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Chapter 10 - Fluids PDF
Chapter 10 - Fluids PDF
Mechanical Properties of
Fluids
Fluid:
Thrust
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 1
What is the pressure necessary to P2 A P1A mg
accomplish this task? g=9.8m/s-2. (P2 P1 )A mg,
Soln: But m = V = (Ah)
(P2 -P1 )A=Ahg
P2 P1 hg
If the top of the fluid element
considered is open to the
atmosphere, then P1 Pa
and let P2 P. Substituting,
P Pa hg Pa Atmospheric pressure
The term hg is called gauge pressure
and P is called the absolute pressure.
Pr.2: What is the pressure on a
swimmer 10m below the surface of a
lake? Atmospheric pressure is
1.01×105Pa.
Ans:
Pressure – Depth Relation
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 2
Open Tube Manometer
Pr essure at A = Pressure at B
P Pa hg
Atmospheric Pressure P Pa hg
The pressure of the atmosphere at
By measuring h, we can calculate the
any point is equal to the weight of a
pressure difference P-Pa.
column of air of unit cross sectional
area. Barometer
At sea level, the atmospheric Barometer was first designed by the
pressure is 1.013×105 Pa. Italian scientist Evangelista
Torricelli. Mercury is filled in a
It is maximum on the surface and it
narrow glass tube and is inverted into
decreases with altitude.
a trough of mercury. Mercury
Measurement of Pressure: remains in the tube up to a height of
76cm above the reservoir level at the
Instruments used to measure sea level.
pressure are called Manometers.
Barometer is a device used to
measure atmospheric pressure.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 3
A common unit of pressure is the
atmosphere [atm]
1atm= 1.013 ×105 Pa
Another unit of pressure is torr
( named after Torricelli).
1 torr is the pressure equivalent of
1mm of Hg.
P hg
1 torr = 110-3 13.6 103 9.8
= 133 Pa
The mm of Hg and torr are used in
medicine and physiology. In
meteorology, a common unit is bar
and millibar.
Consider two points A and B at 1bar= 105Pa.
the surface level of mercury in the
reservoir one (A) outside the tube and Question1: What happens if a hole is
other (B) inside. Since the pressure at drilled at the top of a barometer tube?
the same horizontal level is the same,
Ans:- When a hole is drilled at the top
PA PB of a barometer tube, mercury in it
Pa P h g directly comes in contact with the
atmosphere. Since the pressure
The space above the mercury column difference between the mercury in the
inside the tube contains mercury tube and in the reservoir become zero,
vapour whose pressure P is so small the level falls down in the tube.
that it may be neglected.
Question2: How does the presence of
Pa hg moisture affect the reading of the
where '' is the density of mercury barometer?
and 'h' is the height of mercury column. Ans: - Moist air is less dense than dry
Note: - air. Hence the presence of moisture
(1) At sea level the mercury barometer decreases the atmospheric pressure.
give h=76cm. Decrease of pressure shows a fall in
Pa hg the height of the mercury column in
the barometer, which indicates
= 0.76 13.6 103 9.8
coming of rain and storm.
1.013 105 Pa .
Question3: Why mercury is used in
Units of Pressure barometer?
The SI unit of pressure is pascal [Pa]
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 4
Ans: Mercury is used in the barometer The path taken by a fluid particle
because of the following reasons. under a steady flow is called a
streamline. It is defined as a curve
It has a shining surface.
whose tangent at any point is in the
High Density (So we can reduce the
direction of the fluid velocity at that
height of the tube)
point. A bundle of stream line is
Does not wet glass.
called tube of flow.
Question4: a) If a student places
Two stream lines will never intersect.
barometer in a lift, falling under
Because, If they intersect, there will
gravity, how the barometer reading
be two velocities at the point of inter
will change?
section which is not possible for a
b) If the same barometer is placed stream line low.
in a lift that is ascending with
Equation of Continuity
acceleration ‘a’ how the barometer
reading will change?
Ans:
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 5
M1 =M2=M3 (conservation of mass)
ie., A 1 v1 t A 2 v 2 t A 3 v 3 t Turbulent Flow
A 1 v1 A 2 v 2 A 3 v 3 When the speed of flow
increases beyond a limiting value,
ie., Av cons tan t
called critical speed, the flow loses its
1 steadiness and becomes turbulent.
or v
A
Raynolds Number
i.e., at narrower portions of the pipe
the velocity increases and vice versa. Raynolds number is a
dimensionless number which gives us
The equation A1v1=A2v2=A3v3 is the idea that whether the flow is
called equation of continuity.
streamline or turbulent.
