DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT

1 In side diamentions 5.60 m x 2.50 m

2 Super imposed load 12000 N/m 3

3 Live load 45000 N/m2

4 Wieght of soil 18000 N/m2
5 Angle of repose 30 Degree
6 Nominal cover top / bottom 50 mm Nominal cover side 50 mm
6 Cocrete M- 20 wt. of concrete 25000 kg/m3
scbc 7 N/m2 m 13
7 Steel 415 Water side sst 150 N/m2 sst 190 N/m2
8 Thickess of side wall 450 mm thickness of side wall is OK
Thickness of top slab 550 mm O.K.
Thickness of bottom slab 590 mm
9 Reinforcement
Top slab Main 20 mm F @ 70 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F @ 100 mm c/c
At supports 8 mm F @ 200 mm c/c
Bottom slab Main 20 mm F @ 60 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F @ 100 mm c/c
At supports 8 mm F @ -50 mm c/c Through out slab at bottom

Side vertical wall Vertical 20 mm F @ 175 mm c/c Both side O.K.

Distribution 8 mm F @ 100 mm c/c

20 mm F @ 140 mm c/c
8 mm F @ 200 mm C/C
8 mm F @ 100 mm C/c

550

1120 20 mm F @
20 mm F @ 70 mm C/C
175 mm C/C

2.50

8 mm F @
100 mm C/C

20 mm F @
60 mm c/c

590

20 mm F @ 8 mm F @ 8 mm F @
120 mm c/c 200 mm C/C 100 mm C/c
450 5.60 450
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
 DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT
1 In side diamentions 5.6 x 2.5 m
2 Super imposed load 12000 N/m 3

3 Live load 45000 N/m2

4 Wieght of soil 18000 N/m2 wt. of water 9800 N/m3
5 Angle of repose 30 Degree
6 Nominal cover top/bottom 50 mm Nominal cover Side 50 mm
6 Cocrete M- 20 wt. of concrete 25000 N/m3
scbc 7 N/m2 m 13
7 Steel Fy 415 Out side sst 190 N/m2
water side side sst 150 N/m2
1 Solution Genral
For the purpose of design , one metre length of the box is considered.
The analysis is done for the following cases.
(I) Live load, dead load and earth prssure acting , with no water pressure from inside.
(II) Live and dead load on top and earth pressure acting from out side, and water pressure acting from inside,
with no live load on sides
(III) Dead load and earth pressure acting from out side and water pressure from in side.

Let the thicness of Horizontal slab 450 mm = 0.45 m

Vertical wall thicness 550 mm = 0.55 m
Effective slab span 5.6 + 0.45 = 6.05 m
Effective Height of wall 2.5 + 0.55 = 3.05 m

2 Case 1 : Dead and live load from out side of while no water pressure from inside.
Self weight og top slab = 0.45 x 1 x 1 x 25000 = 11250 N/m2
Live load and dead load = 45000 + 12000 = 57000 N/m2
Total load on top = 68250 N/m2
Weight of side wall = 3.05 x 0.55 x 25000 = 41937.5 N/m
\ Upward soil reaction at base = ( 68250 x 6.05 )+( 2 x 41938 )=
82113.636 N/m2
6.05
1 - sin 30 1 - 0.5 0.5 1
Ka = = = = = 0.33
1 + sin 30 1 + 0.5 1.5 3
\ Latral pressure due to dead load and live load = Pv x Ka
p = 57000 x 0.3333 = 19000 N/m2
Latral pressure due to soil Ka x w x h = 0.33333 x 18000 h = 6000 h
Hence total pressure = 19000 + 6000 h
Latral presure intencity at top = 19000 N/m2
Latral pressure intencity at bottom = 19000 + 6000 x 3.05 = 37300 N/m2
w = 68250 N/m2

Fig 1 show the box culvert 19000 19000

frame ABCD, along with the external A E B
loads, Due to symmetry, half of
frame (i.e. AEFD) of box culvert is
considered for moment distribution. h 6.05
Since all the members have uniform 19000 3.05
thickness, and uniform diamentions, 6000 h
the relative stiffness K for AD will be
equal to 1 while the relative stiffness D F C
for AE and DF will be 1/2. 37300 19000 18300
w = 82113.6 N/m 2

Fig 1
 1 1/2
Distribution factore for AD and DA= = 2/3 Distribution factore for AB and DC= =
1+1/2 1+1/2
wL2 68250 x 3.05 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= = -52907.97 N - m
12 12

