Design of Counterfort type Retaining Wall

1.0 Check for Stability

1.1 Soil Parameters Rankines or Coulumbs ("r" or "c")? r

Angle of Repose of Soil, f (in degrees) f= 30.0
Angle of Wall friction d= 0.0
Bulk Density of Soil , (in kN/m3) g= 18.0
Batter of Stem wall with horizontal, a (in degrees) a= 90.0
Inclination of Backfill with horizontal, b (in degrees) b= 0.0
Equiv. Ht. of backfill earth for Live load surcharge (m) he 1.2
Equiv. Ht. of earth for Live Load surcharge, Slip road Side (m) htoe 1.2
Coefficient of Friction at base between soil & concrete m= 0.5
Unit weight of concrete (in kN/m ) 3 gc = 24.0
Allowable Bearing Capacity (kN/m2) s= 200.0
Active Earth pressure Coefficient for Stability Ka = 0.333
Height of sloping surcharge (Due to b) = 0

13.000

C/L of Steam

Slip Road

1.5

0
0 0.000
0.65
0.65

2.6 0.65 7
L = 10.25

1.2 Salient Levels

Top of Retaining Wall Level = 13.000 m

Founding Level = 0.000 m
1.3 Dimension Details

Length of Retaining wall B = 3 m

Number of counterfort = 2
Thickness of counterfort = 0.6 m

1.4 Lateral Load Calculation due to earth pressure

V1
H0 H2

e3
h2 e2 H1
H3 e1

h2 = 1.5 m
P3 = Ka.g.h2.cos d p1 = Ka.g.H0.cos d
p2 = Ka.g.he.cos d
P3 = 9.00 kN/m2 H0 = 13.0 m
P1 = 78.00 kN/m2
P2 = 7.20 kN/m2

H1 = 1/2 * P1 * H0 * B = 1521.0 kN
H2 = P2 * H0 * B = 280.8 kN
H3 = 1/2 * P3 * h2 * B = 20.3 kN

e1 = 0.33 * 13 = 4.29 m
e2 = 0.5 * 13 = 6.5 m
e3 = 0.33 * 1.5 = 0.495 m

Vertical force due to earth pressure

V1 = 1/2*(Ka.g.H0.sin d)*H0*B + (Ka.g.he.sin d)*H0*B
= (H1 + H2).tan d = 0 kN

SHToe = H3 = 20.3 kN
SMst. = H 3 * e3 = 10.0 kNm
Total Horizontal Load without Load from superstructure
SHheel = (H1 + H2) = 1801.8 kN
Overturning moment without Load from superstructure
SMo1 = (H1*e1 + H2*e2) = 8350.3 kNm

1.5 Vertical Load Calculation due to self weight and earth pressure

CASE -1 : Max. Base Pressure Case : LL surcharge on Backfill as well as Slip road .
Sl. No. Description Volume Unit Weight Vert. Load Ecc. From Moment
V toe Msta.
m3 kN/m3 kN m kNm
1 Toe Slab rectangle 5.07 25 126.8 1.300 164.8
2 Toe Slab triangle 0.00 24 0.0 1.733 0.0
3 Heel Slab rectangle 13.65 24 327.6 6.750 2211.3
4 Heel Slab triangle 0.00 24 0.0 5.583 0.0
5 Stem portion of base slab 1.27 24 30.4 2.925 89.0
6 Stem 24.08 24 578.0 2.925 1690.6
7 Front Counterfort -1.01 0 0.0 1.733 0.0
8 Back Counterfort 51.87 24 1244.9 5.583 6950.6
10 Earth on heel side 221.13 18 3980.3 6.750 26867.3
10(a) Earth on heel side triangle 0.00 18 0.0 7.917 0.0
11 Earth on toe side 7.64 18 137.6 1.300 178.9
Qb LL surcharge 1.20 18 21.6 6.750 145.8
Qtoe LL surcharge in slip road side 1.20 18 21.6 1.300 28.1
V1 Vertical force due to earth pressure - - 0.0 10.250 0.0
TOTAL SV = 6468.8 SMsta.= 38326.3

SH = (H1 + H2) = 1801.8 kN

SMo = (H1*e1 + H2*e2) = 8350.3 kNm

1.6 Check against Stability

LOAD SV SH SMo SMsta. FOS , FOS ,

Status Status
CASE Sliding Overturn
(kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
Case - 1 6468.8 1801.8 8350.3 38326.3 1.80 OK 4.59 OK

