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5.1 (C) A reservoir must supply (or accept) continual thermal energy without a change in temperature.
The combustion in an engine occurs, the temperature increases markedly.
5.2 (D) The energy required to freeze the ice with a refrigeration process cannot be recovered by melting
the ice. It is not reversible.
5.3 (B) The Kelvin-Planck statement has to do with the cyclic conversion of heat to work, which a
rotating shaft implies. And, not all of the heat can be converted into work.
5.4 (C) The first law demands that, for a cycle, the energy in must equal the energy out. Recognizing
that kJ/s = kW,
output 100
QH = W + QL = 100 + 50 = 150 kW. ∴η = = = 0.667 or 66.7%
input 150
5.5 (A) Convert 5 hp to kJ/s: W = 5 hp = 5 hp ×746 W/hp = 3730 J/s. The COP is then
QL TL TH 473
= . ∴ QH = Q L = 50 × = 80.7 kJ
QH TH TL 293
5.7 (C) The high-temperature reservoir would be at 100°C and the low-temperature reservoir would be
at 12°C. The maximum efficiency is that of a Carnot cycle, which is calculated to be
TL 285
η = 1− = 1− = 0.236
TH 373
For an actual engine to operates with an efficiency of 22% is possible but not very probable.
5.8 (D) The heat transfer, which occurs across an infinitesimal temperature difference, is given by Eq.
5.10 to be
V3 300
QH = mRTH ln = 0.2 × 0.287 × 313 × ln = 41.4 kJ
V2 30
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5.9 (B) The desired effect is the heat transfer to the high-temperature reservoir. It is calculated to be
Desired effect 17
COP = = = 4.56
purchased energy 5 × 0.746
5.10 (A) Let us find the heat transfer from the low-temperature reservoir. It is
Q L = Q H − W
= 17 − 5 × 0.746 = 13.27 kJ/s
Then, the ratio of heat transfers must equal to the ratio of temperatures for a Carnot cycle:
Q H TH Q L 13.27
= . ∴ TL = TH = 433 × = 338 K or 65°C
Q L TL
QH 17
ft-lbf 1 hp W
500 × × 746 = 678 W
s 550 ft-lbf/s hp
Only generator (i) is possible. The generator cannot produce more energy than what it accepts. That
even violates the first law of thermodynamics.
15 hp
5.13 b) The first law: QL = QH − W = 30 kW − = 9.89 kJ/s
0.746 hp/kW
output 15 / 0.746
The efficiency is η = = = 0.67 or 67.0%
input 30
+ Q = 20 000 + 14 × 10 = 58 890 kW
7
Q H = W L
3600
output 20 000
The efficiency is η = = = 0.340 or 34%
input 58 890
kJ s
In one hour the heat supplied is QH = 58 890 × 3600 = 212 × 106 kJ
s hr
output 200,000 / 60
η= = = 0.75. ∴Q H = 4440 Btu/s
input Q H
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W 200 / 0.746
5.16 The efficiency relation is used: η = . Q H = = 957 kJ/s
QH 0.28
MJ 1 kg s
= 0.957
The mass flux of gasoline is m × × 3600 = 68.9 kg/hr
s 50 MJ hr
ft 3 lbm Btu
5.19 The energy supplied is Q H = 1.0 × 45 3 × 21,000 = 945,000 Btu/hr
hr ft lbm
W × 2545
W
b) The efficiency relation η = . 0.25 = . = 92.8 hp
∴W
QH 945, 000
W 14 × 2545
b) The efficiency relation provides: η = = = 0.141 or 14.1%
QH 253, 000
kg MJ hr
5.22 The heat input is QH = 50 000 × 26 × 24 = 31.2 ×106 MJ each day
hr kg day
The work output is W = ηQH = 0.34 × (31.2 × 106 ) = 10.6 × 106 MJ each day
The heat dumped in the river is QL = QH − W = (31.2 − 10.6) × 106 = 20.6 ×106 MJ each day
5.23 Draw a box around the power plant, the “engine,” with Q B and W
entering the engine and
P
W and Q leaving the engine.
T C
50
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5.24 The heat transfers from the reservoirs are Q H = 15 kW and Q L = 10 kW . The first law provides the
compressor power:
= Q − Q = 15 − 10 = 5 kW or 6.70 hp
WC H L
5
5.25 b) The rejected heat transfer is Q cond = Qevap + Wcomp = 10 + = 16.7 kJ/s
0.746
desired effect 15
The performance is COP = = = 2.24
energy input 5 / 0.746
5.28 The 1st law is used as follows: Q cond = Qevap + Wcomp = 1500 × 60 + 7 × 2545 = 108,000 Btu/hr
Q evap 85.69
W comp = = = 14.28 kW or 19.1 hp
COP 6
TL 500
5.34 The maximum possible efficiency is η = 1 − = 1− = 0.0741 or 7.41% .
TH 540
TL 500
5.36 The maximum possible efficiency is η = 1 − = 1− = 0.689 or 68.9% .
TH 1610
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5.38 The work produced is W = QH − QL = 1000 − 400 = 600 MJ/s.
W 600
The efficiency is η = = = 0.6 or 60%
QH 1000
TL T
The low-temperature reservoir follows: η = 1 − . 0.6 = 1 − L . ∴TL = 509 K or 236°C
TH 1273
TL 313 W W
5.40 η = 1 − = 1− = 0.390. η= = = 0.390. ∴ W = 156 kW or 209 hp
TH 513 QH 400
5.42 The maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from the hot water is
450 lbm Btu
Q = mC
p (T1 − T2 ) = ×1.0 × (200 − 55) °F = 1088 Btu/s
60 s lbm-°F
TL 515
Using the maximum efficiency, η = 1 − = 1− = 0.220 , the maximum power that could be
TH 660
produced would be
TL 293
5.44 The maximum possible efficiency would be ηmax = 1 − = 1− = 0.073.
TH 373
The maximum heat that could be extracted from the hot water is
150 kg kJ
Q = mC
p (T1 − T2 ) = × 4.18 × (100 − 20) °C = 836 kJ/s
60 s kg ⋅ °C
W 46 / 0.746
The proposed efficiency would be η = = = 0.074. Impossible.
QH 836
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= ηQ = 0.6Q . Q = Q + W
5.45 b) W = 50 + 0.6Q . ∴ Q = 125 kJ/s and W
= 0.6 × 125 = 75 kW
H H H L H H
TL 293
ηmax = 1 − . 0.6 = 1 − . ∴TH = 732 K or 460°C
TH TH
TL TL 1 1
5.46 η = 1 − = 0.75. ∴ = 0.25. COPR = = = 0.333
TH TH TH 1
−1 −1
TL 0.25
T2 293
5.48 η1 = 1 − = 1− . T22 = 293 × 673. ∴T2 = 444 K or 171°C
673 T2
TH 296 Q 700
5.50 b) COP = = = 16.4 = H =
TH − TL 296 − 278 W W
= 42.7 kW or 57.2 hp Q = Q − W
∴W = 700 − 42.7 = 657 kJ/s
L H
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