Mfdc=
wL2 82114 x 3.05 2=
+ = 63655.175 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + +
12 15

MFAD = +
19000 x 3.05 +
2
18300 x 3.05 3.05
x = 20404 N-m
12 2 15
pL2 WL
MFDA = - -
12 15

MFDA = -
19000 x 3.05 2-- 18300 x 3.05 3.05
x = -14729 -8512 =
12 2 10
The Moment distribution is carried out as illustrate in table
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 35670 68250 35670
63655.18 -23241 20404 -52908 74478

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A 104081.25
Member DC DA AD AB 74478
35670
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 19000
Fix end moment 63655.18 -23241 20404 -52908 A A
Balance -13471 -26943 21669 10835 35670 1.525
Carry over 10835 -13471
###
balance -3612 -7223 8981 4490 3.05 m
Carry over 4490 -3612
balance -1497 -2994 2408 1204 44440 1.525
Carry over 1204 -1497 18300 D D
balance -401 -803 998 499 37300 95830
44440
Carry over 499 -401
balance -166 -333 268 134 248394
Carry over 134 -166 95830
balance -45 -89 111 55
Carry over 55 -45 82114
balance -18 -37 30 15 Fig 2
Carry over 15 -18
balance -5 -10 12 6
Final moment 44440 -44440 35670 -35670

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 68250 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 68250 x 3.05 = 104081.3 N/m2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 82114 N/m2
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 82113.636 x 6.05 = 248393.8 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.2
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 6.05 ) + 35670 - 44440 + 19000 x 6.05 x 6.05 x 1/2
+ 1/2 x 18300 x 6.05 x 6.05 x 1/3
-ha x 6.05 + -8770 + 347723.75 + 111637.6
From which, ha = 74478
 Hence , hd =( 19000 + 37300 )x 6.05 - 74478 = 95830 N
2
68250 x 6.05 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 312266 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 312266 - 35670 = 276596 N-m
82113.63636 x 6.05 2
=
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 375695.55 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 375695.5469 - 44440 = 331256 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
19000 x 6.05 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x 18300 x 6.05 2= 128795
8
44440 + 35670
Net B.M. = = 40055 - 128795 = -88740
2
3 Case 2 : Dead load and live load from out side and water pressure from inside.
In this case , water pressure having an intensity of zero at A and 9800 x 3.05 = 29890
At D, is acting, in addition to the pressure
considered in case 1. The various pressures are
w = 68250 N/m2
marked in fig 3 .The vertical walls will thus be
subjected to a net latral pressure of 19000 19000

Itensity = 19000 N/m At the Top

2
A E B 11590

And = 37300 - 29890

= 7410 N/m at the bottom
2 6.05
3.05

D F C
37300 37300
w = 82113.6 N/m 2

Fig 3
wL2 = 68250 x 6.05 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= -208176.7 N - m
12 12

Mfdc=
wL2 82114 x 6.05 2=
= 250463.7 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + +
12 10

MFAD = +
7410 x 6.05 +
2
11590 x 6.05 6.05
x = 43814 N-m
12 2 10
pL2 WL
MFDA = - -
12 15

MFDA = -
7410 x 6.05 2- 11590 x 6.05 6.05
x = -36743 N -m
12 2 15
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 119840 68250 119840
250463.7 -36743 43814 -208177 13265

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A 104081.25
Member DC DA AD AB
119840
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 19000 13265
Fix end moment 250463.7 -36743 43814 -208177 A A
Balance -71240 -142481 109575 54788 119840 1.525
Carry over 54788 -71240
119460
 119460
balance -18263 -36525 47494 23747 3.05
Carry over 23747 -18263
balance -7916 -15831 12175 6088 149789 1.525
Carry over 6088 -7916 7410 D D
balance -2029 -4058 5277 2639 27011
149789
Carry over 2639 -2029
balance -880 -1759 1353 676 125223
Carry over 676 -880 27011
balance -225 -451 586 293
Carry over 293 -225 82114
balance -98 -195 150 75 Fig 4
Carry over 75 -98
balance -25 -50 65 33
Final moment 149789 -149789 119840 -119840

