Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
The modern man depends mostly upon the modern outfits, for his daily
routine, involving mainly his mental powers to live an easy going life. There has
been a fake and deterioration in his physical health and capacities. Modern man
need not toil like his forefathers for his daily life. So he has become less vigorous
and lethargic. Every individual should develop his strength and stamina for a
happy and effective living. In order to get proper strength and stamina one has to
involve in physical activities.
Sports is not simply play for plays sake. It is not also just striving for
excellence. Let sports activity build up strong man power, develop mutual trust,
co-operation, solidarity and friendship among individuals, teams and nations.
1.1 PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Objectives are certain definite steps which lead us to aim. Goals are still more
concerned to definite puts which directs us towards the objectives. An aim is the
ultimate goal while and objective is an immediate goal leading us to the aim. Aim
is general, the objectives are many.
Objective will lead the physical education towards meaningful decisions when
issues and problem arise. Objectives will help to interpret better the fields of
endeavor to general educator and a lay person even.
1. Organic development
2. Neuromuscular development
3. Interpretative development
4. Emotional development
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FITNESS
Fitness is that state which characterizes the degree to which a person is able
to function efficiently. Fitness is an individual matter. It implies the ability of
each person to live most effectively within his potentialities.
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1.4 PHYSICAL FITNESS
Physical fitness is the capacity of the heart blood vessels and muscles to
function at optimal efficiency
Physical fitness is the capacity to perform activity. The greater the physical
fitness, the better physical endurance and precision of movement will be which are
essential for our daily work of life. The greater the physical fitness, the longer can
a person keep and the more efficient will be in performance and his capacity for
recovery from fatigue
Physical fitness is not only the most important key to a healthy life but also
the basis for dynamic and creative life
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components. People who possess one aspect of physical fitness do not necessarily
possess the other aspects.
Agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time and speed comprise the
skill related components of physical fitness. Because each fitness characteristic is
related to certain motor skills, such as those required in sports and in specific types
of jobs, each is considered a part of skill related physical fitness. Skill related
fitness is some time called “Sports Fitness” or motor fitness.
The performance of any game largely depends on how much the player is
physical fit, how much the player in proficient in fundamental skill of that
particular game how much the player is exposed at different difficult situations
and how much the player is experienced and intelligent in the playing situation.
Good physical fitness, particularly health fitness, is important to optimal health.
Optimal health is more than freedom form disease. According to the world Health
Organisation, health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well being
and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity”. Good fitness can contribute
to buoyant health, including feeling good, looking good and enjoying life, as well
as reduce the risk of certain disease. Health related physical fitness contributes to
posture physical health, including a reduced risk of hypo kinetic disease. The
physical health benefits associated with involvement in regular, properly planned
exercises.
Some mental health benefits that are derived from regular physical activity
and good physical fitness are
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IV. Opportunity for successful experience.
Good physical fitness is essential to effective living. Although the need for
each component of physical fitness is specific to each individual, every person
requires enough fitness to perform normal daily activities without undue fatigue.
Whether it is walking, performing household chores or merely feeling good and
enjoying the “Simple thing in life” without pain or fear of injury, good fitness is
important to all people.
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towards producing the required level of fitness and it is advisable, using pressure
practices to combine stick work with fitness training.
1.6 SPORTS
In the last few decades sports have gained tremendous popularity all over
the globe. The popularity of sports is still increasing at a fast pace and this happy
trend is likely to continue in the future also. When one looks at the history of the
modern Olympic Games one sees that the number of sports for which competitions
are held at Olympic Games, has increased steadily. The total number of
participation countries and sportsman has also increased steadily. The television
and the press are giving much more coverage to sports and have become effective
medium to carry sports to millions and millions of people around the world.
Sports help in the all round development of human personality. It provides ample
and healthy means for recreation and relation of human mind and body.
