IMPROVISED HUMAN-POWERED UNIVERSAL CHARGER FOR CELL PHONE

BATTERIES AND LED LAMP

Reden R. Patacsil
Researcher

An Investigatory Project submitted as an Entry to the

2015 Regional Invention Contest and Exhibits (RICE),
2015 Intel Regional Science and Technology Fair, and
2016 National Science Quest

Juan G. Macaraeg National High School

Binalonan, Pangasinan

March 2016

Ms. Melissa Gagujas

(Research Adviser)

Mrs. Leonilyn G. Coroña

(HT III, Science Department)

Mrs. Susan M. Mangrobang, Ph. D (h.c.)

(Principal IV)

Mrs. Julie G. De Guzman

(EPS, Science)
IMPROVISED HUMAN-POWERED UNIVERSAL CHARGER FOR CELL PHONE
BATTERIES AND LED LAMP

Reden R. Patacsil
Researcher

An Investigatory Project submitted as an Entry to the

2015 Regional Invention Contest and Exhibits (RICE),
2015 Intel Regional Science and Technology Fair, and
2016 National Science Quest

Juan G. Macaraeg National High School

Binalonan, Pangasinan

March 2016

Ms. Melissa Gagujas

(Research Adviser)

Mrs. Leonilyn M. Coroña

(HT III, Science Department)

Mrs. Susan M. Mangrobang, Ph. D (h.c.)

(Principal IV)

Mrs. Julie G. De Guzman

(EPS, Science)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher wished to acknowledge with gratefulness the following people for their

time, help and expertise. For their valuable guidance, this facilitated the completion of the

investigatory project.

To Ms. Melissa Gagujas, who wholeheartedly helped the researcher accomplish this

study.

Mrs. Evelyn Casem, Research II teacher, for her understanding and patience in critiquing

and giving advice in order to improve this Investigatory Project.

To Mrs. Susan Mangrobang, the Principal IV of the Juan G. Macaraeg National High

School for her support and encouragement which inspired the researcher to persevere in this

study.

To Mr. Bernadine Patacsil, for his expertise and capabilities which helped the researcher

develop and design this unique invention.

To the parents of the researcher who willingly extended the needed moral and financial

assistance and their everlasting love and consideration during the realization of this study.

And most of all, to the Almighty God who was always there to guide and strengthen the

researcher to persevere in this study. Without him, this wouldn’t be possible.

The researcher is very grateful to all of you.

The Researcher

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iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page…………………………………………………………………………..………………i

Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………...……….…… ii

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………..iii

Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………..… iv

Chapter I: The Problem and Its Background

Background of the Study………………………………………………………….………1

Statement of The Problem………………………………………………………………...2

Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………….…………..3

Significance of the Study…………………………………………………….……………3

Scope and Limitations of the Study…………………………………………….…………4

Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………….………….5

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature

Related Studies………………………………………………………………….…………6

Related Literature……………………………………………………………….…………7

Summary……………………………………………………………………..…….….....10

Conceptual Framework of the Study…………………………………………………….11

Chapter III: Methodology

Materials and Equipment………………………………………………………………...12

Design Components……………………………………………………………….……..12

iv
 General Procedure………………………………………………………………….…….13

Testing and Evaluation…………………………………………………………………..16

Experimental Flowchart…………………………………………………………………18

Chapter IV: Results and Discussions……………………………………………..……....……19

Chapter V: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation

Summary……………………………………………………………….………………...23

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….24

Recommendation…………………………………………………………………..…….24

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..………25

APPENDICES

Appendix A. Cost Analysis……………………………………………………………...27

Appendix B. Blue Print of the Device…………………………………………………...28

Appendix C. Schematic Diagram………………………………………………………..29

Appendix D. Statistical Calculations……………………………………………………30

Appendix E. Comparison between the Device and Commercial Product……………….32

Appendix F. Gantt Chart………………………………………………………….……...33

Appendix G. Logbook…………………………………………………………………...34

Appendix H. Pictorials…………………………………………………………….……..42

Research Plan………………………………………………………………………………..……48

Communications
v
 CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

Many countries all over the world experience problems regarding a shortage in power.

Thus, such situations hinder the people from doing things that needs electricity to work like lights

in houses and phone charging, both which are essential to daily living.

Also, in places where electricity is abundant, especially to countries that rely mostly on

non-renewable resources, it cannot be denied that there are environmental consequences to be faced

like global warming, pollution, specifically land, water and air pollution, acid rain and its effects

on the human health.

According to a study conducted by the Philippine Institute for Development Studies in

2013, there are still 16 million Filipinos who does not have access to electricity, forming part of

the 130 million in Southeast Asia who do not have access to electricity.

Meanwhile, according to the 2011 Household Energy Consumption Survey of the National

Statistics Office, about 87% of 21 million households in the Philippines used electricity from March

to August 2011. And of the energy used, 72% came from non-renewable resources. With such high

percentage of households using electricity, it is also expected that a large number of people will be

affected by the current and future energy crisis in the country. Also, it is certain that the number of

environmental problems the country is currently experiencing will increase.

But in 1831, an important discovery that revolutionized the use of renewable energy was

discovered. Michael Faraday found out that electric current can be produced by the changing of the

magnetic field. First, Faraday experimented on a magnetic field that stayed the same but it did not

produce current. But on his other experiment wherein he changed the magnetic field, he was able

to produce current and voltage.

1
 This discovery was used by different scientist all over the world to generate electricity.

One of which are generators or devices which converts the rotational motion of an object to

electricity. It has many applications throughout the world such as windmills, car alternators, bicycle

dynamo and hydroelectric dams.

The mentioned premises are the foreground of this study. Due to the unsettling conditions

stated, the researcher was encouraged to study about the generation of current and voltage from

changing magnetic field by using the power of humans to create a rotational motion to power a

generator. This was the reason why the study “Improvised Human-Powered Universal Charger for

Cell Phone Batteries and LED Lamp” was developed to be used as a potential source of energy to

charge or power mobile phones and to serve as lighting in houses to enable to solve the present

scientific dilemma on power shortage and the environment.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to design and construct an improvised human-powered universal charger

for cell phone batteries and LED lamp without the presence of electricity coming directly from

electrical sockets.

