4)dθ
2

C 0
2π
  1 − cos 2θ  
= ∫  − sin 2θ + 4
0
2
 + 4 dθ
 
2π
= ∫ (− sin 2θ + 6 − 2 cos 2θ )dθ
0
2π
 cos 2θ 2 sin 2θ 
= + 6θ −
 2 2  0
1 1
= + 12π − = 12π …………………….(2)
2 2
∴ From (1) and (2)
  ∂N ∂M 
∫ Mdx + Ndy = ∫∫  ∂x
c R
−
∂y
dxdy

Hence Green’s Theorem is verified.

Example 2
Using Green’s theorems find the area of a circle of radius r.
Solution: By Green’s theorem we know that
1
Area enclosed by C = ∫ xdy − ydx
2C
The parametric equation of a circle of radius r is x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ
Where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
2π
1
∴ Area of the circle = ∫ r cos θ (r cos θ ) − r sin θ (− r sin θ )dθ
2 0
2π

∫ (r )
1
= 2
cos 2 θ + r 2 sin 2 θ dθ
2 0
2π
1 2
r dθ
2 ∫0
=

r [θ ]0 = πr 2
1 2 2π
=
2

Example 3:
Evaluate ∫ [(sin x − y )dx − cos xdy] where c is the triangle with
c

π π
vertices (0,0) ,(,0) and ( ,1)
2 2
y−0 x−0
Solution: Equation of OB is =
1− 0 π
−0
2
2x
⇒y=
π
  ∂N ∂M 
By Green’s theorem ∫ Mdx + Ndy = ∫∫  ∂x
c R
−
∂y
dxdy

∂M
Here M = sin x − y, = −1
∂y
∂N
N = − cos x, = sin x
∂x
∴ ∫ [(sin x − y )dx − cos xdy ] = ∫∫ (sin x + 1)dxdy
C R

πy π
In the region R, x varies from x = to and y varies from y = 0 to y = 1
2 2
π
1 2
∴ ∫ (sin x − y )dx − cos xdy = ∫ π∫ (sin x + 1)dxdy
C 0 y
2
1 π
= ∫ [− cos x + x]π
0
2
y dy
2

 πy π πy 
1
= ∫ cos + − dy
0 
2 2 2
1
2 πy π πy 2 
=  sin + y − 
π 2 2 4 0
2 π π 2 π
= + − = +
π 2 4 π 2

Example 4
Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for
( )
∫ 3x − 8 y dx + (4 y − 6 xy )dy where C is the boundary of the region defined
2 2

by
X = 0 , y= 0, x + y =1
Solution: We have to prove that
  ∂N ∂M

∫ Mdx + Ndy = ∫∫  ∂x
c R
− dxdy
∂y

M = 3x − 8 y , N = 4 y − 6 xy
2 2

∂M ∂N
= −16 y, = −6 y
∂y ∂x

By Green’s theorem in the plane

 ∂N ∂M 
∫c Mdx + Ndy = ∫∫R  ∂x − ∂y dxdy

1 1− x
= ∫ ∫ (10 y )dydx
0 0
1− x
 y2 
1
= 10 ∫  
0 
2 0
1
= 5∫ (1 − x ) dx
2

 (1 − x )3 
1
5
= 5  =
 − 3 0 3
Consider ∫ Mdx + Ndy = ∫ + ∫ + ∫
c OA AB BO

Along OA, y=0 , x varies from 0 to 1

[ ]
1
1
∴ ∫ Mdx + Ndy = ∫ 3 x 2 dx = x 3 0 =1
OA 0

Along AB, y = 1 - x ⇒ dy = −dx and x varies from 1 to 0 .

[ ]
0
∴ ∫ Mdx + Ndy = ∫ 3x 2 − 8(1 − x ) − 4(1 − x ) + 6 x(1 − x ) dx
2

AB 1

 3x 2 8(1 − x )3 4(1 − x )2
0

=  − − + 3x 2 − 2 x 3 
 3 −3 −2 1
8 8
= + 2 −1− 3 + 2 =
3 3

STOKE’S THEOREM
 If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C and if a vector
→
function F is continuous and has continuous partial derivatives in S and on
→ → → → →
C, then ∫∫ curl F . n ds = ∫ F .d r where n is the unit vector normal to the
c
→
surface (ie) The surface integral of the normal component of curl F is equal
→
to the integral of the tangential component of F taken around C.

Example 1
→ → → →
Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = (2 x − y ) i − yz 2 j − y 2 z k where S is the upper
half of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and C is the circular boundary on z = 0
plane.
→ → → →
Solution: By Stoke’s theorem ∫ F .d r = ∫∫ curl F . n ds
c s
→ → → →
F = (2 x − y ) i − yz 2 j − y 2 z k
→ → →
i j k
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 x − y − yz 2 − y2z
→ → → →
= i [− 2 yz + 2 yz ] − j (0 − 0 ) + k (0 + 1) = k
→ →
Here n = k since C is the circular boundary on z = 0 plane
→ →
∴ ∫∫ = area of the circle curl F . n ds = ∫∫ dxdy
S S

= π (1) 2 = π ……….(1)

→ → → →
ON z = 0, ∫ F .d r = ∫∫ curl F . n ds
c s

On C, x = cos θ , y = sin θ
dx = − sin θdθ , dy = cos θdθ
θ varies from 0 to 2π
 → → 2π
∴ ∫ F .d r =
c
∫ (2 cosθ − sin θ )(− sin θ )dθ
0
2π 2π
=− ∫ (2 cosθ sin θ )dθ + ∫ sin θdθ
2

0 0
2π 2π
 1 − cos 2θ 
=− ∫ (sin 2θ )dθ + ∫ 
0 0
2
 dθ

2π 2π
 cos 2θ  1 sin 2θ 
= −  + θ −
 2 0 2 2  0
1 1
= − + + π = π ……………(2)
2 2

∴ From (1) and (2)

→ → → →

∫ F .d r = ∫∫ curl F . n ds
c s

Hence stoke’s theorem is verified

Example 2
→ → → →
Verify stoke’s theorem for F = ( y − z + 2) i + ( yz + 4 ) j − xz k where s is
the surface of the cube x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 2, z = 0 and z = 2 above the xy –
plane.
Solution:
By Stoke’s theorem
→ → → →

∫ F .d r = ∫∫ curl F . n ds
c s
→ → →
i j k
→ → → → → ∂ ∂ ∂
Given F = ( y − z + 2) i + ( yz + 4 ) j − xz k curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
y−z+2 yz + 4 − xz
→ → →
= i [0 − y ] − j [− z + 1] + k [0 − 1]
→ → →
= − y i + j [z − 1] − k
 Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.
Example 3:
→ → → →
Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = y i + z j + x k where S is the upper half
surface of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and C is its boundary.
Solution: By stoke’s theorem
 → → → →

∫ F .d r = ∫∫ curl F . n ds
c s

Gauss Divergence theorem

Statement:
The surface integral of the normal component of a vector
function F over a closed surface S enclosing volume V is equal to the volume
integral of the divergence of F taken throughout the volume V ,
→ ∧ →

∫∫ F . n ds = ∫∫∫ ∇. Fdv
S V

∫∫ x dydz + x ydzdx + x 2 zdxdy over the surface bounded by z = 0 ,z

3 2
Evaluate
= h, x 2 + y 2 = a 2
Solution:
 π
2
3 1 π 3π
∫ cos
4
θdθ = =
0
4 2 2 16

→ → 3a 4
∫∫S F . n ds = 2