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 68250 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 68250 x 3.05 = 104081.3 N/m2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 82114 N/m2
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 82114 x 3.05 = 125223.3 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.3
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 3.05 ) + 119840 - 149789 + 7410 x 3.05 x 3.05 x 1/2
+ 1/2 x 11590 x 3.05 x 3.05 x 2/3
-ha x 3.05 + -29949 + 34465.763 + 35938.66
From which, ha = 13265
Hence , hd =( 7410 + 19000 )x 3.05 - 13265 = 27011 N
2
68250 x 3.05 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 79362 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 79362 - 119840 = -40478 N-m
82114 x 3.05 2
=
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 95482.763 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 95482.76278 - 149789 = -54306 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
7410 x 3.05 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x 11590 x 3.05 2= 15355
8
149789 + 119840
Net B.M. = = 134815 - 15355 = 119460
2

4 Case 3 : Dead load and live load on top water pressure from inside no live load on side.
in this case, it is assume that there is no latral oressure due to live load . As before .
The top slab is subjected to a load of '= 68250 N/m2
and the bottom slab is subjected to a load w = 68250 N/m2
Itensity = 82114 N/m2 4000 4000
Lateral pressure due to dead load = A E B 4000

1/3 x 12000 = 4000 N/m2

Lateral pressure due to soil = 6.05
1/3 x 18000 = 6000 N/m 2
3.05

Hence earth pressure at depth h is =

4000 + 6000 h D F C
22300 22300
Earth pressure intensity at top = 4000 N/m2 29890 w= 82113.6 N/m2 29890
Fig 5
Earth pressure intensity at Bottom= 4000 + 6000 x 3.05 = 22300 N/m2
In addition to these, the vertical wall lslab subjectednto water pressure of intensity ZERO at top and
N/m2 at Bottom, acting from inside . The lateral pressure on vertical walls Is shown in fig 5 and 6

wL2 68250 x 6.05 2=

Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= = -208176.7 N - m
12 12

Mfdc=
wL2 82114 x 6.05 2=
= 250463.7 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + -
12 15

MFAD = +
4000 x 6.05 -
2
11590 x 6.05 6.05
x = -1940 N-m
12 2 15
pL2 WL 12201 -
14141
MFDA = - +
12 10

MFDA = -
4000 x 6.05 2- 11590 x 6.05 6.05
x = 9010 N -m
12 2 10
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 96966 68250 96966
250463.7 9010 -1940 -208177 =
The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1
Joint D A 104081.25
Member DC DA AD AB
96966
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 4000
Fix end moment 250463.7 9010 -1940 -208177 A A
Balance -86491 -172983 140078 70039 96966 1.525
Carry over 70039 -86491
120154
balance -23346 -46693 57661 28830 3.05
Carry over 28830 -23346
balance -9610 -19220 15564 7782 126916 1.525
Carry over 7782 -9610 0 D D
balance -2594 -5188 6407 3203 11590
126916
Carry over 3203 -2594
balance -1068 -2136 1729 865 125223
Carry over 865 -1068 9612
balance -288 -576 712 356
Carry over 356 -288 82114
balance -119 -237 192 96 Fig 4
Carry over 96 -119
balance -32 -64 79 40
Final moment 126916 -126916 96966 -96966

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 68250 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 68250 x 3.05 = 104081.3 N
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 82114 N/m2
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 82114 x 3.05 = 125223.3 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.6
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( ha x 3.05 ) + 96966 - 126916 + 4000 x 3.05 x 3.05 x 1/2
 - 1/2 x 11590 x 3.05 x 3.05 x 1/3
-ha x 3.05 + -29950 + 18605 - 17969
From which, ha = 9612
Hence , hd =( 11590 x 3.05 )- 4000 x 3.05 - 9612 = -4137
2
68250 x 6.05 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 312266 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 312266 - 96966 = 215300 N-m
82114 x 6.05 2=
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 375695.55 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 375695.5469 - 126916 = 248780 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
4000 x 6.05 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x 11590 x 6.05 = 8212.7
2
8
126916 + 96966
Net B.M. = = 111941 + 8212.7 = 120154
2

5 Design of top slab :

Mid section
The top slab is subjected to following values of B.M. and direct force
Case B.M. at Center (E) B.M. at ends (A) Direct force (ha)
(i) 276596 35670 74478
(II) -40478 119840 13265
(II) 215300 96966 9612