Specifically, the study sought to:

1. determine the voltage produced by the human-powered charger and LED lamp;

2. determine the charging time of a cellphone battery using the battery slot and the USB slot

of the human-powered universal charger;

3. determine the specifications of the human-powered universal charger and LED lamp and

the standard universal charger and standard LED lamp in terms of:

a. Acceptability;

b. Room Illumination;

2
 c. Charging Time

4. determine the significant difference between the human-powered universal charger and

LED lamp and the standard universal charger and standard LED lamp in terms of:

a. Acceptability;

b. Room Illumination;

Hypotheses

H0: There is no significant difference between the human-powered universal charger and LED

lamp and the standard universal charger and standard LED lamp in terms of:

a. Acceptability;

b. Room Illumination;

H1: There is a significant difference between the human-powered universal charger and LED

lamp and the standard universal charger and standard LED lamp in terms of:

a. Acceptability;

b. Room Illumination;

Significance of the Study

This research aimed to produce an improvised human-powered universal charger for cell

phone batteries and LED lamp. As of today, many countries still experience power shortages and

some even encounter great calamities brought about by the use of non-renewable resources or

energy that brings negative impacts to the environment and to the human health.

3
 The results of the study will help people, especially those from remote places where there

is no electricity, to have a sustainable lighting system and cell phone charger which can be used all

day long. Unlike other energy sources, human power is abundant which makes the product good

for saving money as it has no cost of operation if compared to the standard way of lighting and

charging cell phone batteries. Also, unlike solar-powered devices, the product is available anytime

may it be day or night as long as there is a person who can use the device. Also, the study could

help benefit the environment as the people will switch to renewable source of energy which has

less impact in the environment. The useful and relevant information acquired from the study will

also encourage the people to create their own ways to utilize the power of humans, thereby

significantly contributing to the reduction of environmental dilemmas and problems on the lack of

energy or power in remote areas all over the world.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study was conducted on April to June 2015 at the home of the researcher, at the Rosario

Machine Shop and in Juan G. Macaraeg National High School which are all in Binalonan,

Pangasinan. The main components used in the study – the crank, microwave motor, universal cell

phone battery charger and LED lamp were all gathered from unused and defected materials.

This study focused only on the human-powered universal charger for cell phone batteries

and LED lamp. Therefore, the electricity produced from the device was used only to charge the

battery of mobile phones and to charge the battery to light the LED in the lamp. The variables

looked into are the charging time of the battery using the charger of the device, the room

illumination of the LED lamp and the acceptability of the machine.

4
Definition of Terms

Light-Emitting Diode (LED) - the load used in the study which is connected in a parallel circuit

with the charger and is composed of 8 LEDs.

Universal Charger - a battery charger that can be used in cell phone batteries which has a slot for

a battery and for a USB.

Crank – an arm set at right angles to a shaft which is used to rotate the generator of the machine.

Generator – is a motor which is used as a generator that generates electricity from rotational energy

on its shaft.

Acceptability – is a variable used in the study that determined the capabilities of the machine for

use.

Room Illumination – is a variable used in the study used to determine the intensity of light that is

being produced by the LED lamp.

Charging Time – is variable used in the study that was used to know the time it took to charge a

cell phone battery using a universal charger.

5
 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Studies

Hand Crank Generator

A hand crank generator includes a crank, a gear transmission, and a generation motor

driven by the gear transmission. The crank and the gear transmission are coupled to each other. A

clutch gear is coupled between the crank and the gear transmission. The crank is manually driven

to further drive the gear transmission, and the generation motor is driven to generate electric current

through the clutch gear. When the cranking stops, the clutch gear disengages from a motor gear

disposed on the generation motor. A weighted wheel continues to revolve under inertia for a while

to drive the generation motor to keep on generating electric current, so that the purpose of saving

manual efforts can be achieved.

Jen, H.D.(2010) US Patent 7,723,880. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Design and control of battery charger for portable human powered generator

The developmental process and the battery charging strategy of 100W battery charging

circuits using a three-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator are presented. It is assumed

that a typical male can comfortably generate over 100W using cranking motions with two feet.

Using a portable and manual generator, human cranking motions are converted to three-phase ac

electric power, and the electric power is efficiently harvested and stored in a battery pack using a

battery charging circuit consists of a three-phase boost rectifier and a buck converter. The boost

rectifier utilizes a mechanical sensorless method to estimate the generator's rotor position to reduce

size and increase reliability. The overall development processes that include topology selection,

parameter selection criteria, battery charging strategy with controller gain values, and experimental

6
results, are presented. The experimental results demonstrate the battery charging capability over

100W using a sensor less algorithm.

Moon, S., Lee, J., Koo, D., Park, B., & Lai, J. (2014). Design and control of battery charger for

portable human powered generator

(Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/269309230_Design_and_

control_of_battery_charger_for_portable_human_powered_generator)

Related Literature

Crank

A crank is an arm attached at right angles to a rotating shaft by which reciprocating

motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. It is used to convert circular motion into

reciprocating motion, or vice versa. The arm may be a bent portion of the shaft, or a separate arm

or disk attached to it. Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a rod, usually called a connecting

rod. The end of the rod attached to the crank moves in a circular motion, while the other end is

usually constrained to move in a linear sliding motion.

The term often refers to a human-powered crank which is used to manually turn an axle,

as in a bicycle crank set or a brace and bit drill. In this case a person's arm or leg serves as the

connecting rod, applying reciprocating force to the crank. There is usually a bar perpendicular to

the other end of the arm, often with a freely rotatable handle or pedal attached.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)

Retrieved on August 14, 2015

7
Universal Charger for Cell Phone Batteries

A universal charger is a battery charger that can be used across multiple electronic devices.

Specific universal chargers are typically meant to be used in conjunction with a one type of device

such as laptops. However, when universal chargers are being discussed, conversational participants

may be referring to cell phone chargers.

Cell phone users may enjoy the idea of universal chargers, since they do not have to rely

on manufacturer-specific chargers to keep their phones functional. Universal chargers allow users

to easily replace a lost or damaged cell phone charger without having to special order a charger

from a manufacturer, an authorized dealer or a wireless carrier. They also simplify the cell phone

buying and usage experience by not requiring that a user have detailed knowledge of phone model

types or capacities. Universal chargers will simply require that a user be able to plug them into their

phones and into a power source.

