INDEX

TOPICS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of the project ……….................................................................................................

CHAPTER 2: NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

2.1 Non-conventional energy sources……………………………………………………….

2.2 Solar energy…………………………………………………………………...

2.3 Explanation of solar energy………………………………………………………

2.4 Applications of solar energy…………………………………………………………

CHAPTER 3: ANALASYS OF PROJECT

3.1 Hardware description………………………………………………………………..

3.1.1 12v DC source

3.1.2 NE IC 555 Timer

3.2 Project description……………………………………………………

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, ​FUTURE PROSPECTS

CHAPTER 6: ​REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
The main purpose of designing this project is used to control the brightness of the dc lamp.
The circuit is based onICNE555 timer. The Input power is taken from the solar panel the
output of DC The output of solaris electrical energy these powerin the form of D.C. The
power is given to the circuit.In these circuit resistors, capacitors, transistors, IC NE555
timer,12V lamp are used.

Yesterdays linear regulator based dimmer can only attain a maximum efficiency of 50% and
are far inferior when compared to these method the dc light dimmers which can hit well over
90% efficiency. Since less amount of power is wasted as heat, the switching elements of
these dimmers require a smaller heat sink and this saves a lot of size and weight. In simple
words, the most outstanding features of the 555 ic timer based lamp dimmers are high
efficiency and low physical size.

This is a 12 volt at 2 amp Lamp dimmer that can be used to dim a standard 25 watt bulb by
controlling the duty cycle of a astable 555 timmer oscillator.When the potentiometer is at the
up position, the capacitor will charge quickly through both 1k resistors and the diode,
producing a short positive interval and long negative interval which dims the lamp to near
darkness.By using these method brightness of the lamp will be controlled from moonlight
brightness to the full brightness.

.
 CHAPTER 2: ENERGY SOURCES

2.1 Energy sources

There are two types of energy sources on which energy production of the world
moves around. These are
Non Renewable energy and Renewable energy sources.
Non renewable energy source is still the major
source of energy production worldwide. Whereas, Renewable energy is playing
small role in production of
energy.

Renewable energy sources

Renewable energy source is the hope for scientists to not only produce enough
energy from and also to
protect earth’s atmosphere at same time. Renewable energy is produced from
the natural sources of earth
which are found abundantly and have no fear of consume them completely.
These sources are wind, Sun
light, Water, Geothermal, Biomass etc. The other major advantages of using such renew
able energy sources
is that they do not release green house gasses which pollute air and destroy earth’s atm
osphere.
Widely used

2.2 Need of solar energy

Solar energy comes directly from the power of the sun and is used to produce electricity, to
produce heat, and for light.The fossil fuels are non renewable sources so we can not depend
on them forever,but the solar energy is a renewable source. Solar-electric power can be
produced either by power plants using the sun’s heat or by photovoltaic (PV) technology,
which converts sunlight directly to electricity using solar cells. PV technology is more
practical for residential use.
2.3 Explanation of solar energy

​ A ​solar cell​, or ​photovoltaic cell​, is an electrical device that converts the energy of ​light ​ directly
into electricity by the ​ photovoltaic effect​. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose
electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light.

2.3.1 A Photovoltaic(PV)Module

To understand the PV module characteristics it is necessary to study about PV cell at

first. A PV cell is the basic structural unit of the PV module that generates current carriers
when sunlight falls on it. The power generated by these PV cell is very small. To increase the
output power the PV cells are connected in series or parallel to form PV module. The
electrical equivalent circuit of the PV cell is shown in Fig. 1
2.4 Applications of solar energy

1. Power plants: In conventional power plants

non​renewable energy sources are used to boil water to create steam and rotate
turbines. To convert sunlight into
electricity solar panels, photoelectric technologies and thermoelectric technologies etc ar
e used.