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 276596 N -m

for water side force
sst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 25000 N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm 2
wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K =
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J =
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R =
Provide over all thickness = 550 mm so effective thicknesss = 500
Mr = R . B .D2 = 1.155 x 1000 x 500 2
= 288809307 > 276596000
276596000 = 4219 mm2
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 500
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 20 x 20
using ### mm F bars A = = =
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars =Ax1000/Ast 314 x 1000 / 4219 = 74 say = 70
Hence Provided 20 mm F Bars @ 70 mm c/c
Acual Ast provided 1000 x 314 / 70 = 4486 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 6.05 / 5 = 1.30 m
0.1 x( 550 - 100 %
Area of distributionn steel = 0.3 - = 0.17
450 - 100
Ast = 0.17 x 550 x 10 = 943 mm2 area on each face= ###
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm F bars A = = =
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / 472 = 106 say = 100
Hence Provided 8 mm F Bars @ 100 mm c/c on each face
 Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 119840 N-m. There is direct compression of 74478 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top sst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k = 0.3238 J = 0.89205 R = 1.0111
119840000
\ Ast = = 1415 mm2
190 x 0.8921 x 500

Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 4486 / 2 = 2243
1415 < 2243 Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia. Additional bars
@ 200 mm c/c
6 Design of bottom slab:
The bottom slab has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) 331256 44440 95830
(II) -54306 149789 27011
(II) 248780 126916 -4137

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 331256 N -m

for water side force
sst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 25000 N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm2 wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K =
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J =
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R =
331255547
\ d = = 536 mm D = 586 mm
1000 x 1.155
Provide thickness of bottom slab D= 590 mm so that d = 540 mm
331255547 = 4678 mm2
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 540
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 20 x 20
using ### mm bars A = = =
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars =Ax1000/Ast 314 x 1000 / 4678 = 67 say = 60
Hence Provided 20 mm F Bars @ 60 mm c/c
Acual Ast provided 1000 x 314 / 60 = 5233 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 6.05 / 5 = 1.30 m
0.1 x( 590 - 100
Area of distributionn steel = 0.3 - = 0.16 %
450 - 100
Ast = 0.16 x 590 x 10 = 944 mm2 area on each face= 472
3.14xdia 2
3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm bars A = = =
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / 472 = 106 say = 100
Hence Provided 8 mm F Bars @ 100 mm c/c on each face
Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 149789 N-m. There is direct compression of 95830 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top sst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k = 0.3238 J = 0.89205 R = 1.0111
149789000
\ Ast = = 1637 mm2
 \ Ast = = 1637 mm2
190 x 0.8921 x 540
Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 5233 / 2 = 2617
Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia. Additional bars
1637 < 2617
@ 200 mm c/c
Additional reinforcemet required = -979.7 mm2
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm bars A = = =
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / -980 = -51 say = -50
Hence Provided 8 mm F Bars @ -50 mm c/c throught out the slab, at its bottom.

7 Design of side wall:

The side wall has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) -88740 44440 248394
(II) 119460 149789 125223
(II) 120154 126916 125223

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 149789 N -m, and direct force = 248394
149789 x 1000
Eccentricity = = 604 mm
248394
proposed thickness of side wall '= 450 mm \ e/D 604 / 450 = 1.34 <
thickness of side wall is OK
Let us reinforce the section with 20 mm F bars @ 175 mm c/c provided on both faces, as shown
in fig xxx . With cover of 50 mm and D = 450 mm
1000 3.14 x 20 x 20
Asc = Ast = x = 1794 mm2
175 4
The depth of N.A. is computed from following expression:
b n D - dt - n + (m - 1)Asc 1 (n - dc)(D - dt- dc)
3 3 n D
= e+ - dt
b n + (m -1) Asc n - dc D - dt - n 2
- m Ast
n n

1000 n n 1794
450 - 50 - + 12 x x n - 50
or 2 3 n
1000 n+ 1794.3 1794.3
12 x x n - 50 - 13 x x 450 -
2 n n

n -2153143
500 n 400 - + n - 50 x
3 n
= 604 +
21531 23326
500 n+ x n - 50 - x 400 - n
n n

-107657143
200000 n - 167 n2 + -2153143 -
n
= 779
1076571.4 9330286
500 n + 21531.42857 - - + 23326
n n
multiply by n
200000 n2 - 167 n3 + -2153143 n - -107657143
= 779
500 n2 + 21531.42857 n- 1076571.4 - 9330286 + 23326 n