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It provides opportunities for social interaction thereby festering peace and
understanding among different people, nations, race, religions etc. It provides
health and social acceptable opportunities for the people and nations to compete
against each other thereby toweling heights of excellence of human endeavor and
attainment. Sports serve vital social and cultural functions the importance of
which can hardly be exaggerated. Sport contributes towards the overall welfare of
the human society.
With rapid growth and development in the modern world the sport becomes a
highly organised and competitive social phenomenon. The sport is a clear cut
classification on the basis of intensity of participation namely the recreation sports
for children, health and conditioning sports for elders and competitive sports for
the youth and adults. The competitive sports are further ranked according to the
level of intensity of the competition. In the highest level of competition in which
the intensity of physical activity raises the pulse rate of the athlete to
approximately between 180-200 beats/ minute is considered as top sport. As
sports has more and more developed into scientific discipline, each nation in the
world is seeing with other to produce top class players to win in the International
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competitions. Considerable research is done and devoted to identify various
factors that will be productive of achieving high level performance in skill of
given sport with proper coaching.
Sports hostels are the organization works under the Government of India.
It has an aim for excellence in various sports disciplines. It has introduced many
schemes, for scouting the talent from all over the country. Keeping in mind the
physical attributes required for a particular sport the talent so scouted is imparted
scientific training to meet the ever growing demand of the modern competitive
games and sports for attaining excellence.
Every year applications are called from the candidates who are eligible for
trials. Boys are asked to submit the applications along with sports certificated and
other details. The selection trials will be conducted in the following physical and
performance variables.
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TABLE I
BATTERY OF PHYSICAL EFFICIENCY TEST
MINIMUN REQUIREMENTS
SL.
NAME OF THE TEST 13
NO. 11 YEARS 12 YEARS 14 YEARS
YRARS
1 30 mts. Flying start 5.1 sec. 4.9 sec. 4.8 sec. 4.7 sec.
3 Shuttle run ( 6X10 mts) 18sec. 17.5 sec. 17.1 sec. 16.8 sec.
5 800 mts. 3.33 sec. 3.26 sec. 3.20 sec. 3.05 sec.
6 Medicine Ball Throw 265 cm.* 240 cm.** 250 cm.** 260 cm.**
Hockey today is one of the most thrilling spectacular sports in the world it
is a symbol of raggedness and skill, dangerous to extent but exciting from start to
finish. It is played with a nerve that makes both the players and spectators
satisfied and happy. The very essence of the game lies in its obvious
aggressiveness which makes it worth watching and playing. However dangerous
it seems to be, the individual responsibility and team work that makes it transcend
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the line of cruelty and it is this quality of the game which leaves the spectators so
enraptured.
When History of hockey was first written, there was so existing proof or
historical reference to such a primitive form of hockey. In 1992, a sculpture relic
was found in Athens, which forged a powerful link in the long chain of evidence
that the “Stick and Ball” game with stocks similar to those used in hockey was
played nearly thousand year’s age.
This game was called by different words or terms world over in the passage
to time. It was called as “Hurley of Hurling” in ancient Greeks. The Romans
called it “Harpastum” derived from Harp ago, the Percians called it “Polo”, the
Turks called it “Holani”, French called as “Shehna”, Germany “Kolbe”, Dutch
“Hetkolven”, Iresh “Baire”, Shinty”, in Scotland, Club Ball, Banchy, Hockey,
Howkey, or Horky in many eastern countries of Europe.
The game of hockey is very complicated in terms of skills and team work.
In this game, everyone should mastery over fundamental skills like Dribbling,
Hitting, Pushing, Stopping etc. When one has mastered the fundamental skills of
the games, he gets a feeling of well being. High level of performance otherwise
known as playing ability in hockey depends upon proficiency over the
fundamental skills.
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1.12 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS AND IMPORTANCE OF
1. Dribbling 7. Tackling
2. Hitting 8. Dodging
A skill of the game plays a very vital role in the success of modern hockey.