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-universal-charger.htm

Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an

electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is

monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength. The output from an LED can range from red (at

a wavelength of approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400 nanometers). Some

LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometers or longer); such a device is known as an infrared-

emitting diode (IRED).

An LED or IRED consists of two elements of processed material called P-type

semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements are placed in direct contact,

forming a region called the P-N junction. In this respect, the LED or IRED resembles most

8
other diode types, but there are important differences. The LED or IRED has a transparent package,

allowing visible or IR energy to pass through. Also, the LED or IRED has a large PN-junction area

whose shape is tailored to the application.

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/light-emitting-diode-LED

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday's law of induction is one of the important concepts of electricity. It looks at the

way changing magnetic fields can cause current to flow in wires. Basically, it is a formula/concept

that describes how potential difference (voltage difference) is created and how much is created. It's

a huge concept to understand that the changing of a magnetic field can create voltage.

Faraday's big discovery happened in 1831 when he found that when you change a magnetic field,

you can create an electric current. He did a lot of other work with electricity such as making

generators and experimenting with electrochemistry and electrolysis.

Faraday's experiments started with magnetic fields that stayed the same. That setup did

not induce current. It was only when he started to change the magnetic fields that the current and

voltage were induced (created). He discovered that the changes in the magnetic field and the size

of the field were related to the amount of current created. Scientists also use the term magnetic flux.

Magnetic flux is a value that is the strength of the magnetic field multiplied by the surface area of

the device.

http://www.physics4kids.com/files/elec_faraday.html

9
Summary

The related literature and study revealed that through electromagnetic induction, the

generation of voltage and current is possible. This principle can be used to create generators which

converts the rotational motion of an object to electrical energy.

Thus, the improvised human-powered universal charger for cell phone batteries and LED

lamp made use of a crank which is rotated by humans. The rotation in the crank created mechanical

energy that was received by the shaft of the generator. It spun the magnet in the generator and it

induced voltage and current. The voltage and current produced was used to power the universal

charger and LED lamp.

The human-powered device was of dual purpose. It was made for the purpose of charging

cell phone batteries and lighting purposes especially during events when there is no electricity and

there is a strong need for light or communication using the cell phone. This machine utilized the

power of humans to turn objects to power the universal charger for cell phone batteries and the

LED lamp. Thus, it addresses problems such as power shortages and the effect of using non-

renewable resources as a source of electricity on the environment and human health.

10
Conceptual Framework of the Study

Bicycle Crank Improvised Human-

Microwave Motor Powered Universal
Universal Cell Charger for Cell
Phone Battery
Phone Batteries and
Charger
LED Lamp
LED Lamp

This device is of dual purposes. It has four main components – the bicycle crank,

microwave motor, universal cell phone battery charger and the LED lamp. The microwave motor

and crank powered by a person will work together to provide power for the universal charger and

LED lamp.

11
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This study made use of experimental design, specifically, the two group design, wherein

the experimental group is the improvised human-powered universal charger for cell phone batteries

and LED lamp and the control group is the standard universal cell phone battery charger and LED

lamp.

Materials and Equipment

The materials and equipment that is gathered to conduct the study are as follows: bicycle

crank, microwave motor, LED lamp, universal cell phone battery charger, wires, soldering iron,

soldering lead, voltmeter, gmelina wood, hand saw, electric drill, drill bit, wood screws, Phillips

screwdriver, metal shaft and two bearings.

Design Components

The design consists of the following features:

A. Hand Crank. The crank was used to rotate the shaft of the generator. The crank is to be

rotated by using the hand of a person. The crank was made from a bicycle crank which is

connected to a metal shaft. The metal shaft was attached to the generator shaft through a

locking device in the side of the metal shaft that tightens its hold on the generator shaft

especially when rotating.

B. Generator. It served as a generator of electricity from mechanical energy, specifically,

electromagnetic induction. It is the microwave motor. It can be found in the generator a

shaft which was connected to a gear inside it. The gear was connected to a series of gears

12
 which converts the slow rotational speed on its shaft to a fast rotational speed on a magnet

which was surrounded by coils.

C. Wooden Case. It served as the case and support of the machine. It was made of Gmelina

wood and it has a height of 22 cm, a length of 21 cm and a width of 14 cm. It has holes of

diameter 4 cm on which one hole is for the bearing and the shaft and the others are for the

path of the wires outside the case. Also, it has two pieces of wood inside which has a length

of 12 cm and width of 11 cm and a hole of 4 cm on its center. This serves as a support

between the shaft of the hand crank and the shaft of the generator.

D. Universal Cell Phone Battery Charger. The universal charger was used to charge the

battery of cell phones. It consists of a switch and its original circuit wherein the wires were

connected to the appropriate circuit where the AC (alternating current) input of the

generator will travel to the charger and will be converted to DC (direct current) which will

then travel to the exit or the USB chord slot and the battery slot.

E. LED Lamp. The purpose of the LED lamp was to serve as a lighting system. The energy

from the motor travels to the switch and through the circuit of the LED lamp where the

current can travel and light the LEDs which was incased in one-half of its original casing.

General Procedure

A. Constructing the Crank

First, the metal shaft was drilled on its center using an electric drill. The side was

also drilled to serve as a locking device between the metal shaft and the generator shaft.

Next, the undrilled side of the metal shaft is to be fitted to the bicycle crank.

B. Constructing the Wooden Case

The desired dimension of the wooden case was measured in the Gmelina wood. A

hand saw was used to cut the dimensions of the wood. A hole saw and an electric drill was

13
 also used to drill holes on the wood. Also, the electric drill and a drill bit was used to drill

tiny holes for the wood screw in the attaching process of the wooden case.

C. Assembling the Universal Charger

The circuit was first analyzed by the researcher then using a voltmeter, the circuit

was tested to see if it still works. Then a wire that will be connected to the motor was

connected to the switch using the soldering iron, soldering lead and the wires. The path

where current from the generator can be transferred to the circuits of the charger was

searched and then using the soldering iron, soldering lead and wires, the wire from the

switch and a wire that carries AC directly from the microwave motor to the appropriate

circuit on the charger, where AC will travel and be converted into DC where it will go to

the USB chord slot and battery slot, was connected.