200000 n2 - 167 n3 + -2153143 n - -107657143

= 0
 = 0
389500 n2 + 34943714 n - 8106941714

-189500 n2 - 32790571 n - -7999284571 = 167 n3

-1137 n2 + 196743 n - 47995707 = n3

Solwing this trial and error we get, n = 136.41 mm
12 x 1794 13 x
\ c' ( 500 x 136.41 + ( 136.41 - 50 )-
136.41 136.41
x( 450 - 50 - 136.41 )

or 68206 + 157.84 x 86.41 - 171 x 263.59 = 36773

248394
\ c' = = 6.75 < 7 N/mm2 Stress is less than permissiable
36773
m c' 13 x 6.75
Also stress in steel t = (D-dc-n) = x ( 450 - 50 - 136.41
n 136.41
= 169.7 N/mm2 < 190 N/mm2 O.K.
Stress in steel is less than permissiable Hence section is O.K.
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
ng from inside,

18300
 1/3

-23241

35670

104081.25

276596

1.525

1.525

331256

248394
 N-m

N/m2

19000
Net latral pressure diagram

7410

119840

104081.25

-40478

1.525
 1.525

N-m

11590
125223
Net latral pressure diagram
-54306
 29890

96966

104081.25

215300

1.525

1.525

248780

125223
 N-m

for water side force

0.378

0.874
1.155
mm
O.K.

314 mm2

mm

mm2

50 mm2

mm
on each face
 N also.

mm2
mm dia. Additional bars

for water side force

0.378

0.874
1.155

314 mm2

mm

472 mm2

50 mm2

mm
on each face

N also.
 mm2
mm dia. Additional bars

50 mm2

mm

248394 N

1.5 OK

th faces, as shown

x -100

50 -n

175

779
 n3

1794
136.41

ess than permissiable

)
 Box culverts

20 mm F @ 140 mm c/c
8 mm F @ 200 mm C/C
8 mm F @ 100 mm C/c

550

1120 20 mm F @
20 mm F @ 70 mm C/C
175 mm C/C

2.50

8 mm F @
100 mm C/C

20 mm F @
60 mm c/c

590

20 mm F @ 8 mm F @ 8 mm F @
120 mm c/c 200 mm C/C 100 mm C/c
450 5.60 450
 Table 3.1.
Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS
100A
Grade of co M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 bd
Tensile < 0.15
stress 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4
N/mm2 0.25
0.50
Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000) 0.75
Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for 1.00
Grade of Bending acbc Direct (acc) plain bars in tention (N/mm2) 1.25
concrete
(N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) in kg/m2 1.50
M 10 3.0 300 2.5 250 -- -- 1.75
M 15 5.0 500 4.0 400 0.6 60 2.00
M 20 7.0 700 5.0 500 0.8 80 2.25
M 25 8.5 850 6.0 600 0.9 90 2.50
M 30 10.0 1000 8.0 800 1.0 100 2.75
M 35 11.5 1150 9.0 900 1.1 110 3.00 and above
M 40 13.0 1300 10.0 1000 1.2 120
M 45 14.5 1450 11.0 1100 1.3 130
M 50 16.0 1600 12.0 1200 1.4 140
Over all depth of slab
k
Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO
Grade of co M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Table 3.3. Maxim
Modular ra 31 19 13 11 9 8 7
(31.11) (18.67) (13.33) (10.98) (9.33) (8.11) (7.18) Grade of concrete
tc.max
Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS
Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 Table 3.4
Modular Ratio 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18 Grade of concrete M
scbc N/mm2 5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13 tbd (N / mm2
m scbc 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33
kc 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
(a) sst = Table
jc 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867
140
N/mm2 Rc 0.867 1.214 1.474 1.734 1.994 2.254 Grade of
(Fe 250) P (%) concrete
c 0.714 1 1.214 1.429 1.643 1.857
kc 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 M 15
(b) sst = jc 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 M 20
190 Rc 0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.684 1.903 M 25
N/mm2
Pc (%) 0.433 0.606 0.736 0.866 0.997 1.127 M 30
kc 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 M 35
(c ) sst =
jc 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 M 40
230
N/mm2 Rc 0.653 0.914 1.11 1.306 1.502 1.698 M 45
(Fe 415)
(c ) sst =
230
N/mm2
(Fe 415) Pc (%) 0.314 0.44 0.534 0.628 0.722 0.816 M 50