Sill is the combination of brain and body. It is the movement of body, stick
and ball carried out by players within the constraints of the game of hockey to
overcome the problems is vast, but includes such things as ‘controlling the ball’,
scoring goals in the 5 vs. 4 situation and team defense, i.e. The problem solving
has to be done at individual, group and team levels. In addition to the obvious
skill on the ball, it is important to recognize and develops the skill of the ball, i.e.
the movement and positioning of players, which is of paramount importance when
defending and provides the support play to the man in possession in attack.
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The teaching, learning and practicing of these skill, is of course of great
importance in the development of hockey players as it provides them with a
reservoir of knowledge along with technical and physical abilities to be used to
find solution to the problems facing them. Through practice a player develops a
variety of solution to a problem and is aware of the relative advantage of each. In
a dynamic game such as hockey there are so many factors influencing any one
situation that it is unusual for a situation to be repeated identically and therefore it
is impossible to say that there is only one solution to a problem. Therefore,
players are required to use their skills to cope successfully with a wide variety of
playing situation ( Problems ) coincide with the concepts of learning and
practicing put forward.
When one has mastered the fundamental skills of the game, he gains a
feeling of well being, thus high level of performance in hockey depends upon the
mastery over the fundamental skills. The players are skillful in the game when
they can make the best decision about where and when to play the ball and then to
performs the skills accurately. In any sports discipline the mastery over the
fundamental skills is essential to the eventual success. The individual style of
execution arises from the manner in which the task is executed in a unique way. A
player will have a feeling of confidence when he masters over the skill.
High level of performance of hockey player may depend upon the physical
variables or motor ability. The term physical ability is used synonymously with
general athletic ability. There are many factors that contribute to successful
performance in athletic skill.
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A totally fit individual must have physical ability also. Physical ability is
also one of the important aspects for physical activities. The components of
physical ability are speed, power, agility, endurance, speed endurance, strength,
strength endurance, flexibility, co-ordination, explosive power abdominal strength
etc.
Among the various motor abilities the investigator will select speed, power,
agility, abdominal strength and endurance for the investigation for the construction
of norms.
Speed is one of the main requisites, which enables for higher performance
in certain motor tasks. Speed may vary from individual to individual. Speed is
the capacity of an individual to perform successive movements of the same pattern
at a faster rate. Speed is one of the most important physical fitness components
that is highly essential for many physical activities. It can be improved by practice
to the coordinated movements and by learning proper techniques.
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The performance of any game depends upon physical variables. For any
competitive sports activities speed is highly essential to achieve high-level
performance. In a team game like hockey, speed is more essential because the ball
moves faster than the man. After the introduction of the artificial surface namely
Astroturf, Poly grass, Super turf and speed plays most important role for the team
to decide the champion. Ball moves faster in the artificial surface than the other
surfaces. Hockey players playing in the forward line must have good speed with
the ball and without the ball to score more goals and also to fallback and receive
the ball from the teammates. Speed is also more essential for half line and
fullbacks when it arises they also should run faster to defend their goal being
scored by the opponents. Speed is considered as one of the most important
physical variable for a hockey player to achieve high-level performance.
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Power is considered to be the most vital component, which can lead to
success in sports events like boxing and throwing events. In many of the boxing
competitions, it was just the powerful punch or hook, which had decided the fate
of the match.
During the game, players run fast to receive the ball in the gap and
sometimes to create space. To speed up the game player must have good power
with speed. Modern hockey requires highly speedy player with sufficient power.
To score goal, players must have very good power so the players can play the ball
in the goal with more speed. For a long clearance, to take a free hit, hit in or 16
yards free hit players should have optimum power to achieve their ultimate aim.
In modern hockey the results depends upon the penalty corner conversion. Most
of the European countries use to score goal through penalty corner much more
easily. European countries use to train specialist to score through penalty corner
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by executing push scoop technique. European countries hockey players have more
power than the Asian countries hockey players.
Power is the most important for a hockey player to play better in the game.
Hence power is playing major role for the hockey players to achieve high level of
performance.