Av is the flow rate or volume of fluid
passing in one second. It is also called Raynolds number,
volume flux.
vd
Note: - Equation of continuity is a
Re
statement of conservation of mass, in
density of the fluid
the flow of incompressible fluid.
V velocity of the fluid
Pr.4: A garden hose having an d stands for dim ension of the pipe
internal diameter of 2 cm is connected coefficient of viscosity
to a lawn sprinkler that consists of an
If Reynolds number is lessthan1000,
enclosure with 12 holes, each 0.2 cm
the flow is streamline or laminar, if Re
in diameter. If the water in the hose
is greater than 2000 the flow is
has a speed 1.2 m/s at what speed
turbulent. The flow becomes unsteady
does it leave the sprinkler holes?
for Re between1000 and 2000.
Ans:
Bernoulli’s Principle
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 6
Bernoulli’s theorem is a statement of Since the same volume ΔV passes
conservation of energy, which states through both the regions (from the
that the available energy per unit equation of continuity) the work done
volume remains constant for a tube of by the fluid at the other end (DE) is
flow.
W2 = F2. S2
= P2 ΔV
ΔW = W1 - W2 = P1 ΔV - P2 ΔV
= (P1 A1 ).(v1 Δ t) = P 1 ΔV
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 7
1
(P1 P2 )V V(v22 v12 ) Vg(h 2 h1)
2
Dividing by V,
1 1
P1 P2 v22 v12 gh2 gh1
2 2
Case 2: - Fluid at rest
1 1
P1 v12 gh1 P2 v22 gh2
2 2 v= 0, K E = 0
1 P+ gh C ons tan t
P v2 gh Const an t (5)
2 P1 + gh 1 P2 + gh 2
This is Bernoulli’s equation. P1 - P2 = gh 2 gh 1
P1 - P2 = g (h 2 h 1 )
P P r e ssu re e n e rg y p e r
Let h 2 h 1 h
u n it v o lu m e
1 P1 - P2 = g h
v 2 K E p er u n it vo lu m e
2
This is the expression for
g h P E p er u n it vo lu m e
hydrostatic pressure.
Statement: -
PE = 0
B e r n o u l li 's e q n b e c o m e s ,
1
P+ V 2
C o n s ta n t
2
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 8
1 1
P1 + g h 1 v 12 P2 + g h 2 v 2 2
2 2
but v 2 0, P 2 = P a n d P1 = P a
h 1 y1 an d h 2 y 2
1
Pa + g y 1 v 12 P g h 2
2
1
v 12 ( P Pa ) g ( y 2 y 1 )
2
1
v 12 ( P Pa ) g h
2
Applications of Bernoulli’s 2
v 1 2 ( P P a ) g h
Principle
Application-1 2
v1 ( P Pa ) 2 g h
Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Law This is the expression for speed of
The word efflux means fluid out flow. efflux.
Special cases:
2
So the term (P Pa ) 2gh
and 2gh can be neglected.
Speed of efflux(exhaust gases)
2
v1 (P Pa )
Consider a tank containing a liquid of
density ρ with a small hole in its side Case2: - In case of an open tank
at a height y1 from its bottom. P = Pa
IfA 2 A 1 ,th e n v 2 v 1 .
v1 2gh.This speed is same as
Then we may take that the fluid to be
that of a freely falling body
approximately rest at the top, i.e.
v2=0. (a body droped from a height).
this eqn (v2 2gh ) is known as
At the hole, P1=Pa
Torricelli 's law.
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at
Application-2 Venturi-meter
points (1) and (2)
Use: - It is a device used to measure
the flow speed of an incompressible
fluid.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 9
automobile, Filter pumps, Bunsen
burner, Atomisers and Sprayers
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 10
without damaging other part of the
houses. Explain
Ans:
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 11
It is the frictional force which Note: - The viscosity of a liquid
opposes the relative motion between decreases with temperature while it
the liquid (fluid) layers.
increases in the case of gases.[When
Newton’s viscous formula temperature increases the randomness
Consider a layer of liquid between of gases increases.]
two glass plates. If the upper plate is Stokes’ Law
pushed tangentially, it moves with
velocity v and the liquid layers suffer When a spherical body of density ‘ρ’
a shearing strain. moves through a fluid of density ‘σ’,
the viscous force acting on it is given
by,
F v 6 r v This is known as
Stokes’ law.
Terminal velocity
Consider a
spherical body
In the case of fluids, falling through a
Stress strain rate viscous medium.
F strain
A tim e
v t
F
There are three
A t forces acting on the body:
F v
A (i) Weight of the body(Fg) , acting in
F v the downward direction.
A
T he con s tan t is called (ii) Buoyant force (Fb), acting in the
coefficient of velo city.
upward direction.
v
F A . T his is N ew ton 's
l (iii) Viscous force(Fv) acting in the
viscou s form ula.
upward direction.
U n its o f vis cos ity :
SI un it =P oiseiulle(P ). If initially Fg > Fb+Fv, the body
Its oh er un its are N m s-2
will accelerate in the downward
o r P a s. direction. The velocity of the body
D im ensio ns of voisco sity goes on increasing and so viscous
are M L-1 T -1 force also increases.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 12
And finally a stage can be reached Note:- If <, Vt becomes negative.
at which the total upward force Thus the body will go up. This is the
(Fv+Fb) becomes equal to the reason why air bubbles rises in liquid
downward force (Fg). Then the total and clouds in the sky moves upward.
force acting on the body become zero.
Thereafter the body will move with Pr6: The terminal velocity of a copper
constant velocity called terminal ball of radius 2mm falling through a
velocity. tank of oil at 200 C is 6.5cm/s.
Compute the viscosity of the oil at
20 0C. Density of oil is 1.5x103 kg/m3,
density of copper is 8.9x10 3 kg/m3.
Soln:
Fv = 6 rv t
Fg = m g
V g
4 3
= r g
3
Fb = weight of fluid displaced
mass of fluid displaced g
Volume g
4 3
= r g
3
Pr7: Eight spherical rain drops of
e q n (1 )
equal size are falling vertically
4 4 through air with a uniform speed of 1
6 rv t + r 3 g r 3 g
3 3 m/s. What would be the uniform
4 speed if these drops were to combine
6 rv t = r 3 g ( )
3 to form one large spherical drop?
4 r 3 ( ) g
vt=
3 6 r Soln:
2 r 2 ( ) g
vt =
9
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 13
F N
S S I un it is ,
m
D im ension M T -2
W
S SI unit J
A m2
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 14
The work done for that, 1mm to 1000 droplets. Surface
tension of water=72x10-3N/m.
W Fd
Soln:
F
(2S)d S= F=S
Since a film has two free surfaces we
have to take 2S instead of S.
Work done
Surface energy =
Increase in Area
2Sd
S
2d
i.e. surface energy is numerically
equal to surface tension.
Soln:
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 15
The pressure
inside a liquid
Angle of contact
drop is greater
Angle of contact is the angle between than that
the tangent drawn to the liquid outside it.
meniscus at the point of contact and
The excess pressure ΔP =Pi-P0
the solid part inside the liquid.
Suppose that the liquid drop expands
under its own pressure and its radius
increases from r to r + Δr.
W = F Δr
= (ΔPA) Δr
[A area, P Pr essure ]
W P 4r 2 r (1)
The same work done can be calculated
u sin g the idea of surface energy
as follows :
W Surface energy increase in area
S (4(r r)2 4r 2 )
S 4 r 2 2rr (r 2 ) 4r 2
S 4 r 2 8rr 4(r)2 4 r 2
S(8rr) (2)
Since r 2 is very small, 4(r)2
For pure water and clean glass, angle
of contact. can be neglected.
W S(8rr) (2)
0 From equations (1) and (2),
Note: - P 4 r 2 r 8 rrS
P r 2S
Pressure above a concave
2S
meniscus is greater than that below it. P
r
Pressure above a convex
meniscus is less than that below it. 2S
Pi P0
Excess pressure inside a liquid drop r
2S
Pi P0
r
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 16
Capillary rise
Angle of contact
S Surface tension
a Radius of the capillary tube
Density of liquid
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 17
Expression for surface tension :
hapg
S
2cos
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 18