2. Homes:Residential appliances can easily use

electricity generated through solar power. Besides this solar energy is running solar heat
er to supply hot
water in homes. Through photovoltaic cell installed on the roof of the house
energy is captured and
stored on batteries to use throughout the day at homes for different purposes. In this wa
ys expenditure
on energy is cutting down by home users.
3.
Commercial use: on roofs of different buildings we can find glass PV modules or any othe
r kind of solar
panel. These panels are used there to supply electricity to different offices or other parts
of building in a
reliable manner. These panels collect solar energy from sun, convert it into
electricity and allow offices
to use their own electrical power for different purposes.
4. Solar Lighting: these lights are also known as day lighting, and work with
help of solar power. These
lights store natural energy of sun in day time and then convert this energy
into electricity to light up in
night time. Use of this system is reducing load form local power plants.

3.1Hardware description

Block Diagram of LED Dimmer:

3.1 12v Dc source

solar panel or PV cell is used as a input source.​ These kinds of cells are very useful as
they do not require much of maintenance works. They cannot only
convent heat energy from sun into electricity but can also convert heat from any source i
nto electric energy.
Heat sources like fuel combustions, combustions of gasses etc. thermophotovoltaic cells l
ike all other types of
solar cells do not release any by product which can harm environment, that’s
why they are clean sources of
energy.

3.1.2 NE 555 Timer

The ​555 timer IC​ is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, 

pulse generation and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide 
time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide 
up to four timing circuits in one package. ​Introduced in 1971 by Signetics , 
the 555 ​ is still in widespread use, it is ease of use, low price and good 
stability. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 
over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 
8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8).The NE555 parts were commercial 
temperature range, 0 °C to +70 °C, and the SE555 part number designated 
the military temperature range, −55 °C to +125 °C. 
Its prominent features are summarized below: 

▪ Timing from micro seconds through hours 

▪ Monostable and Astable operation 
▪ Adjustable duty cycle 
▪ Ability to operate from a wide range of supply voltages 
▪ Output compatible with CMOS, DTL and TTL (when used with appropriate 
supply voltage) 
▪ High current output that can sink or source 200 mA 
▪ Trigger and reset inputs are logic compatible 
▪ Output can be operated normal ON and OFF 
▪ High temperature stability 
 
The​ typical pin diagram of NE555Timer is shoe blow.

Pin-1: GROUND:​ It is the GROUND PIN of the IC. The negative terminal of 
DC power supply or battery is connected to this pin. Here note that IC555 
works always on single rail power supply and NEVER on dual power supply, 
unlike operational amplifiers. Also note that this pin ​should be connected 
directly to ground and NOT through any resistor or capacitor.​ If done so, the 
IC ​will not ​ f​ unction properly and may heat up and get damaged. This 
happens because all the semiconductor blocks inside the IC will be raised by 
certain amount of stray voltage and will damage the IC. 
Pin-2: TRIGGER ​It is known as TRIGGER PIN. As the name suggests in 
triggers i.e. starts the timing cycle of the IC. It is connected to the inverting 
input terminal of trigger comparator inside the IC. As this pin is connected to 
inverting input terminal, it accepts negative voltage pulse to trigger the timing 
cycle. So it triggers when the voltage at this pin LESS THAN ​1/3 of the 
supply voltage (Vcc)​. In number of applications, the IC must be triggered by 
a pulse. The amplitude and minimum pulse width required for triggering 
depend on operating temperature and supply voltage of the IC. Generally the 
current required for triggering is about 0.5uA for a period of 0.1uS. The 
triggering voltage may be in a range from minimum ​1.67V when Vcc = 5V to 
maximum 5V when Vcc = 15V.​ ​The triggering circuit inside the IC is very 
sensitive and may be accidently activated due to surrounding noise. To avoid 
this, the pin is always connected to a pull-up resistor (10k-ohm), if this pin is 
used separately. 
Pin-3: OUTPUT ​This is the OUTPUT PIN of the IC. It can SINK or SOURCE a 
maximum current of 200mA. Sinking the current means, when the output of 
the IC is at logic-0 state i.e. LOW and so it can absorb current into its output. 
Similarly sourcing the current means, when the output of the IC is at logic-1 
i.e. HIGH and so it can give out current from its output. Due to this property 
of the IC, we can use it in number of typical ​digital applications also​. Also 
note that the output voltage of the IC is slightly greater than zero, when it is in 
logic-0 state. Similarly it is slightly less than supply voltage (Vcc), when 
output of the IC is in logic-1 state. 
Pin-4: RESET ​It is the RESET PIN of the IC. When it is connected to positive 
terminal of battery, the IC works normally. However, when it is 
grounded ​(either directly or through a maximum of 100k-ohm resistor)​, the IC 
stops its working completely and its timing cycle stops i.e. the charging or 
discharging of the external capacitor stops, so output of the IC is locked in 
logic-0 state. It is interesting to note that the reset voltage required by this pin 
is typically 0.7V at a reset current of 0.1mA. However in general applications, 
this pin is always connected to positive terminal so that the IC works 
normally. 
Pin-5: C. VOLTAGE ​This is known as the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin. The 2/3 
of supply voltage point on the terminal voltage divider is brought out to pin-5, 
known as the control terminal of the IC. The timing cycle can be modified by 
applying external DC control voltage to this pin. This allows manual or 
electronic remote controlling of the time interval of the IC. The control 
terminal is frequently used when the timer is operated in MMV mode. But if 
you are NOT using this pin for any such purpose, then this pin MUST BE 
GROUNDED THROUGH A CAPACITOR OF 0.01uF. This prevents the time 
interval from being affected by picking up of stray AC or RF noise from the 
surrounding. Also note that, when the IC is used as an oscillator, in AMV 
mode, we can modulate the output waveform of the IC by applying a variable 
DC control voltage to this pin, as shown below. 
 
