Munar, Andrea Jhiyan I.

10-SC
#18 07/12/19

Boyle’s Law

Original Formula:
A law stating that the pressure of a given PV = k
mass of an ideal gas is inversely P1V1 = P2V2
proportional to its volume at a constant Derived formula:
temperature 𝑘 𝑘 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1
P= V= P1= P2 =
𝑉 𝑃 𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1
V1 = V2 =
𝑃1 𝑃2
A balloon with a volume of 2.0 L is filled
with a gas at 3 atmospheres. If the 1. One practical application of Boyle's law is when
pressure is reduced to 0.5 atmospheres we open a bottle of soda. We slowly turn the cap to
without a change in temperature, what allow the air to escape before we completely remove
would be the volume of the balloon? the lid. We do this because we've learned over time
that twisting it open too fast causes it to fizz up and
Answer: spill all over. This happens because the liquid is
Vf = PiVi/Pf
pumped full of carbon dioxide, causing it to bubble up
Vi = 2.0 L as the CO2 makes its escape.
Pi = 3 atm 2. Syringe
Pf = 0.5 atm
Vf = (2.0 L) (3 atm) / (0.5 atm)
When you pull the plunger out on a syringe, it causes
Vf = 6 L / 0.5 atm the volume within the chamber to increase. As we
Vf = 12 L know, this causes the pressure to do the opposite,
which then creates a vacuum. When a syringe is
The volume of the balloon will expand to 12 L.
empty, the vacuum within the chamber sucks fluid in
through the needle.

Charles’ Law

Original Formula:
𝑉
V = kT or =K
𝑇
A law stating that the volume of an ideal gas at 𝑉1 𝑉
constant pressure is directly proportional to the = 2 or V1T2 = V2T1
𝑇1 𝑇2
absolute temperature. Derived formula:
𝑉2
V1 = ( ) T1
𝑉
T=𝑘
𝑇2
 𝑇 𝑉2 𝑉1
K=𝑉 T1 = 𝑇2
𝑉1 𝑉2
T2= 𝑇1
𝑉1
V2 = ( ) T2
𝑇1

A gas occupies 221 cm3 at a temperature of 0 C and

pressure of 760 mm Hg. What will its volume be at 100
C?
Since the pressure is constant and the mass of gas
doesn't change, you know you can apply Charles' law.
The temperatures are given in Celsius, so they must first
be converted into absolute temperature (Kelvin) to
apply the formula:
V1 = 221cm3; T1 = 273K (0 + 273); T2 = 373K (100 + 273)
Now the values can be plugged into the formula to solve
for final volume:
Vi/Ti = Vf/Tf
221cm3 / 273K = Vf / 373K
Rearranging the equation to solve for final volume:
Vf = (221 cm3)(373K) / 273K
1. Helium Balloon. One easy example of
Charles' Law is a helium balloon. If you fill
a helium balloon in a warm or hot room,
and then take it into a cold room, it
shrinks up and looks like it has lost some
of the air inside. But if you take it back to
a warm or hot place, it fills back up and
seems to be full again
2. Pop-up turkey thermometers work
based on Charles' law. As the turkey
cooks, the gas inside the thermometer
expands until it can "pop" the plunger.

Vf = 302 cm3

Amonton’s Law
Original formula:
P1 P
= 2 P = Kt
T1 T2
Derived formula:
𝑃2 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑇2
It states that the pressure of an ideal gas varies P1= ( ) P 2= ( )1
directly with the absolute temperature when 𝑇2 1 𝑇1
𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃2
the volume of the sample is held constant. T1= ( ) T2= ( )
𝑇2 𝑇1
𝑃 𝑃
T= K=
𝐾 𝑇
A gas confined in a 4.473 L steel tank exerted a
pressure of 2.157 atm at 22.6 o. In a warmer Tire pressure is affected by
environment, the pressure inside the tank was found to temperature. According to Amonton’s
be 2.306 atm. What was the temperature in the law, higher temperature results in
warmer environment? higher air pressure. For example,
Solution to Amonton's Law Example 2 1. A tire may start out at the right
We recognize this as an Amonton's Law Problem pressure on a cool morning but be
because the volume does not change (we can assume a over-inflated later in the day when it is
steel tank has a constant volume) and there is no warmer.
mention of moles, so presumably there is no change in 2. Firing a bullet. When gunpowder
the number of moles of gas. The volume is given in the burns, it creates a significant amount of
superheated gas. The high pressure of
problem, but is not needed since it does not appear in
the hot gas behind the bullet forces it
Amonton's Law. Reading through the problem, we can
out of the barrel of the gun.
make the following variable assignments:
P1 = 2.157 atm
T1 = 22.6 C = 295.75 K (Note: Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15)
P2 = 2.306 atm
T2 = ?
The Amonton's Law equation P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 can be
solved for T2 to give
T2 = T1 ( P2 / P1 ) = 295.75 K ( 2.306 atm / 2.157 atm ) =
316.18 K = 43.0 C

Avogadro’s Law
It states that, "equal volumes of all gases, at the same Original formula:
temperature and pressure, have the same number of 𝑉1 𝑉2
molecules." For a given mass of an ideal gas, the volume =
𝑛1 𝑛2
and amount (moles) of the gas are directly proportional
Derived formula:
if the temperature and pressure are constant. 𝑉2 𝑛1 𝑉1 𝑛2
V1= ( ) V2= ( )
𝑛2 1 𝑛1 1
𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉2
n1 = n2=
𝑛2 𝑛1

A cylinder with a movable piston contains 2.00 g of helium,
He, at room temperature. More helium was added to the
cylinder and the volume was adjusted so that the gas
pressure remained the same. How many grams of helium
were added to the cylinder if the volume was changed from
2.00 L to 2.70 L? (The temperature was held constant.)
Solution:
1) Convert grams of He to moles:
Avogadro's Law states that the volume
of a gas is directly proportional to the
number of moles of gas. Example:
1. As you blow up a basketball, you are
forcing more gas molecules into it. The
more molecules, the greater the
volume. The basketball inflates.
2. Lungs expand as they fill with air.
 2.00 g / 4.00 g/mol = 0.500 mol Exhaling decreases the volume of the
2) Use Avogadro's Law: lungs.
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
2.00 L / 0.500 mol = 2.70 L / x
x = 0.675 mol
3) Compute grams of He added:
0.675 mol - 0.500 mol = 0.175 mol
0.175 mol x 4.00 g/mol = 0.7 grams of He added

Dalton’s Law
Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial
pressures) states that in a mixture of non-
reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal
to the sum of the partial pressures of the
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 …
individual gases.

The pressure of a mixture of nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, and oxygen is 150 kPa. What is the
partial pressure of oxygen if the partial pressures
of the nitrogen and carbon dioxide are 100 kPA
and 24 kPa, respectively? For this example, you
can simply plug the numbers into the equation
and solve for the unknown quantity.
P = Pnitrogen + Pcarbon dioxide + Poxygen
150 kPa = 100 kPa + 24 kPa + Poxygen
Poxygen = 150 kPa - 100 kPa - 24 kPa
Poxygen = 26 kPa
1. OPENING A SODA CAN. Inside a can or bottle of
carbonated soda is carbon dioxide gas (CO2 ), most
of which is dissolved in the drink itself. But some of
it is in the space (sometimes referred to as "head
space") that makes up the difference between the
volume of the soft drink and the volume of the
container.
2. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS. A fire extinguisher
consists of a long cylinder with an operating lever at
the top. Inside the cylinder is a tube of carbon
dioxide surrounded by a quantity of water, which
creates pressure around the CO2 tube.

Ideal gas Law

A physical law describing the relationship of

the measurable properties of an ideal gas,
where P (pressure) × V (volume) = n (number
of moles) × R (the gas constant) × T
(temperature in Kelvin). It is derived from a
combination of the gas laws of Boyle, Charles,
and Avogadro.
6.2 liters of an ideal gas is contained at 3.0 atm The Ideal Gas Law provides important
and 37 °C. How many moles of this gas are information regarding reactions, like the
present? combination of gases; stoichiometry, like the
Solution gas produced in a reaction; physical processes,
The ideal gas law states like the mixing of gases; and thermodynamic
PV = nRT processes, like the movement of matter
Because the units of the gas constant are given toward disorder.
using atmospheres, moles, and Kelvin, it's The Ideal Gas Law is used in engineering
important to make sure you convert values
given in other temperature or pressure scales. 1. For example, if an engineer has to store
For this problem, convert °C temperature to K 600g of oxygen in a container and that oxygen
using the equation: needs to be kept at a pressure of 1 atm and a
T = °C + 273 temperature of 125 degrees Fahrenheit, the
T = 37 °C + 273 Ideal Gas Law is used to figure out what
T = 310 K volume of a container needs to be built and to
Now, you can plug in the values. Solve ideal determine the capacity of storage containers.
gas law for the number of moles
n = PV / RT 2. It is also helpful in determining the
n = ( 3.0 atm x 6.2 L ) / ( 0.08 L atm /mol K x efficiency and standard operation of
310 K) equipment.
n = 0.75 mol
Answer
There are 0.75 mol of the ideal gas present in
the system.