Hockey players must have good agility in the play field with the ball and
without the ball. Agility is more important for all the hockey players playing
different position like forwards, halfbacks and fullbacks. After removing the
obstruction rules in hockey agility with and without ball become more important
for the attacker to control over the ball during the game to beat or to dodge the
defender. When the forwards are having the ball it is very difficult for the
defender to tackle because if the defender allows the forward to his right side and
tackle the forward turn towards his left side and dodge the defender easily. If the
defender allows left side and dodge the defender without any difficulty. It is not
only for the defender to tackle the ball from the defender when they are in
possession of the ball. Defender also will make a semi circular movement either to
left or the right and can clearly make a pass to the teammate without any
difficulty.
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games. Lifting a load or moving an inanimate or animate object essentially
depends on the abdominal muscular strength.
The endurance enables the heart blood vessels and lung to catch oxygen
and take it to the muscle and to do as effortlessly as possible. Endurance is a very
important ability in sports. Endurance is the product of all psychic and physical
organs and systems. No other motor ability depends so much on the capacity to
complete psycho physical apparatus of human as endurance.
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Endurance training results in the improvement of functioning of various
organs and systems of human body. This in turn improves the ability to recover
quickly from training and competition load at the same time endurance activates
enables the sportsman to better resist the fatigue (i.e.) to delay the fatigue.
The simplification of the rules not only attracts the players and also the
spectators. The game of hockey is played seventy minutes with an interval of ten
minutes. Playing in the artificial surface and in other surfaces continuously for
seventy minutes is more difficult. The players who have good endurance can only
play the game continuously without fatigue, and also can perform better. After the
introduction of the artificial surface the players were not able to continue to play
better for a longer period because artificial surface require highly fit players. After
the change of offside rule and the introduction of the rolling substitution the game
has become more faster. The player has to run faster and play the game
continuously for seventy minutes and it requires more endurance capacity to do
better performance. Hence endurance is vital for all the hockey players.
Dribbling chosen for the study is one of the most important skills in the
game of hockey. It is an art, which will draw the attention of spectators. During
the game when the defenders is in dangerous zone, completely covered by the
opponents the defenders in position to clear the ball from the dangerous zone
dribbling is so useful and successful. Dribbling helps the forwards at the time of
scoring when there is no chance to give pass or to take straight hit into the goal, to
control the ball or to make possession of the ball dribbling is so useful. So all the
players including goalkeeper must be perfect in dribbling.
To proceed forward within time, having full control over the ball and to
move according to the aim to be achieved.
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1. In dribbling one can move the ball from one place to another place.
2. Through dribbling one can change movement from the opponents, to give
proper pass.
4. Which dribbling suddenly one can change direction from one side to other
side.
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be proficient in executing hitting technique. The technique of hitting is very
important to take 16 yards free hit, and also to take long corner hit. (Hence every
hockey player must be perfect in executing the hitting technique at any time.)
Hitting is the player’s most valuable asset. He can make use of hitting in
almost every phase of the game. Hitting is the most valuable weapon in defense
and in the preparation and execution of attack.
To trap means to stop the ball with one’s stick to make the ball to come to a
halt during motion as desired.
Trapping depends largely upon the receiver’s intention for the next move.
The ball must be placed in a strong control position ready for the next pass or
dribble or change of direction or in anticipation of a challenge or tackle from the
opponent.
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The skill of trapping is the most necessary to block or to check the
opponents attack and in this case, the defender block the opponents attack and also
brings the ball under control to rebuild his own attack or to change the opponent’s
attack into defense. Success of each pass or a movement between two or more
players depends upon trapping skill. Trapping is one of the most demanding skills
in the game of hockey. Perfect trapping can help the players to keep possession of
the ball, to build up the attack to defend from the attack to stop goal scoring by the
opponent, to re-start the game due to infringements and receiving passes from own
teammate.
In team game like Football, Basketball, Handball and Hockey, the ability of
the players to link together and to maintain possession of the ball is largely depend
upon effective passing which ultimately leads to a team success. It is the ability of
player to play the ball between teammates, either through hit, push, flick, or scoop.