 
Pin-6: THRESHOLD ​This is known as the THRESHOLD PIN. It ​finalizes ​ the 
timing cycle of the IC, when its voltage ​is equal to or greater than 2/3V​ cc​, 
the output is at logic-0 state. 
Since this pin is connected to non-inverting terminal of threshold comparator 
inside the IC, it accepts positive going pulse to end up the timing cycle, also. 
Note that the typical value of threshold current is 0.1mA, just like the RESET 
PIN. The time width of this pulse should be greater than or equal to 0.1uS. 

Pin-7: DISCHARGE ​It is known as DISCHARGE PIN. It ​discharges ​ the 

external capacitor into itself, but when fully charged…! It is connected to the 
collector of an NPN transistor inside the IC. Due to this, the discharging 
current going into this pin MUST NOT EXCEED 50mA, otherwise the internal 
transistor may get damaged. It is interesting to note that this pin can also be 
used as output pin with ​open collector output.​ I am working on one such 
practical circuit and will publish the circuit very soon. 
Pin-8: +Vcc​ It is known as the +ve supply terminal of the IC. The battery 
voltage connected across this pin and ground pin SHOULD NOT EXCEED 
18V. Generally the range of operating voltage of the IC is​3V–18V. 
 

A functional block diagram of 555 timer is given below. The device consists 
of two comparators two transistors, a flip-flop and buffered outputs stage. 
The reference voltages for the two comparators inside the 555 are produced 
across a voltage divider consisting of three equal resistors of 5K ohms each. 

 
Look at the above given block diagram of the IC, to see that there are three 
resistors of 5kohm each (highlighted with yellow pen) connected in series. 
These three resistors produce 1/3 and 2/3 voltage levels for controlling the 
action of trigger and threshold comparators inside the IC.​Due to this 
arrangement of the three resistors, the IC has a typical code number as 
IC555​. 

Important formulas for calculations 

Frequency Calculations​ To calculate the output frequency of the circuit 
following formula is used. In this you have to put the values of R1, R2 and the 
value of timing capacitor C. Note that R1 and R2 are in Ohms and C is in 
Farad. 

This sounds good so far as theoretical calculations are concerned. But when 
you deal with practical circuits and want to use this formula, then what to do? 
The formula contains three unknowns…! So how to calculate the output 
frequency? 

Timing Calculations​ The total time period, the On time and Off time period 
of the IC are given by the same formula. The timing calculations will give you 
time in seconds, if the values of R1 and R2 are in Ohms and the value of 
timing capacitor is in Farad. 
Duty Cycle ​The duty cycle of the IC is actually a specific ratio of the two 
resistors used in AMV circuit. Thus the formula for duty cycle of the IC is 
given by the same formula. The duty cycle of the circuit is always calculated 
in terms of percentage. There are three main values of duty cycle of the IC. 