Shear stress tc Reiforcement % Value of angle

100As 100As Degree sin cos tan
M-20 M-20
bd bd 10 0.17 0.98 0.18
0.15 0.18 0.18 0.15 11 0.19 0.98 0.19
0.16 0.18 0.19 0.18 12 0.21 0.98 0.21
0.17 0.18 0.2 0.21 13 0.23 0.97 0.23
0.18 0.19 0.21 0.24 14 0.24 0.97 0.25
0.19 0.19 0.22 0.27 15 0.26 0.97 0.27
0.2 0.19 0.23 0.3 16 0.28 0.96 0.29
0.21 0.2 0.24 0.32 17 0.29 0.96 0.31
0.22 0.2 0.25 0.35 18 0.31 0.95 0.32
0.23 0.2 0.26 0.38 19 0.33 0.95 0.34
0.24 0.21 0.27 0.41 20 0.34 0.94 0.36
0.25 0.21 0.28 0.44 21 0.36 0.93 0.38
0.26 0.21 0.29 0.47 22 0.37 0.93 0.40
0.27 0.22 0.30 0.5 23 0.39 0.92 0.42
0.28 0.22 0.31 0.55 24 0.41 0.92 0.45
0.29 0.22 0.32 0.6 25 0.42 0.91 0.47
0.3 0.23 0.33 0.65 30 0.50 0.87 0.58
0.31 0.23 0.34 0.7 35 0.57 0.82 0.70
0.32 0.24 0.35 0.75 40 0.64 0.77 0.84
0.33 0.24 0.36 0.82 45 0.71 0.71 1.00
0.34 0.24 0.37 0.88 50 0.77 0.64 1.19
0.35 0.25 0.38 0.94 55 0.82 0.57 1.43
0.36 0.25 0.39 1.00 60 0.87 0.50 1.73
0.37 0.25 0.4 1.08 65 0.91 0.42 2.14
0.38 0.26 0.41 1.16
0.39 0.26 0.42 1.25
0.4 0.26 0.43 1.33
0.41 0.27 0.44 1.41
0.42 0.27 0.45 1.50
0.43 0.27 0.46 1.63
0.44 0.28 0.46 1.64
0.45 0.28 0.47 1.75
0.46 0.28 0.48 1.88
0.47 0.29 0.49 2.00
0.48 0.29 0.50 2.13
0.49 0.29 0.51 2.25
0.5 0.30
0.51 0.30
0.52 0.30
0.53 0.30
0.54 0.30
0.55 0.31
0.56 0.31
0.57 0.31
0.58 0.31
0.59 0.31
0.6 0.32
0.61 0.32
0.62 0.32
0.63 0.32
0.64 0.32
0.65 0.33
0.66 0.33
0.67 0.33
0.68 0.33
0.69 0.33
0.7 0.34
0.71 0.34
0.72 0.34
0.73 0.34
0.74 0.34
0.75 0.35
0.76 0.35
0.77 0.35
0.78 0.35
0.79 0.35
0.8 0.35
0.81 0.35
0.82 0.36
0.83 0.36
0.84 0.36
0.85 0.36
0.86 0.36
0.87 0.36
0.88 0.37
0.89 0.37
0.9 0.37
0.91 0.37
0.92 0.37
0.93 0.37
0.94 0.38
0.95 0.38
0.96 0.38
0.97 0.38
0.98 0.38
0.99 0.38
1.00 0.39
1.01 0.39
1.02 0.39
1.03 0.39
1.04 0.39
1.05 0.39
1.06 0.39
1.07 0.39
1.08 0.4
1.09 0.4
1.10 0.4
1.11 0.4
1.12 0.4
1.13 0.4
1.14 0.4
1.15 0.4
1.16 0.41
1.17 0.41
1.18 0.41
1.19 0.41
1.20 0.41
1.21 0.41
1.22 0.41
1.23 0.41
1.24 0.41
1.25 0.42
1.26 0.42
1.27 0.42
1.28 0.42
1.29 0.42
1.30 0.42
1.31 0.42
1.32 0.42
1.33 0.43
1.34 0.43
1.35 0.43
1.36 0.43
1.37 0.43
1.38 0.43
1.39 0.43
1.40 0.43
1.41 0.44
1.42 0.44
1.43 0.44
1.44 0.44
1.45 0.44
1.46 0.44
1.47 0.44
1.48 0.44
1.49 0.44
1.50 0.45
1.51 0.45
1.52 0.45
1.53 0.45
1.54 0.45
1.55 0.45
1.56 0.45
1.57 0.45
1.58 0.45
1.59 0.45
1.60 0.45
1.61 0.45
1.62 0.45
1.63 0.46
1.64 0.46
1.65 0.46
1.66 0.46
1.67 0.46
1.68 0.46
1.69 0.46
1.70 0.46
1.71 0.46
1.72 0.46
1.73 0.46
1.74 0.46
1.75 0.47
1.76 0.47
1.77 0.47
1.78 0.47
1.79 0.47
1.80 0.47
1.81 0.47
1.82 0.47
1.83 0.47
1.84 0.47