After that, a hole of length 2 cm and a width of 1 cm was made on the sides of the

case of the charger for the switch. The circuit and switch was put inside its original case.

The universal charger was attached to a wood with a hole that will serve as path between

the wires of the motor inside the device and the circuit of the charger.

D. Assembling the LED lamp

The materials and gadgets used in connecting the motor to the universal charger

are the LED lamp, 4V rechargeable battery, switch, unused wires, soldering iron, soldering

lead and multimeter.

The mechanics of the lamp was examined. Using a voltmeter, circuit of the lamp

was tested to see whether it was still connected to each other and is working. Next, one of

the two wires to be connected to the circuit of the lamp and the generator was soldered to

a switch and together with another wire that carries AC from the generator, both was

soldered to the appropriate circuit on the lamp on which it can travel to charge the battery.

14
 Also, the circuit was connected to the circuit of the lamp where it can directly power the

LEDs.

The case of the lamp was cut in two and on the other half where the switch of the

lamp can be found, a hole of 2 cm by 1 cm was made. The switch was put into the hole that

was made on the casing of the LED and the circuit was also put in the case. The case of the

lamp then was attached to the wood.

E. Assembling all the Parts

First, the two pieces of wood that measures 12 cm by 11 cm and has a hole of 4

cm on its center was assembled on top of one of the four woods on the side of the case

which has a hole using the Phillips screw driver and the wood screw. Two bearings were

fitted in the hole. The metal shaft of the crank was fitted into the bearing.

On the other side of the wood, the shaft of the generator was fitted to the metal

shaft and the generator was fixed on the wood using the screwdriver and the wood screw.

It was then attached to the pieces of woods on where the charger and the lamp can be found.

The one wire of the lamp and one wire of the charger which are connected to their

circuits are soldered to one of the wires of the motor. Also, the wires on which the switch

of the charger and lamp was attached was soldered to the other wire that was connected to

the motor. After this, the other pieces of wood was assembled. Also, a handle was

assembled on the top cover of the machine.

15
Testing and Evaluation

After the machine was made, the researcher tested the device. Charging a battery by placing

it to the battery slot was made. And then results were obtained. Also, on the USB chord slot, a USB

chord was connected to a cellphone. The charging time it took for the battery to be fully charged

was recorded.

The lamp was also tested based on its room illumination. A survey was conducted to rate

the two groups which are the experimental group (improvised human-powered LED lamp) and the

control group (standard outlet-powered LED lamp). There are four qualities looked into which is if

it is easy to use, environmental friendly, illuminates brightly and can be used urgently or in times

of great need. The following 4-level scale was used:

4 – Very Satisfactory- The lamp possesses all the four attributes of an LED lamp.

3 – Satisfactory- The lamp possesses three attributes of an LED lamp.

2 – Good- The lamp possesses two attributes of an LED lamp.

1 – Needs Improvement- The lamp possesses one attribute of an LED lamp.

The whole product was tested if it was acceptable as a human-powered universal charger

for cell phone batteries and LED lamp. There are four qualities looked into which is if it is

affordable, easy to use, significant in solving present scientific dilemmas and if it can be used in

times of great need. The following 4-level scale was used:

4 – Very Satisfactory -The universal charger or cell phone batteries and LED lamp

possesses all the four attributes of an LED lamp.

3 – Satisfactory- The universal charger or cell phone batteries and LED lamp possesses

three attributes of an LED lamp.

16
 2 – Good- The universal charger or cell phone batteries and LED lamp possesses two

attributes of an LED lamp.

1 – Needs Improvement- The universal charger or cell phone batteries and LED lamp

possesses one attribute of an LED lamp.

In the interpretation of the mean obtained out of the responses of the respondents, the

following formula was used.

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

𝑅=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠

Using the formula, the following scales where conceptualized:

1.0-1.75= Needs Improvement

1.76- 2. 50=Good

2.51- 3.25= Satisfactory

3.26-4.00= Very Satisfactory

17
Experimental Flowchart

Gathering and Preparation of Materials

Constructing the Hand Crank

Constructing the Wooden Case

Assembling the Universal Charger

Assembling the LED Lamp

Assembling all the Parts

Testing the Performance of the Device

18
 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Results and Discussions

This chapter presents the results and findings obtained in the study.

Table 1: Electricity Production of the Improvised Human-Powered Universal Charger for

Cell Phone Batteries and LED Lamp

SETUP Input Electric Current Output Electric Current

Improvised Human-Powered Universal 1 to 250 V 4.2 to 6 V

Charger for Cell Phone Batteries
Improvised Human-Powered LED lamp 1 to 250 V 2 to 3 V

The table shows the input and output voltage of the improvised human-powered universal

charger and lamp. The input was measured in the motor and the output, for the charger, was

measured in the battery slot and for the lamp, was measured in the load or the LED. In the table,

the input electric current for both devices in the machine ranges from 1 to 250 V. But, for the input,

the charger has an output electric current of 4.2 to 6 V while the lamp has an output of 2 to 3 V.

Based from the data gathered, it can be concluded that the machine can produce electric current

from the rotation of its crank which was connected to a generator.

19
 Table 2: Comparison of the Charging Time of the Battery Using the Improvised Human-

Powered Universal Charger and the Standard Universal Charger

SETUP Improvised Human-Powered Universal Standard Universal Charger

Charger for Cell Phone Batteries for Cell Phone Batteries

(minutes) (minutes)

Battery Slot 145 90

USB Chord Slot 145 90

The table below shows the time it took to fully charge a battery using the improvised

human-powered universal charger. It was compared to the standard way of charging using a

universal charger in which the source of power is the AC socket. The battery used was a 3.7 V and

800 mAh battery. It can be seen that the charging time in the improvised universal charger, whether

through the battery slot or the USB chord slot is equal. Meanwhile, on the standard universal

charger, the charging time is also equal whether the battery is charged through the battery slot or

the USB chord slot.

20
 Table 3: Comparison of the Quality of Room Illumination of the Setups

SETUPS Mean Interpretation t-value p-value

Human-Powered 3.53 Very Satisfactory
LED Lamp
(Experimental) -0.98 0.333
Standard LED lamp 3.73 Very Satisfactory
(Control)

This table shows the quality of the illumination of the human-powered LED lamp and the

standard LED lamp in a room. It was rated by 15 different people who used the device using a 4-

level scale. On the improvised human powered one, nine of the respondents rated the product 4

while on the standard one, eleven of the respondents rated it 4. The mean of the improvised human

powered LED lamp and the standard LED lamp were 3.53 and 3.73 respectively. Using the t-test,

the mean of the two setups were compared. The computed value is -0.98 and the p- value is 0.333.

These values show that the null hypothesis is to be accepted: there is no significant difference in

the quality of illumination of the human-powered LED lamp and the standard LED. This implies

that human-powered LED lamp has the same quality of room illumination with a standard LED

lamp.

21
 Table 4: Comparison on the Acceptability of the Setups

SETUPS Mean Interpretation t-value p-value

Human-Powered Universal Charger
for Cell Phone Batteries and LED
3.6 Very Satisfactory
Lamp
(Experimental) -1.02 0.3143
Standard Universal Charger and
LED lamp 3.8
Very Satisfactory
(Control)

The table shows the acceptability of the human-powered universal charger for cell phone

batteries and LED lamp as rated by 15 different people who used the device. It was compared to

the standard universal battery charger and LED lamp. A 4-level scale was used. Ten respondents

rated the improvised very satisfactory (4) while 12 respondents also rated the standard as very

satisfactory (4). The computed mean for the ratings of the respondents in the two setups is nearly

equal. The t-value -1.02 and a significance value of 0.3143 indicates the null hypothesis is to be

accepted: there is no significant difference in the acceptability of the human-powered universal

charger and LED lamp and those powered by commercial electricity. The respondents considered

the two setups to have similar rate of acceptability. This implies that even the two loads are powered

through the device, the acceptability is comparable to those powered by commercial electricity.

The device’s performance is acceptable.

22
 CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study was entitled “Improvised Human-Powered Universal Charger for Cell Phone

Batteries and LED lamp”. This study aimed to construct and utilize a machine that can power a

universal charger and an LED lamp. The machine has the following major parts: crank, generator,

universal charger and LED lamp. This machine is operated by using the capability of human to

rotate the crank of the machine.

The electricity produced was measured using a voltmeter. The input and output voltages

are measured and results showed that the improvised human-powered universal charger has an

input of 1 to 250 volts and an output of 4.2 to 6 V. Also, the improvised human-powered LED lamp

has an output of 1 to 250 volts and an output of 2 to 3 V.

The acceptance of the machine was tested by asking different respondents to rate the whole

machine using a 5-level Likert scale designed for the test. The mean of the improvised human-

powered universal charger and LED lamp and the standard universal charger for LED lamp was

3.6 and 3.8 respectively.

The room illumination of the LED lamp of the machine was also tested by asking different

respondents to examine the product and rate it using the 5-level Likert scale designed for the test.

The mean of the improvised human-powered universal charger and LED lamp and the standard

universal charger for LED lamp was 3.53 and 3.73 respectively.

In the charging time of the battery, the time it took to fully charge a battery was tested. It

was tested on both the battery slot and USB chord slot of the improvised human powered universal

charge and the standard universal charger. Using the improvised one, the battery took 145 minutes

before it fully charged. On the standard one, the time took 90 minutes on both the slot before it

fully charged.

23
Conclusion

Based on the results and calculations, it can be concluded that the machine was capable of

producing enough electricity to power the universal charger and LED lamp.

It was concluded that there was no significant difference between the improvised human-

powered charger and LED lamp and the standard charger and standard LED lamp in terms of their

acceptability.

Moreover, when it comes to the charging time of the battery, it was concluded that the

improvised human-powered universal charger loses to the standard one. But it was found out that

it is beneficial in times when there is an urgent need for electricity to power cell phones.

It was also concluded there was no significant difference between the improvised human-

powered charger and LED lamp and the standard charger and standard LED lamp in terms of their

room illumination.

Recommendation

Based on the results of the study, the researcher recommends the following:

1. Make the machine more user-friendly.

2. Vary the machine to reduce the charging time of a battery.

3. Make the machine smaller to fit inside bags similar to the design of a power bank.

4. Modify the generator to be able to support all the devices on the machine when used at

the same time.

24
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Articles

16-M Pinoys do not have access to electricity – study

(Retrieved from http://www.philstar.com/business/2013/11/25/1260424/16-m-pinoys-do-

not-have-access-electricity-study)

NSO: 87% of households use electricity by Czarina Ong

(Retrieved from http://www.mb.com.ph/nso-87-of-households-use-electricity/)

Books

The Grolier new webster's dictionary (Vol. 1, p. 85). (1992). Danbury, CT.: Grolier.

Internet

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-universal-charger.htm

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/light-emitting-diode-LED

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electrical-generator.htm

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magnetic+field

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/current

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/voltage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)

http://www.physics4kids.com/files/elec_faraday.html

Patent

Jen, H.D.(2010) US Patent 7,723,880. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

25
Conference Paper

Moon, S., Lee, J., Koo, D., Park, B., & Lai, J. (2014). Design and control of battery charger for

portable human powered generator, presented at IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference

and Exposition, 2014.

(Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 269309230_ Design_and_

control_of_battery_charger_for_portable_ human_powered_generator)

26
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A. Cost Analysis

Material Quantity Cost per item Total price

Bicycle Crank 1 piece Php 300 Php 300

Motor 1 piece Php 0 Php 0

LED Lamp 1 piece Php 0 Php 0

Universal Cell Phone

1 piece Php 0 Php 0
Battery Charger

Wires 1 meter Php 0 Php 0

Soldering Iron 1 piece Php 0 Php 0

soldering lead 1 roll Php 0 Php 0

voltmeter 1 piece Php 0 Php 0

Gmelina Wood 3 ft2 Php 180 Php 180

hand saw 1 piece Php 0 Php 0

electric drill 1 piece Php 0 Php 0

drill bit 1 piece Php 0 Php 0

wood screws 18 pieces Php 1 Php 18

Phillips screwdriver 1 piece Php 0 Php 0

metal shaft 1 piece Php 0 Php 0

bearings 2 pieces Php 150 Php 300

Machine Shop Service N/A Php 200 Php 200

Total: Php 998.00

27
 APPENDIX B. Blue Print of the Device

Rear; Crank

Top Part; Handle

Side, 4 cm hole for the

2.2 in connection of the LED

1.4 in

2.1 in.

Front, 4 cm hole for the Figure 1. Blue Print of the Improvised Human Powered
connection of the Universal Universal Charger and LED Lamp
Charger Scale: 0.5 inch= 5 cm
Material: Gmelina Wood (Thickness- ½)

28
 APPENDIX C. Schematic Diagram

AC Microwave Motor Converted

as Generator

M
Switch for L1

Conducting Wires
Connection: Parallel

Load 1- LED Lamp

Load 2- Universal Charger (w/ AC, Input Voltage: 200-250 V,
USB port)
AC, Input Voltage: 200-250 V,
Output Voltage: 4.2-6 V

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of Circuit in the Device

29
 APPENDIX D. Statistical Test Calculations

1. Statistical Treatment for the Room Illumination

Hypothesis Test: Independent Groups (t-test, pooled variance)

(Experimental) (Control)
3.53 3.73 mean
0.64 0.46 std. dev.
15 15 n

28 df
difference ((Experimental) -
-0.200 (Control)) P(lower) P(upper) t
0.310 pooled variance .9750 .0250 2.048
0.556 pooled std. dev. .0250 .9750 -2.048
0.203 standard error of difference .1677 .8323 -0.980
0 hypothesized difference
α = 0.05
-0.98 t Critical Region = ±2.048
.3333 p-value (two-tailed) df = 28
t-value = -0.98

The t-value -0.98 is inside the acceptance region. Therefore we accept H0. Thus it can be

concluded that there is no significant difference between the Experimental and Controlled

Variables in terms of room illumination.

30
2. Statistical Treatment for the Acceptability of the Product

Hypothesis Test: Independent Groups (t-test, pooled variance)

(Experimental) (Control)
3.60 3.80 mean
0.63 0.41 std. dev.
15 15 n

28 df
difference ((Experimental) - P(lower) P(upper) t
-0.200 (Control)) .9750 .0250 2.048
0.286 pooled variance .0250 .9750 -2.048
0.535 pooled std. dev. .1582 .8418 -1.020
0.195 standard error of difference
0 hypothesized difference α = 0.05
Critical Region = ±2.048
-1.02 t df = 28
.3143 p-value (two-tailed) t-value = -1.02

The t-value -1.02 is inside the acceptance region. Therefore we accept H0. Thus it can be

concluded that there is no significant difference between the Experimental and Controlled

Variables in terms of their acceptability.

31
 APPENDIX E. Comparison Between the Device and Commercial Product

SPECIFICATIONS Hand Powered Charger Commercial Universal

Charger

Voltage Input 200-250 V 220 V (electrical outlet)

Voltage Output 4.2-6 V 4.2- 6 V

Power Rating 10 watts

Time Required to Fully 2.42 hours 1.5 hours
Charge a Battery

Cost Operation none Php 0.075

Hand Powered LED Lamp Commercial LED Lamp

Voltage Input 200-250 V 220 V

Power Rating 6 watts

Quality of Illumination Very Satisfactory Very Satisfactory

Cost Operation none

32
 APPENDIX F. Gantt Chart

Duration (weeks)

ctivities April May June

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

1. Identification of the topic/

problem
1. Literature Search

2. Designing of the machine

3. Gathering and Preparation of

Materials
4. Constructing the Hand Crank

5. Constructing the Wooden Case

6. Assembling the Universal

Charger
7. Assembling the LED lamp

8. Assembling all the Parts

9. Testing and Evaluation of the

product
10. Data Gathering and Recording

11. Writing of Results

33
 APPENDIX G. Logbook

January 1-3, 2015

The Christmas vacations are nearly over. I will review now my notes to be ready for the

classes next week. A good luck to me!

January 4-10, 2015

New year, new life! Classes now resumed and we are welcomed by many assignments and

lessons. This week is really a hard challenge for us and I wish that everyone will be able to

accomplish all their requirements.

January 11-17, 2015

The week when most students are the busiest, examinations week, a week for test and

rushing the requirements and projects. I wish that I will be able to survive this week with good

results in my exams.

January 18-24, 2015

This week is a bit relaxing as the examinations are over. We checked our papers and I got

good results in some subjects. Also, our Research I teacher taught to us the contents of the Chapter

III of a research paper.

January 25-31, 2015

This week is not so busy. Hence, I tried planning for my study. Also, our Research teacher

taught us how to construct the Chapter III of a research paper and the research designs that can be

used for a study.

34
February 1-7, 2015

I am overly excited for my trip to Japan as a Philippine ambassador. I prepared my clothes

and other necessities. My only wish is to represent Philippines at my very best.

February 8-14, 2015

Japan is the best! It is winter now. Also, I met a lot of people who are my co-delegates

from the Philippines. Moreover, we really had the best of meals and a great hotel in our stay here

in Japan. Someday, I promise that will return here.

February 15-21, 2015

I am now back from Japan and I am stuck with many works to do. Also, our practice for

the our JS prom added to what I need to do. I wish this week will be over in the blink of an eye.

February 22-28, 2015

This week is one of the most colorful weeks of our town, Binalonan. We had our town

fiesta where we watched our school bag the 2nd place for street dancing. Also, I participated in the

JS promenade of our school. Everyone is dressed so glamorously. It is so fun!

March 1-7, 2015

The final examination for the school year is coming so I need to review to achieve my plans

for this academic year. Also, I told my research teacher I will focus more on engineering and energy

as it is interesting.

March 8-14, 2015

Examinations are here! I concentrated so much in studying this week. And it had a great

fruit as I got a high score in my tests. How great!

35
March 15-21, 2015

We had our teachers sign our clearance. Some of our teachers are hard to find and some

are very demanding of things to pass before they sign our clearance. Though classes are ending, I

still did not forget my investigatory project. Thus, I consulted my Research teacher and decided

that I will go individual with my study.

March 22-28, 2015

Finally, I can now harvest the crop I worked hard for the whole year in our Recognition

Day as I am our class's most outstanding student and I received a lot of awards. I am also happy

that vacation already there and I can concentrate now on my study.

March 29 – April 4, 2015

This is the time many of us has been waiting for, vacation time! But still, I went to our

school to finish my clearance. Also, we had an outing with my friends and we had a great time.

April 5-11, 2015

I started my investigatory project. I came up with the title “Improvised Human-Powered

Universal Charger for Cell Phone Batteries and LED Lamp”. I wish that my study will go well and

that I would not have many problems with it.

April 12-18, 2015

We had a 5-day training and workshop on Research and Laboratory. I am so happy as my

team together with other teams from my school received awards in the contests held during the

training. I learned a lot and I wish that I will be able to apply it in my study.

36
April 19-25, 2015

I did some research on the internet on other studies related to mine. Also, I searched on the

potentials of my study and other things that can help me build up with my design on the machine.

April 26- May 2, 2015

Our family is complete and we took the chance to have an outing in a resort and those times

were amazing. But still, I did not forget my responsibilities on my study. So, I researched more on

my study especially on the problems and works that can help me finish it.

May 3-9, 2015

This week, I worked more on the design of my machine. I consulted my father about it as

I know that he can help greatly in the improvement of the design that I made.

May 10-16, 2015

Though classes are still some time away, I already bought what I need for the classes

because I do not want to go there when it is already late and crowded. Better early that to suffer

greatly!

May 17-23, 2015

I have two roles this week, a researcher and an SSG officer. We held our yearly Brigada

Eskwela and as an officer, I am obliged to attend every day for a week. And every afternoon, I

planned on my study. I looked for some items that will be used in my study.

37
May 24-30, 2015

My search for the materials to be used in constructing my machine is not yet done. I went

to different places to collect recycled and defected materials and also bought on electronic supply

stores for my study.

May 31-June 6, 2015

I started constructing the improvised human-powered universal charger for cell phone

batteries and LED lamp and finished about half of it. Also, classes will start next week. I am so

excited!

June 7-13, 2015

Finally, the wait is over. School year 2015-2016 now officially began. We had a busy start

and I promise to work hard and reach my goals again. And as for the investigatory project, it is

nearly done. It only needs assembling.

June 14-20, 2015

I can feel now the hectic schedule of being a Grade 10 SSC student. Late sleep at night and

many assignments and notes to review. But, I have now finished the machine.

June 21-27, 2015

Also, now that I have finished the machine, I tested it to solve the problems that needs to

be answered. I also conducted surveys about my study. It is nearly done!

June 28- July 4, 2015

Our school is getting busy for activities being held again. But still, I managed to finish the

testing and write-up of my study. I can finally say a big yes for finishing my investigatory project.

38
July 5-11, 2015

Second month of classes and I already finished my research paper. I passed my paper to

my research teacher for her to check it and revise some errors that I have committed.

July 12-18, 2015

Though my research papers are already finished, my schedule this week is still very hectic

as there are many practicums and quizzes at school. How sad!

July 19-25, 2015

We prepared for this week for our contests for in the following week, we will be going to

Iloilo to attend a national science camp. I wish we will do good and win glory for our school.

July 26- August 1, 2015

It is our first time in Iloilo and we are all fascinated by how great Iloilo is. I feel so good

as I won the Best Photo Caption and 1st Place Winner in the Photo contest and I also passed the

elimination in the quiz bee and won 9th place among science enthusiasts all over the Philippines.

August 2-8, 2015

After coming back from Iloilo, we are welcomed by our first periodical examinations and

a lot of requirements to rush due to the days that we have missed last week. Also, our research

teacher returned to us our checked write-ups so that we will be able to correct the errors on our

papers.

39
August 9-15, 2015

We had this week our yearly Intramurals. We had sports games and a pageant. It was tiring

but at the end of the event, we, the Grade 10 Blue Eagles won against Grades 7 to 9. I am so happy

for our achievement!

August 16-22, 2015

We are back to normal classes again. I knew our grades this week and I am a bit

disappointed of my grades. But still, I need to work hard so I started correcting the errors that my

research teacher has checked on my research paper.

August 23-29, 2015

A new start for the second grading means better grades and better time management. Also,

the research paper was already done being corrected. I wish there will be no more errors in it.

August 30- September 5, 2015

It is the start of the busiest month for SSC students, the month for celebrating science! We

are preparing for many activities this week. But still, we are on regular classes so we hit two birds

with one stone.

September 6-12, 2015

We prepared our materials for our exhibit which will be a few weeks away from now. We

really need to do good here because we want others to be more interested in science. Also, it is

graded for all of our science-related subjects.

40
September 13-19, 2015

This week, I attended a leadership training and it was fun meeting leaders all over

Pangasinan Division II. We had many activities and fun to watch experiences during the said event.

Also, we finalized our exhibit because it will be next week already.

ç

September 20-26, 2015

The open house and exhibit was successful. We also made a success out of our exhibit and

frolics and earned more the Php 7,000. But things are not yet over as we still need to prepare for

the science camp next week and I also need to review for our science quiz bee.

September 27- October 3, 2015

It is a great week for me! Not only because the science camp that we had prepared for was

successful but also because I won 2nd place in our quiz bee. I hope this luck will continue forever.

October 4-10, 2015

We are pretty busy this time as we need to rush a lot of things after being excused for many

days. Also, I need to prepare for the deadline for the submission for the 2015 Division Science Fair

is nearing. It looks like we will be doing many things again.

October 11-17, 2015

Though this week is examinations week, the forms for the upcoming science fair was

prepared. I hope that if possible, we will represent the Philippines to the internationals.

October 18-24, 2015

I submitted my research papers to our research teacher for she will submit it to the office.

May the odds be ever in our favor.

41
 APPENDIX H. Pictorials

CONSTRUCTING THE HAND CRANK

Drilling holes in the metal shaft Fitting the crank to the shaft

CONSTRUCTING THE WOODEN CASE

Cutting the wood Creating holes in the wood

Drilling the wood

42
 ASSEMBLING THE UNIVERSAL CHARGER

Analyzing the circuit of the charger Soldering the wires to the switch

Soldering the wires to the circuit Hole for the switch of the charger

Attaching the charger to the wood

43
 ASSEMBLING THE LED LAMP

Analyzing the circuit of the LED lamp Soldering the wires to the switch

Soldering the wires to the circuit of the lamp Cutting the case of the lamp in two

Hole for the switch of the lamp Attaching the lamp to the wood

44
 ASSEMBLING ALL THE PARTS

Fitting the bearings to the hole Assembling the crank to the bearing

Assembling the generator to the wood Assembling the wood of the lamp

and charger

Soldering the wires of the lamp and

charger to the wires of the generator

45
Assembling other pieces of woods Assembling the handle

THE IMPROVISED HUMAN-POWERED UNIVERSAL CHARGER FOR

CELL PHONE BATTERIES AND LED LAMP

Top view of the machine Inside view of the machine

46
The Hand Crank The Universal Cell Phone Battery Charger

The LED lamp

47
 RESEARCH PLAN

Name Reden R. Patacsil Cluster 2 Category Individual

School Juan G. Macaraeg National High School Fair Division Physical Science

School Address Canarvacanan, Binalonan, Pangasinan Tel. No. 562-34-64

Title of Project Improvised Human-Powered Universal Charger for Cell Phone Batteries and LED

Project Adviser Ms. Melissa Gagujas

A. Rationale

Many countries all over the world experience problems regarding a shortage in

power. Thus, such situations hinder the people from doing things that needs electricity to

work like lights in houses and phone charging, both which are essential to daily living.

Also, in places where electricity is abundant, especially to countries that rely

mostly on non-renewable resources, it cannot be denied that there are environmental

consequences to be faced like global warming, pollution, specifically land, water and air

pollution, acid rain and its effects on the human health.

According to a study conducted by the Philippine Institute for Development

Studies in 2013, there are still 16 million Filipinos who does not have access to electricity,

forming part of the 130 million in Southeast Asia who do not have access to electricity.

Meanwhile, according to the 2011 Household Energy Consumption Survey of the

National Statistics Office, about 87% of 21 million households in the Philippines used

electricity from March to August 2011. And of the energy used, 72% came from non-

renewable resources. With such high percentage of households using electricity, it is also

expected that a large number of people will be affected by the current and future energy

crisis in the country. Also, it is certain that the number of environmental problems the

country is currently experiencing will increase.

48
 But in 1831, an important discovery that revolutionized the use of renewable

energy was discovered. Michael Faraday found out that electric current can be produced

by the changing of the magnetic field. First, Faraday experimented on a magnetic field that

stayed the same but it did not produce current. But on his other experiment wherein he

changed the magnetic field, he was able to produce current and voltage.

This discovery was used by different scientist all over the world to generate

electricity. One of which are generators or devices which converts the rotational motion of

an object to electricity. It has many applications throughout the world such as windmills,

car alternators, bicycle dynamo and hydroelectric dams.

The mentioned premises are the foreground of this study. Due to the unsettling

conditions stated, the researcher is encouraged to study about the generation of current and

voltage from changing magnetic field by using the power of humans to create a rotational

motion to power a generator. This is the reason why the study “Improvised Human-

Powered Universal Charger for Cell Phone Batteries and LED Lamp” will be developed to

be used as a potential source of energy to charge or power mobile phones and to serve as

lighting in houses to enable to solve the present scientific dilemma on power shortage and

the environment.

The study will be able to help people, especially those from remote places

where there is no electricity, to have a sustainable lighting system and cell phone

charger which is available for use all day long. The useful and relevant information

acquired to be acquired from the study will also encourage the people to create

their own ways to utilize the power of humans, thereby significantly contributing to

the reduction of environmental dilemmas and problems on the lack of energy or power

in remote areas all over the world.

49
B. Hypotheses

H0: There is no significant difference between the human-powered universal charger

and LED lamp and the standard universal charger and standard LED lamp in terms of:

a. Acceptability;

b. Room Illumination;

H1: There is a significant difference between the human-powered universal charger

and LED lamp and the standard universal charger and standard LED lamp in terms of:

a. Acceptability;

b. Room Illumination;

C. Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to design and construct an improvised human-powered universal

charger for cell phone batteries and LED lamp without the presence of electricity coming

directly from electrical sockets.

Specifically, the study sought to:

1. determine the electricity produced by the human-powered charger and LED lamp.

2. determine the charging time of a cellphone battery using the battery slot and the

USB slot of the human-powered universal charger?

3. determine the efficiency of the human-powered universal charger and LED lamp

and the standard universal charger and standard LED lamp in terms of:

a. Acceptability;

b. Room Illumination;

c. Charging Time

50
 4. determine the significant difference between the human-powered universal charger

and LED lamp and the standard universal charger and standard LED lamp in terms

of:

a. Acceptability; and

b. Room Illumination

D. Expected Outcomes

The human-powered universal charger and LED lamp can be used as a

substitute for the standard universal charger and Standard LED lamp which can be the

solution on power shortage and the hazards brought about by the extensive use of non-

renewable sources of energy.

E. Procedure

The hand crank will be constructed followed by the wooden case. The universal

charger and LED lamp will be assembled respectively by connecting its circuit

appropriately to the generator of the machine. And lastly, all of the parts will be

assembled as a whole to create the machine.

F. Data Analysis

In the proposed study, the research design is experimental design, specifically,

the two group design. The experimental group is the improvised human-powered

universal charger for cell phone batteries and LED lamp which will be compared to the

control group which is the standard universal cell phone battery charger and LED lamp.

The experiment will be tested on an 800 mAh cell phone battery. The voltage

input and output of the machine and its charging time will be tested. Also, a survey will

be conducted to test the acceptability and the room illumination of the machine.

51
G. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Articles

16-M Pinoys do not have access to electricity – study

(Retrieved from http://www.philstar.com/business/2013/11/25/1260424/16-m-pinoys-do-

not-have-access-electricity-study)

NSO: 87% of households use electricity by Czarina Ong

(Retrieved from http://www.mb.com.ph/nso-87-of-households-use-electricity/)

Books

The Grolier new webster's dictionary (Vol. 1, p. 85). (1992). Danbury, CT.: Grolier.

Internet

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-universal-charger.htm

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/light-emitting-diode-LED

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electrical-generator.htm

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magnetic+field

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/current

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/voltage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)

http://www.physics4kids.com/files/elec_faraday.html

Patent

Jen, H.D.(2010) US Patent 7,723,880. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

52
Conference Paper

Moon, S., Lee, J., Koo, D., Park, B., & Lai, J. (2014). Design and control of battery charger

for portable human powered generator, presented at IEEE Applied Power Electronics

Conference and Exposition, 2014.

(Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 269309230_ Design_and_

control_of_battery_charger_for_portable_ human_powered_generator)

53