▪ When duty cycle = 50%, we get the perfect square wave at the output of 
the circuit. 
▪ When duty cycle > 50%, we get a rectangular wave, such that ON TIME of 
the circuit is greater than the OFF TIME. 
▪ When duty cycle < 50%, we get a rectangular wave, such that OFF TIME 
of the circuit is greater than the ON TIME. 
▪ Always remember that the value of duty cycle CANNOT BE equal to 100% 
and also it CANNOT BE equal to 0%. 
This is because, the value of R1 cannot be zero in the circuit of AMV 

3.2project description

Introduction:

The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) plays an important role in controlling the circuits. If you want to
control the speed of the motor PWM plays a key role. The width of pulse will give the command to the
machine to work either slow or fast. If we can control the pulse width we can easily control the
machine. In this project we will use this PWM to dim the intensity of light of the LED.

The DC source is given to the NE555 timer. NE555 timer is used to generate the PWM signal. The
width of the PWM signal always depends on the duty cycle, so we can vary the duty cycle through
NE555, if we can vary duty cycle we can generate the pulse with various width.so we use timer to
generate the PWM to dimmer the LED or increase brightness of the LED.

NE555:
​Basically,  555  timer  is  a  highly  stable  circuit  capable  of  functioning  as  an 
accurate  time-delay  generator and as a free running multivibrator. When used 
as  an  oscillator  the  frequency  and  duty  cycle  are  accurately  controlled  by 
only  two  external  components,  a  resistor  (R)  and  a  capacitor  (C).  The  circuit 
may be triggered and reset on falling wave forms 

NE555 has 8 pins the VCC pin is used to give the main supply voltage to the IC the operating voltage
may vary from 3v to 15V.the threshold and voltage control pins are used to vary the voltage to
generate the PWM in various duty cycles. Reset pin is used to reset the complete IC if there is any
error. The IC output can be taken from the out pin. The NE555 timer can work in monostable or
astable operations.it had features like timing for micro second through hours, adjustable duty cycles
and ability work in various voltages etc.it had wide range of applications like lamp dimmers, motor
control, joysticks etc.

Pin Diagram of NE555:

Explanation:

● The 12V DC supply is given to the VCC for operating voltage of 555 timer. The reset pin also
directly connected to the 12V as shown in the circuit diagram for resetting the IC if there is any
error while circuit is working. The pin5 or voltage control pin is not used in this application so we
grounded pin5 with the capacitor C1. The trigger pin (pin2) and threshold pin (pin 6) are connected
the VCC through the resistance R12, R2, potentiometer R4 and capacitor C2 for varying the
voltage to generate the PWM in various duty cycles. The out pin is connected to the LED panel
through a transistor.Pin7 is connected to a transistor internally which will act as a switch and
generate the pulse according the duty cycles or frequency generated by the pin2 and pin6.
● Here in this project the NE555 should operate in the astable multivibrator. The resistors R12, R2,
potentiometer R4 and capacitor C2 will play the important role. Pins 2 and 6 have upper
comparator and lower comparator respectively. The upper comparator has the value 2/3 of the vcc
and lower comparator has 1/3 of the vcc.
● If the astable multivibrator is high at starting and capacitor C2 is started to charge through R12, R2
and pot R4. When the capacitor reaches the voltage of 2/3 its vcc then upper comparator makes
the astable multivibrator to goes low. Then the voltage in the capacitor starts to discharge when it
reaches the voltage of 1/3 its vcc then lower comparator flips and make the astable multivibrator to
go high .Here diode D1 plays the key role diode will allow the voltage when the capacitor is
discharging and it will not allow reverse current when the multivibrator is at high or capacitor is
charging. The high and low of the multivibrator we generate a pulse. According to resistance
generated by the potentiometer we can generate the width of the pulse.
● The output of the NE555 is taken form pin 3 and connected to the led panel through the transistor
Q1 and resistor R1. The resistor R1 is used to limit the base current of the transistor and
transistor is used as a amplifier to limit or enhance the current which is given to the LED panel.
CHAPTER 4: