Melanocytes – produce melanin; irregularly shaped

INTEGUMENTARY cells; s. basale

SYSTEM Melanosomes – vesicles derived from GA where

melanin is produced
§ It consists of the skin, and accessory structures
such as hair, glands, and nails.
Factors of Melanin Production
Functions of the Integumentary S. (PSVTE) a. Genetic factors
1. Protection b. Exposure to UV light
2. Sensation c. Hormones
3. Vitamin D production
4. Temperature regulation Albinism - recessive genetic trait that causes deficiency
5. Excretion / absence of melanin

Skin Cyanosis - bluish skin color; decreased blood O2

Epidermis
Carotene – yellow pigment in plants (squash, carrots);
§ Most superficial layer
source of vitamin A
§ Stratified squamous epithelium
§ In deepest layers, mitosis occurs Birthmarks – congenital disorder of the capillaries in the
dermis
Keratinization – cells change shape and chemical
composition; cells become filed with the protein keratin Subcutaneous Tissue
(hard) § Attaches the skin to underlying bones
– transformation of the living cells
§ Also called the hypodermis
of the stratum basale into the dead squamous cells of the
stratum corneum § Loose connective tissue
§ Storage of our body’s fat (padding, insulation)
Stratum basale – deepest; cuboidal & columnar cells,
undergo mitosis every 19 days Accessory Skin Structure
Hair
Stratum corneum – most superficial stratum; dead § Columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells
squamous cells filled with keratin (structural strength); § Produced in the hair bulb
lipids (prevent fluid loss); joined by desmosomes
Hair follicle – where each hair rises
Callus – thickened area Shaft – above the skin
Root – below the skin
Corn – bony prominence, thickened corn shaped Hair bulb – site of hair cell formation
structure Cortex – hard keratin
Medulla – soft central core
Dermis Cuticle – single layer of overlapping cells that holds the
§ Dense collagenous connective tissue, contains hair in the hair follicle
fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages
§ Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, Growth Stage
lymphatic vessels § Hair is formed by epithelial cells within the hair
bulb
Collagen (resist stretching) & elastic fibers – structural § Divide and undergo keratinization
strength § Hair root + shaft = columns of dead keratinized
epithelial cells
Cleavage lines/Tension lines – collagen fibers are
oriented in some directions; skin is most resistant to Resting Stage
stretch along these lines § Growth stops
§ Hair is held in the hair follicle
Stretch marks – skin is overstretched, leaving lines that
are visible Next growth stage
§ A new hair is formed
Dermal papillae – contain blood vessels that supply the § The old hair falls out
epidermis with nutrients, remove waste products, and
regulate body temperature Eyelashes – grow for about 30 days; rest for 105 days

Skin Color Scalp hairs – grow for 3 years; rest for 1 – 2 years
Melanin – pigments responsible for skin, hair, eye color
Arrector Pili – smooth muscles; contraction = hair to
Melanin pigments – yellow (Caucasian), brown stand on end; produces goose bumps
(Asians), black (African)

M o r a n o , M . A .
Glands
I. Sebaceous Glands 3. Vitamin D Production
§ Simple, branched acinar glands § Skin exposed to UV light produces
§ Connected by a duct to the superficial part of cholecalciferol (modified in the liver, then in the
the hair follicle kidneys to produce active vitamin D)
§ Sebum – oily, white substance rich in lipids; § Best sources of Vit. D = fatty fish, vit. D
released by holocrine secretion; lubricates the fortified milk
hair/surface of the skin (prevents drying and § Small amounts of Vit D = eggs, butter, liver
protects against bacteria) § Active Vit. D stimulates the small intestine to
absorb calcium and phosphate (normal bone
II. Sweat Glands growth, normal muscle function)
a. Eccrine Sweat Glands
Ø Simple, coiled, tubular glands 4. Temperature Regulation
Ø Release sweat by melocrine § Normal body temp. = 37oC (98.6 oF)
secretion § Rate of chemical rxns within the body can
Ø Numerous in the palms and soles increased of decreased based on the body temp.
b. Apocrine Sweat Glands § Factors that raise body temperature
Ø Simple, coiled, tubular glands Ø Exercise
Ø Produce a think secretion rich in Ø Fever
organic substances Ø Increase in environmental
Ø Released primary by melocrine temperature
secretion; some glands demonstrate § The skin controls heat loss from the body
holocrine secretion through dilation and constriction of blood
Ø Open into hair follicles, in armpits vessels
and genitalia § Sweat glands produce sweat, which evaporates
Ø Become active at puberty and lowers body temperature
§ Heat is lost by radiation (infrared energy),
III. Other Glands convection (air movement), conduction (direct
a. Ceruminous glands – cerumen (earwax) contact)
b. Mammary glands – milk
5. Excretion
Nails § Skin glands remove water and salt
§ Dead stratum corneum cells § Also removes small amounts of urea, uric acid,
§ Contain a very hard type of keratin ammonia