1.7 Check against Base Pressure

LOAD e s max s min
Status Status
CASE (m) (kN/m ) 2
(kN/m2)
Case - 1 0.491 271 NotOK 150 OK

where
( M sta .−M o ) ∑V 6e V  6e 
x=
∑V
e=L/2− x σ max =
L∗B ( 1+
L )
s min = 1 
L*B L 

2.0 Design of Stem Wall

2.1 Materials Details

Grade of Concrete =
Grade of steel ("m" for Mild Steel & "t" for HYSD) =
Clear Cover =
Thickness of Stem =

Permissible direct compressible strength of Concrete (scc) =

Permissible flexural compressible strength of Concrete (scb) =
Permissible tensile strength of Concrete (sct) =
Permissible tensile strength of Steel (sst) =

2.2 Soil Parameter

Angle of Repose of Soil f =

Bulk Density of Soil (kn/m3) g =
Equiv. Ht. of backfill earth for Live load surcharge he =
Active Earth pressure Coefficient Ka =
Active Earth pressure Coefficient ( Horizontal ) Kah =

2.3 Loads and Moments due to Earth pressure & LL Surcharge

RL 13.000

x3
RL 8.650 Sec 3-3

x2
4
RL 4.650 Sec 2-2

x1
4

RL 0.650 Sec 1-1 q p1 = h Kah g

Earth pr. Due to backfill of earth = p1

Earth pr. Due to LL Surcharge = p2
 Section Ht. from top p1 p2 p1 + p2

m kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2

Sec 1-1 12.350 74.100 7.200 81.3
Sec 2-2 8.350 50.100 7.200 57.3
Sec 3-3 4.350 26.100 7.200 33.3

2.4 Design of main Horizontal Reinforcement

scb = 10
sst = 240
k = 0.294
j = 0.902
R = 1.326

deff reqd. Doverall provd. deff provd. Ast reqd. Diameter

Section Face Mdes (kN.m)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2/m) (mm)

Earth 19.66 154 20

1-1 121.7 650 590
Outside 0 0 16
Earth 14.01 109 16
2-2 102.8 650 592
Outside 0 0 12
Earth 8.35 65 12
3-3 79.3 650 594
Outside 0 0 10

Permissible
Vdes deff provd. Shear Stress r
Section Shear Stress Status
(kN) (mm) t v (Mpa) (% steel)
t c (Mpa)

1-1 52.4 590 0.089 0.23 0.224 OK

2-2 37.4 592 0.063 0.15 0.218 OK
3-3 22.3 594 0.038 0.10 0.211 OK

2.5 Vertical Reinforcement:

Providing steel equal to 0.12% of cross - sectional area distributed equally in both the directions.

Ast required (mm2/m) 780

Provide 10 f dia bars @ 160 c/c on earth face

and 10 f dia bars @ 160 c/c on outer face
Ast provided (mm /m) 2
982 OK
 M30
t
50 mm
650 mm

7.5 N/mm2
10 N/mm2
0.67 N/mm2
240 N/mm2

30 degree
18 kN/m3
1.2 m
0.333
0.333

p2 = 1.2 Kah g
N/mm2
N/mm2

N/mm2

Spacing Ast provd.

(mm) (mm2/m)

230 1365.9
230 874.2
230 874.2
230 491.7
200 565.5
200 392.7
3.0 Design of Back Counterfort

3.1 Materials Details

Grade of Concrete =
Grade of steel ("m" for Mild Steel & "t" for HYSD) =
Clear Cover =
Spacing of Counterfort Cs =

Permissible direct compressible strength of Concrete (scc) =

Permissible flexural compressible strength of Concrete (scb) =
Permissible tensile strength of Concrete (sct) =
Permissible tensile strength of Steel (sst) =

3.2 Load & Moment Calculation

Section Ht. from Pressure Shear Force Bending Moment

top, p1 p2 P1 = P2 = p2.h.Cs P1 + P2 M1 = P1*
h 1/2.p1.h.Cs 0.42h

m kN/m2 kN/m2 kN kN kN kNm

Sec 1-1 12.350 74.100 7.200 1143.9 222.3 1366.2 5933.5
Sec 2-2 8.350 50.100 7.200 522.9 150.3 673.2 1833.9
Sec 3-3 4.350 26.100 7.200 141.9 78.3 220.2 259.3