1.85 0.47
1.86 0.47
1.87 0.47
1.88 0.48
1.89 0.48
1.90 0.48
1.91 0.48
1.92 0.48
1.93 0.48
1.94 0.48
1.95 0.48
1.96 0.48
1.97 0.48
1.98 0.48
1.99 0.48
2.00 0.49
2.01 0.49
2.02 0.49
2.03 0.49
2.04 0.49
2.05 0.49
2.06 0.49
2.07 0.49
2.08 0.49
2.09 0.49
2.10 0.49
2.11 0.49
2.12 0.49
2.13 0.50
2.14 0.50
2.15 0.50
2.16 0.50
2.17 0.50
2.18 0.50
2.19 0.50
2.20 0.50
2.21 0.50
2.22 0.50
2.23 0.50
2.24 0.50
2.25 0.51
2.26 0.51
2.27 0.51
2.28 0.51
2.29 0.51
2.30 0.51
2.31 0.51
2.32 0.51
2.33 0.51
2.34 0.51
2.35 0.51
2.36 0.51
2.37 0.51
2.38 0.51
2.39 0.51
2.40 0.51
2.41 0.51
2.42 0.51
2.43 0.51
2.44 0.51
2.45 0.51
2.46 0.51
2.47 0.51
2.48 0.51
2.49 0.51
2.50 0.51
2.51 0.51
2.52 0.51
2.53 0.51
2.54 0.51
2.55 0.51
2.56 0.51
2.57 0.51
2.58 0.51
2.59 0.51
2.60 0.51
2.61 0.51
2.62 0.51
2.63 0.51
2.64 0.51
2.65 0.51
2.66 0.51
2.67 0.51
2.68 0.51
2.69 0.51
2.70 0.51
2.71 0.51
2.72 0.51
2.73 0.51
2.74 0.51
2.75 0.51
2.76 0.51
2.77 0.51
2.78 0.51
2.79 0.51
2.80 0.51
2.81 0.51
2.82 0.51
2.83 0.51
2.84 0.51
2.85 0.51
2.86 0.51
2.87 0.51
2.88 0.51
2.89 0.51
2.90 0.51
2.91 0.51
2.92 0.51
2.93 0.51
2.94 0.51
2.95 0.51
2.96 0.51
2.97 0.51
2.98 0.51
2.99 0.51
3.00 0.51
3.01 0.51
3.02 0.51
3.03 0.51
3.04 0.51
3.05 0.51
3.06 0.51
3.07 0.51
3.08 0.51
3.09 0.51
3.10 0.51
3.11 0.51
3.12 0.51
3.13 0.51
3.14 0.51
3.15 0.51
Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table t c in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
100As Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2
bd M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
< 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 and above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab 300 or more 275 250 225 200 175 150 or less
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
tc.max 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table t bd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Plain M.S. Bars H.Y.S.D. Bars
tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F
0.6 58 0.96 60
0.8 44 1.28 45
0.9 39 1.44 40
1 35 1.6 36
1.1 32 1.76 33
1.2 29 1.92 30
1.3 27 2.08 28
 1.4 25 2.24 26

Value of angle
tan Degree sin cos
0.18 10 0.17 0.98
0.19 11 0.19 0.98
0.21 12 0.21 0.98
0.23 13 0.23 0.97
0.25 14 0.24 0.97
0.27 15 0.26 0.97
0.29 16 0.28 0.96
0.31 17 0.29 0.96
0.32 18 0.31 0.95
0.34 19 0.33 0.95
0.36 20 0.34 0.94
0.38 21 0.36 0.93
0.40 22 0.37 0.93
0.42 23 0.39 0.92
0.45 24 0.41 0.92
0.47 25 0.42 0.91
0.58 30 0.50 0.87
0.70 35 0.57 0.82
0.84 40 0.64 0.77
1.00 45 0.71 0.71
1.19 50 0.77 0.64
1.43 55 0.82 0.57
1.73 60 0.87 0.50
2.14 65 0.91 0.42