The importance of pass is to keep the possession of the ball, and to gain the
ground to initiate an effective attack.
For an effective pass, a player must have an idea to use the right stroke at
the time to get maximum advantage of the execution. The pass should aim either
to eliminate an opponent, to force the opposition’s defense to reorganize or to
retain possession of the ball.
Pushing is one of the good skills many players use in the game. Players use
this skill when they want to pass the ball to his own team or to score a goal and it
is easy for the receiver to collect the ball and get possession of the ball whenever
his teammate uses the push and the ball travels along the ground.
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1. Push is good for clearance, in dangerous zone.
Scooping skill is performance to lift the ball over the head of an opponent
or opponents, to pass to own team mates, so that the ball travels slower/faster in
the air and also after landing on the ground. This stroke is governed by the speed
of the receiver, distance to cover, and the position of the defender.
Like any other skill, scooping is also one of the important skills in the game
of hockey. Players use this skill, whenever one wants to send the ball in the air for
a longer distance. The players also use this skill, whenever he cannot play ground
level passes.
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attached to any given norm score. The norm identifies a person in relation to a
given sample whose norm has been determined. Any judgement made about the
norm is by the person using the norm score.
Norm is a scale that permits conversion from a raw score to a score capable
of comparison and interpretation. If a test is accompanied by norms, its usefulness
is enhanced. It is characteristic of average and ranges are known. The norm we
prepare should not be accepted at face value. A raw score becomes capable of
comparison and interpretations when there is a norm. Norms are representative of
some larger population. Sufficient cases alone do not make good norms but
coupled with proper sampling this provides a symmetric distribution. If the
performance of a group is not similar in range and average to the normative group,
then the norms are not appropriate and should not be used for interpretive purpose.
The norms scales are accepted as valid and practical criteria for evaluating
the individual physical fitness test. When norms scales are being constructed one
must consider the following particle statistical and educational principles.
1. Sampling techniques
2. Equivalency
3. Progressively
4. Sensitiveness
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1.17 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING NORMS
Even though there are many tests to measure the ability of individual
attempt should be made to construct norms. Norms are very useful in classifying
the students in particular activity according to their ability. Norms are also used to
grade the student.
Sports Authority of India, Sports Training centre and State Sports Hostels
are using physical variable and performance variables norms to measure the
hockey player performance who seek admission in the above centers. Based upon
the performance of the hockey players, they are ranked and admitted in the
training centers. There were no specific norms for the Pondicherry state school
hockey boys in all the four regions. This motivated the investigator to conduct the
study and to construct the norms.
The purpose of this study was to construct the norms for physical and
performance variables for school level Hockey players in Tamilnadu and
Pondicherry.
1.19 DELIMITATIONS
1. Totally 2000 school hockey players were selected as subject for this
study from 11-14 years age group.
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1.20 LIMITATIONS
3. The difference they may exist among the subject due to the varied social,
cultural, economical, religious background will be considered as limitation.
1.21.1 Hockey
1.21.2 Norms
Norms are standard points of reference that provides a basis for judgement.
1.21.3 Speed
1.21.4 Power
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1.21.5 Agility
1.21.6 Endurance
1.21.7 Dribbling
1.21.8 Hitting
1.21.9 Trapping
Trapping the ball with sick coming from any direction. Trapping the
moving ball on motionless position form further moving.
1.21.10 Pushing
To propel the ball in desired direction by bringing the flat side of the stick
immediately behind the ball neither the raise from the ground and to pass or to
score a goal.
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1.21.11 Scooping
Scooping is the technique used by the player to lift the ball in the air with
flat side of the stick by abiding the rule of the game of hockey.
1. This study may help to provide clear guidelines in selecting the talented
hockey players while admitting them in to state sports hostels and state
sport schools.
2. This study may help to assess the physical variable and also
performance variable of the state school hockey boys
3. This study may help to select the players for their school teams
4. This study may help the coaches to judge the teams.
5. This study may help to construct the training program.
6. This study may motivate further research study on norm construction
related variables.
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