Dimension Detail of Counterfort

tan q = 7/12.35 = 0.567 x
sin q = 0.491 q
cos q = 0.871
x = b.cos q
Effective width of flange
bf = Min. of ((bw + l0/5), Spacing of Counterfort) [Ref: Clause 305.15.2 IRC:21 - 2000]
bf
bw = 0.6 m
l0 = 14.82 m
bf = 2.5 m

Section b x Dimension of T-Beam

D bw bf df
Sec 1-1 7.000 6.099 6.749 0.600 2.500 0.650
Sec 2-2 4.733 4.124 4.774 0.600 2.500 0.650
Sec 3-3 2.466 2.148 2.798 0.600 2.500 0.650
 M30
t
75 mm
2.50 m

7.5 N/mm2
10 N/mm2
0.67 N/mm2
240 N/mm2

Bending Moment
M2 = M1 + M2
P2*0.5h

kNm kNm
1372.7 7306.2
627.5 2461.4
170.3 429.6

305.15.2 IRC:21 - 2000]

df

D
x

bw
3.3 Design of Main Reinforcement for Back Counterfort

3.3.1 Design of Counterfort Section 1-1

Grade of Concrete M30

Grade of steel Fe500
Maximum Allowable Stress in Concrete (N/mm2 ) 10.00
Maximum Allowable Stress in Steel (N/mm ) 2
240

Maximum Stress in Steel, sst (N/mm2 ) 229.82

Maximum Stress in Concrete, scbc (N/mm ) 2
1.04
Modular Ratio, m 10
Overall Depth, D (mm) 6749
Clear Cover (mm) 75
Dia of Stirrups (mm) 16
Main Reinforcement
Layer Diameter Nos. Area Distance of Effective d-n Lever Arm Stress in
CG from Depth, Each Layer
Bottom d

(mm) (mm2 ) (mm) (mm)

e1 25 4 1963.50 103.50 6645.41 6357.88 4031.40 229.82
e2 25 4 1963.50 153.50 6595.41 6307.88 3981.40 228.01
e3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Width of Flange , bf (mm) 2500

Depth of Flange, df (mm) 650
Area of Flange, Af (mm2) 1625000.00
Stress in bottom of flange, sc1 (N/mm2 ) In Tension
Width of Web, bw (mm) 600
Critical Neutral Axis, NC 1954.53
Depth of Neutral Axis (Assumed) (mm) 287.53
Type of Section UNDER REINFORCED
Area of Web in Compression, Aw (mm2) In Tension
Compressive Force (N) 373538.70
Tensile Force (N) 898944.48
Difference in Compressive & Tensile Force 525406 So OK
Distance of CG of Total Compressive Area Below Top Edge,Y1
(mm) 2614.01
Moment of Resistance, Mr , (T-m) 360.16
Design Moment, Md , ( T - m ) 730.62
Difference in Mr and Md -370.46 So OK
Calculated Stress in Steel 229.82 <240 N/mm2 OK
Calculated Stress in Concrete 1.04 <10 N/mm2 OK
3.3.2 Design of Counterfort Section 2-2

Grade of Concrete M30

Grade of steel Fe500
Maximum Allowable Stress in Concrete (N/mm2 ) 10.00
Maximum Allowable Stress in Steel (N/mm ) 2
240

Maximum Stress in Steel, sst (N/mm2 ) 454.77

Maximum Stress in Concrete, scbc (N/mm ) 2
2.16
Modular Ratio, m 10
Overall Depth, D (mm) 4774
Clear Cover (mm) 75
Dia of Stirrups (mm) 16
Main Reinforcement
Layer Diameter Nos. Area Distance of Effective d-n Lever Arm Stress in
CG from Depth, Each Layer
Bottom d

(mm) (mm2 ) (mm) (mm)

e1 25 4 1963.50 103.50 4670.05 4458.45 3974.60 454.77
e2 25 2 981.75 153.50 4620.05 4408.45 3924.60 449.67
e3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Width of Flange , bf (mm) 2500

Depth of Flange, df (mm) 650
Area of Flange, Af (mm2) 1625000.00
Stress in bottom of flange, sc1 (N/mm2 ) In Tension
Width of Web, bw (mm) 600
Critical Neutral Axis, NC 1373.55
Depth of Neutral Axis (Assumed) (mm) 211.61
Type of Section UNDER REINFORCED
Area of Web in Compression, Aw (mm2) In Tension
Compressive Force (N) 570941.04
Tensile Force (N) 1334413.78
Difference in Compressive & Tensile Force 763473 So OK
Distance of CG of Total Compressive Area Below Top Edge,Y1
(mm) 695.45
Moment of Resistance, Mr , (T-m) 528.17
Design Moment, Md , ( T - m ) 246.14
Difference in Mr and Md 282.03 So OK
Calculated Stress in Steel 454.77 >240 N/mm2 NOT OK
Calculated Stress in Concrete 2.16 <10 N/mm2 OK
3.3.3 Design of Counterfort Section 3-3

Grade of Concrete M30

Grade of steel Fe500
Maximum Allowable Stress in Concrete (N/mm2 ) 10.00
Maximum Allowable Stress in Steel (N/mm ) 2
240

Maximum Stress in Steel, sst (N/mm2 ) 181.48

Maximum Stress in Concrete, scbc (N/mm ) 2
0.96
Modular Ratio, m 10
Overall Depth, D (mm) 2798
Clear Cover (mm) 75
Dia of Stirrups (mm) 16
Main Reinforcement
Layer Diameter Nos. Area Distance of Effective d-n Lever Arm Stress in
CG from Depth, Each Layer
Bottom d

(mm) (mm2 ) (mm) (mm)

e1 25 4 1963.50 103.50 2694.70 2558.70 2172.07 181.48
e2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Width of Flange , bf (mm) 2500

Depth of Flange, df (mm) 650
Area of Flange, Af (mm2) 1625000.00
Stress in bottom of flange, sc1 (N/mm2 ) In Tension
Width of Web, bw (mm) 600
Critical Neutral Axis, NC 792.56
Depth of Neutral Axis (Assumed) (mm) 136.00
Type of Section UNDER REINFORCED
Area of Web in Compression, Aw (mm2) In Tension
Compressive Force (N) 163970.83
Tensile Force (N) 356327.81
Difference in Compressive & Tensile Force 192357 So OK
Distance of CG of Total Compressive Area Below Top Edge,Y1
(mm) 522.63
Moment of Resistance, Mr , (T-m) 77.40
Design Moment, Md , ( T - m ) 42.96
Difference in Mr and Md 34.44 So OK
Calculated Stress in Steel 181.48 <240 N/mm2 OK
Calculated Stress in Concrete 0.96 <10 N/mm2 OK
3.4 Design of Horizontal ties

It is necessary to tie the vertical stem slab with the counterforts to check its tendency of separating out from the counterforts.
This is achieved by provision of horizontal ties.

p1 = h Kah g
p2 = 1.2 Kah g

At h = 12.35 m from the top, the force causing the tendency of separation

= (p1 + p2) * Cs
= 203.3 kN/m
Area of steel required = 847 mm2/m
Provide 2 legged 10 f dia bars @ 200 c/c

Ast provided = 785 mm2/m Not OK

3.5 Design of Vertical ties

The heel slab is subjected to net downward load and thus develops a tendency to separate out from the counterforts. This can be
checked by providing vertical ties.

Net maximum downward pressure = 109.6 kN/m2

[Ref. Heel & Toe Slab design]
Total pressure on one counterfort = 274.0 kN/m
Area of steel required = 1142 mm2/m

Provide 2 legged 10 f dia bars @ 200 c/c

Ast provided = 785 mm2/m Not OK

3.6 Check for Shear Force

Grade of Concrete = M30

Permissible
V deff provd. bw Shear Stress r Shear
Section Stress Status
(kN) (mm) (mm) t v (Mpa) (% steel)
t c (Mpa)
Sec 1-1 1366.2 3310 600 0.688 0.20 0.214 Shear reinforcement is required

Sec 2-2 673.2 4645 600 0.242 0.11 0.106 Shear reinforcement is required

Sec 3-3 220.2 2695 600 0.136 0.12 0.121 Shear reinforcement is required

Vs = V - t c Asw = Vs s/
Spacing Asw Provided
Section bw.deff ss d Status
provided (mm2)
(kN) (mm ) 2