Nail body – visible part of the nail Integumentary S. as a Diagnostic Aid

Nail root – part of the nail covered by skin
Cuticle – eponychium; s. corneum that extends onto the
nail body
Nail matrix – produces the nail
Nail bed – contributes to nail formation
Lunula – white, crescent-shaped area; part of the nail
matrix visible through the nail body
Physiology of the Integumentary S.
1. Protection
§ Reducing water loss
§ Prevents microorganisms from entering the
body
§ Protects underlying structures against abrasion
§ Hair on head = insulator
§ Eyebrows = keep sweat out of the eyes
§ Eyelashes = protects the eyes from foreign
objects
§ Hair in the nose, ears = prevents the entry of
dust
§ Nails = protect the ends of the fingers, toes from
damage; can be used in defense
2. Sensation
§ Sensory receptors for pain, touch, hot, cold,
pressure
Cyanosis – bluish color to the skin caused by decreased
blod O2 content
Jaundice – yellowish skin color caused by liver damage
(viral hepatitis)
Rashes & lesions - symptoms of problems elsewhere;
e.g. Scarlet fever causes reddish rash, allergic reaction to
food or drugs can develop rashes
Vitamin A Deficiency – excess keratin; sandpaper
texture characteristic
Iron Deficiency Anemia – nails become flat or concave
Lead Poisoning – high levels of lead in the hair
Burns
Burn – injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction,
chemicals, electricity, and radiation
I. Partial-thickness Burns
§ S. basale remains viable;
§ Regeneration of the epidermis occurs within the
burn area

M o r a n o , M . A .
 a. First-degree burns II. Squamous cell carcinoma
Ø Epidermis § Immediately superficial to the s. basale
Ø Red and painful § Cells continue to divide as they produce keratin
Ø Slight edema (swelling) = nodular, keratinized tumor confined to the
epidermis
b. Second-degree burns § Can invade the dermis, metastasize, and cause
Ø Epidermis, dermis death
Ø Epidermis regenerates from the
epithelial tissue III. Malignant melanoma
Ø Dermal damage is minimal; § Rare form of skin cancer that arises from
v Redness, pain, edema, blisters melanocytes; usually from a pre-existing mole
v Healing = 2 weeks § Mole – an aggregation or nest of melanocytes
v No scarring § Large, flat, spreading lesion or deeply
Ø Deep into the dermis pigmented nodule
v Red, tan, or white § Metastasis is common
v Takes several months to heal § Often fatal
v Might scar
FX of Aging on the Integumentary S.
II. Full-thickness Burns § Epidermis thins
a. Third-degree burns § Amount of collagen in the dermis decreases
Ø Epidermis, dermis, and underlying § Skin infections are most likely
tissues are completely destroyed § Repair of skin occurs slower
Ø Recovery occurs from the edges of § Decrease no. of elastic fibers in the dermis and
the burn wound loss of fat (sagging of skin, wrinkles)
Ø Region of the 3rd degree burn is § Decrease of activity of sweat glands = reduced
painless (sensory receptors have ability to regulate body temp.
been destroyed) § Decrease sebaceous gland activity = skin
Ø White, tan, brown, black, deep becomes drier
cherry red § Decrease no. of melanocytes
Ø Take a long time to heal § Some areas, the no. of melanocytes increase =
Ø Form scar tissue age spots
Ø Skin grafts are used to prevent § Increased melanin production = freckles; also,
complications and to speed healing gray/white hair
§ Skin that is exposed to sunlight = shows signs of
Skin Cancer aging more rapidly
§ Most common type of cancer
§ Exposure to UV light from the sun
§ Usually on face, neck, hands
§ Most like to have skin cancer = fair skinned or
older than 50
§ Limiting exposure to sun, using sunscreen;
reduces the likelihood of developing skin cancer
§ Ultraviolet light
Ø UVA
v Longer wavelength
v Causes most tanning of the skin
v Development of malignant
melanoma

Ø UVB
v Most burning of the skin
v Development of basal cell and
squamous cell carcinoma

I. Basal cell carcinoma

§ Most frequent type
§ S. basale and extends into the dermis to produce
an open ulcer
§ Cure; surgical removal or radiation therapy
§ Little danger of cancer to spread, metastasize

M o r a n o , M . A .