Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Theory of Probability PDF
Theory of Probability PDF
By
Remark:
(i) Since m ≥ 0, n ≥ 0 and m≤n so
When not all given things are different, we obtain for their
number of permutations as follows
n1 + n2 . + ....... + nc = n
n Pk
Or n Ck =
k!
7 P3 7.6.5
7 C3 = = = 35
3! 3.2.1
10 P4
Solution: 10 C 4 = = 210
4!
(iii) Since there are 26 black cards (of spades and clubs)
and 26 red cards (of diamonds and hearts) in a pack of
26
C 2 × 26 C 2
cards, the required probability = 52
C4 .
13
C 2 ×13 C 2
(iv) Required probability = 52
C4
13
C1 ×13 C1 ×13 C1 ×13 C1
(8b) Required probability = 52
C4
Dr. Brajesh Kumar Jha Page 35
Theorems on Probability
Theorem 1 If A is any event defined on finite sample space
U, then P ( A') = 1 − P( A)
Where A’ is the complementary event of A.
Theorem 2 0 ≤ P ( A) ≤ 1
OR
P ( A I B ) = P (B ).P ( A / B )
Dr. Brajesh Kumar Jha Page 41
Independent Events: If neither of two events A and B
affects the probability of happening of the other, we say that
they are independent.
Remarks: 1. The event A and B are independent if
P ( A / B ) = P ( A). or P (B / A ) = P (B ).
2 1 1
Hence P(E1 I E 2 ) = P(E1 ). P(E 2 / E1 ) = . = .
10 9 45
Dr. Brajesh Kumar Jha Page 43
Example 2 Two cards are drawn from a bridge deck,
without replacement. What is the probability that the first is
an ace and the second is a king?
4 4 4
Solution: =
52 51 663
is a subset of U Ei
i −1
such that P( A) > 0 , we have
P(Ei )P( A / Ei )
P(Ei / A) = n
∑ P(E )P( A / E )
i =1
i i
15 1
(ii) P(committee has no purchase officer) = =
210 14
(iii) 1× 9 C 3 = 84
positions.
The number of ways in which there will be exactly 4 letters
between R and E are enumerated below:
(i) R is in the 1st place and E is in the 6th place.
(ii) R is in the 2nd place and E is in the 7th place.
(iii) R is in the 3rd place and E is in the 8th place.
(iv) R is in the 4th place and E is in the 9th place.
(v) R is in the 5th place and E is in the 10th place.
Dr. Brajesh Kumar Jha Page 62
(vi) R is in the 6th place and E is in the 11th place.
Since R and E can interchange their positions, the required
number of favourable cased is 12.
12 6
The required probability =
110 55
Outcome: HH HT TH TT
Value of X 2 1 1 0
(i) P(a ≤ X ≤ b ) = P( X = a ) + F (b ) − F (a ).
(ii) ∑
i =1
p(xi ) = 1
Values of X,x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(i) Find k
(ii) Evaluate P( X < 6), P( X > 6), and P(0 < X < 5),
1
(iii) If P( X ≤ a ), > 2 , find the minimum value of a,
(i) Since ∑
x =0
p( x ) = 1 k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k 2 + 2k 2 + 7k 2 + k = 1
1
⇒ 10k + 9k − 1 = 0
2
⇒ (10k − 1)(k + 1) = 0 ⇒ k = or − 1
10
Values of X,x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
p(x) 0 1 2 2 3 1 2 17
10 10 10 10 100 100 100
81 19
P( X > 6) = 1 − P( X < 6) = 1 − =
100 100
4
P(0 < X < 5), = P( X = 1) + , P( X = 2) + P( X = 3) + P( X = 4) = 8k
5
1
(iii) P( X ≤ a ) > By trial, we get a = 4
2
Values of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X,x:
FX(x) 0 1 3 5 4 81 83 1
10 10 10 5 100 100
1 5
P < X < X > 1
(ii) 2 2
Solution:
1 2 1
(i) P( X = 1 or 2) = P( X = 1) + P( X = 2) = + =
15 15 5
1 5
P < X < I ( X > 1)
1 5 2 2
P < X < X > 1 =
(ii) 2 2 P ( X > 1)
P {( X = 1 or 2) I ( X > 1)} P( X = 2) 2 / 15 1
= = = =
P ( X > 1) 1 − P( X = 1) 1 − (1 / 15) 7
Dr. Brajesh Kumar Jha Page 83
Example 3: Two dice are rolled. Let X denote the random
variable which counts the total number of points on the
upturned faces, Construct a table giving the non-zero values
of the probability mass function and draw the probability
chart. Also find the distribution function of X.
2
p(3) = P( X = 3) = P{(1,2), (2,1)} =
36
3
p(4) = P( X = 4) = P{(1,3), (2,2), (3,1)} =
36
4
p(5) = P( X = 5) = P{(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4,1)} =
36
1
p(12) = P( X = 12) = P{(6, 6)} =
36
P(x ≤ X ≤ x + dx)
f X (x) = lim
δx→0 δx
b
1 1
(ii) Harmonic Mean : =
H ∫a x f (x )dx
b
(v)
d
7. F ' (x) = F (x ) = f (x ) dF (x ) = f (x )dx
dx