Sec 1-1 940.6 200 236.8 157.1 Not OK

Sec 2-2 378.7 200 67.9 157.1 OK
Sec 3-3 23.9 200 7.4 157.1 OK
4.0 Design of Front Counterfort

4.1 Materials Details

Grade of Concrete = M30

Grade of steel ("m" for Mild Steel & "t" for HYSD) = t
Clear Cover = 75
Spacing of Counterfort Cs = 2.5

Permissible direct compressible strength of Concrete (scc) = 7.5

Permissible flexural compressible strength of Concrete (scb) = 10
Permissible tensile strength of Concrete (sct) = 0.67
Permissible tensile strength of Steel (sst) = 240
k = 0.294
j = 0.902
R = 1.326
4.2 Load & Moment Calculation
[Ref: Design of Toe & Heel Slab]
Net maximum upward pressure at the toe tip = 239.93
Net maximum upward pressure at the toe base = 209.26

Net upward pressure on front counterfort

s1 = 239.93 * 2.5 = 599.83
s2 = 209.26 * 2.5 = 523.14
Length of the toe Lt = 2.6
Total shear force V = 1/2(s1 + s2)*Lt = 1459.9

Distance of C.G of the force from the face of toe

( 2 σ 1 +σ 2 ) Lt
x= x = 1.330
( σ 1 +σ 2 ) 3

M =V . x = 1941.0

Mdes bw deff reqd. Doverall provd. deff provd. Ast reqd. Diameter Number Ast provd.
(kN.m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm2/m)

1941.0 600 1561.7 0.0 -137.5 -65213 25 6 2945.2

Permissible
Shear
V deff provd. bw r Shear
Stress Status
(kN) (mm) (mm) (% steel) Stress
t v (Mpa)
t c (Mpa)

1459.9 -138 600 -17.695 -3.570 #N/A #N/A

Vs = V - t c Asw = Vs s/ Diameter of
Spacing No. of leg of Asw Provided
bw.deff ss d stirrups Status
provided stirrups (mm2)
(kN) (mm2) (mm)

#N/A 180 #N/A 2 12 226.2 #N/A

 N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2

N/mm2

of Toe & Heel Slab]

kN/m2
kN/m2

kN/m
kN/m
m
kN

kNm

Status

OK
5.0 Design of Heel and Toe Slab

5.1 Materials Details

Grade of Concrete = M30

Grade of steel ("m" for Mild Steel & "t" for HYSD) = t
Clear Cover = 75

Permissible direct compressible strength of Concrete (scc) = 7.5

Permissible flexural compressible strength of Concrete (scb) = 10
Permissible tensile strength of Concrete (sct) = 0.67
Permissible tensile strength of Steel (sst) = 240

5.2 Effective pressure calculation

p3 p4

0
0.65 0.65
2.6 0.65 7
10.25

p1 p2

Net Pressure at various critical points at base (in kN/m 2)

Base pr. at Base pr. at
Load Case p1 p2 p3 p4
Toe Heel
1 270.8 149.9 239.9 209.3 27.0 109.6

5.3 Design of main Horizontal Reinforcement

scb = 10.00 N/mm2

sst = 240 N/mm2
k = 0.294
j = 0.902
R = 1.326 N/mm2

deff reqd. Doverall provd. deff provd. Ast reqd. Diameter Spacing
Description Face Mdes (kN.m)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2/m) (mm) (mm)

Top 0 0 16 180
Heel 119.6 650 567
Bottom 18.96 154 16 180
Top 0 0 16 180
Toe 204.8 650 567
Bottom 55.66 453 16 150
 Permissible
Vdes deff provd. Shear Stress r Shear Stress
Section Status
(kN) (mm) tv (Mpa) (% steel)
tc (Mpa)

Heel 50.6 567 0.089 0.20 0.214 OK

Toe 148.4 567 0.262 0.24 0.226 Not OK
* SF for Heel slab has been taken at the face of the support.
** SF for toe slab has been taken d distance away from the support.

7.4 Distribution Reinforcement

Providing steel equal to 0.12% of cross - sectional area distributed equally in both the directions.

Ast required (mm2/m) 680

Provide 12 f dia bars @ 200 c/c on earth face

and 12 f dia bars @ 200 c/c on outer face
Ast provided (mm /m)2
1131 OK
mm

N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2

Ast provd.
(mm2/m)

1117.0
1117.0
1117.0
1340.4