C H E M I S T R Y

STATES OF MATTER
REALLY AN IDEAL GASES!

What you already know What you will learn

• Classification of matter • Gay-Lussac’s law

• Properties of the three states of matter • Avogadro’s law
• Intermolecular forces • Ideal gas behaviour
• Thermal energy • Real gas vs ideal gas
• Variation of measurable properties of gases • Ideal gas equation
• Boyle’s law • Density and molar mass of a gas
• Charles’ law

Recap

1. The three states of matter are solids, liquids and gases.

2. The state of a matter is determined by the resultant of the disordering effect of thermal energy
and the ordering effect of intermolecular forces of attraction.
3. The order of the magnitude of intermolecular forces of attraction in the three states of matter is:
Gas < Liquid < Solid
4. The order of the magnitude of thermal energy in the three states of matter is:
Solid < Liquid < Gas
5. The measurable properties of the gases are temperature, pressure, volume and number of
moles.
6. Boyle’s law: At a constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed amount (number of moles ‘n’) of
gas varies inversely with its volume.
P1 V2
=P1 V1 P=
2 V2 or
P2 V1

7. Charles’ law: At a constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional
to its absolute temperature.
V2 T2
=
V1 T1

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 02

Based on Boyle’s Law

How much should the pressure be increased in order to decrease the volume of the gas by 5%?
(a) 5% (b) 5.26% (c) 10% (d) 4.26%

Solution

Initial pressure = P1 Initial volume = V1

Final volume = V2 Final pressure = P2, P2 > P1
(P2 − P1 ) × 100% =
?
(P1 )
According to Boyle’s law, at a constant temperature, PV is constant for a fixed number of moles
of gas.
5 95 20
V2 =
V1 − V1 = V1 =P2 P1 , P2 > P1
100 100 19
P1V1 = P2V2 (n, T constant) 20
P2 − P1 P1 − P1
(95) ×=
100 19 × 100
P1 V=
1 P2 × V1 P1 P1
100
95 100
P1 = P2 = = 5.26%
100 19
19
P1 = P2 Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
20

NEET BOARDS
Gay-Lussac’s Law (Pressure-Temperature Relationship)

At a constant volume, the pressure of a fixed amount of a gas is directly proportional to the
temperature.
P ∝ T (n, V constant)

P
=P k=
3 T or = k3
Constant
T
P1 P2
= = k 3 or P1T2 = P2 T1
T1 T2
k3 depends on the number of moles and the volume of the gas.
P1 is the initial pressure of the gas and P2 is the final pressure of the gas.
T1 is the initial temperature of the gas and T2 is the final temperature of the gas.

Graphical interpretation of Gay-Lussac’s law

At different volumes, the graph of pressure vs temperature (in kelvin) is a straight line at different
pressures and different temperatures.

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Each line of pressure vs temperature graph is known as V1

an isochore.

Pressure (bar)
Isochores: Isochores are the graphs plotted for the P1
processes that takes place at constant volume. Extrapolation V2
As the temperature increases, the pressure increases, P2
V3
i.e., P ∝ T (at constant volume). P3
Consider T to be constant, draw a verticle line at constant V4
P4
temperature which crosses the different lines at different
pressure. The order of pressure is P1 > P2 > P3 > P4. (0, 0) Temperature (K)
Applying Boyle’s law,
Fig. 1: Pressure vs temperature
1
P ∝ (n, T constant) (in kelvin)
V
According to Boyle's law, at a fixed temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to the
volume. So, as the pressure increases, the volume decreases. Therefore, the order of volumes is
V 1 < V 2 < V 3 < V 4.

P
The graph vs P or T signifies that,
T P
P T
= constant
T

P or T
P
Fig. 2: Pressure vs temperature (in kelvin) and vs P or T
T

Application of Gay-Lussac’s law

How does a pressure cooker help cook food

faster?
Let us assume that the volume and the number
of moles inside the pressure cooker to be
constant. When heat is supplied, the water inside
the cooker evaporates and steam is produced.
This will increase the pressure inside the cooker.
In order to maintain the operational pressure
inside the cooker, the steam is released through
a valve periodically, which we hear as a whistle.
Fig. 3: Pressure cooker helps cook food faster

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 04

Based on Gay-Lussac’s law

At a constant volume, a gas has a pressure of 699.0 mm Hg at 40 oC. What is its temperature at
standard pressure?
(a) 310 K (b) 380 K (c) 400 K (d) 340 K

Solution

P1 = 699 mm Hg T1 = 40 + 273 = 313 K

P2 = 1 atm or 760 mm Hg (Standard pressure) T2 = ?
We know that,
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
699 760
=
313 T2

760 × 313
=T2 = 340.31 K
699
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

NEET BOARDS
Avogadro’s Law

It states that equal volumes of all gases under

the same conditions of temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of moles or molecules.
In the first container, the number of moles is less
and therefore, the volume will be also less. In the
second container, the number of moles is more and
therefore, the volume will also be more.
At constant pressure and temperature,
V∝n

V
= k= 4 constant (k4 depends on temperature and
n
pressure)
I II
V1 V2
= = k4 Fig. 4: Increase in number of molecules
n1 n2
results in increase in the volume.
If n1 = n2 then V1 = V2

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 05

Relation between molar mass and density

Number of moles of a gas can be calculated V

as follows: = k4
n
m = k4 × d
M
n=
M
m Where, m is the given mass.
d= M is the molar mass of the gas.
V
d× V V is the volume of the gas.
As m =
d × V, then n =
M d is the density of the gas.

Graphical Interpretation of Avogadro’s Law

Graph 1:
V∝n
V = k4 n Volume
Comparing the given equation with the equation V = Constant × n
of a straight line, y = mx + c,
There is no intercept.
Slope (m) = k4
x-axis = n (0, 0) Moles (n)
y-axis = V
Fig. 5: Graphs representing volume vs moles

Graph 2: V
= Constant
V V n
On plotting a graph of vs V or n, we can see
n n
V
that is a straight line parallel to the x-axis, which
n
V
shows that is a constant.
n n or V
V
Fig. 6: Graphs representing vs n or V
n
Application of Avogadro’s law

Why do the lungs contract and expand?

Let us assume the pressure and the temperature to be constant. When we inhale, the number of
moles of gas inside the lungs increases and therefore, lungs expand. Similarly, when we exhale,
we give out a number of moles of gas and hence, the number of moles of gas inside the lungs
decreases, causing it to contract. This action is in accordance with Avogadro’s law which states
that ‘equal volume of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain
equal numbers of moles or molecules’.

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Fig. 7: Inhaling increases the volume and exhaling decreases the volume
Contraction and expansion of balloons
Similar to the aforementioned example, as we add more number of moles of gas into the balloon
(on inflation), the size (volume) of the balloon increases and vice versa (volume decreases on
deflation). The same happens in a tyre too.

(a) (b)
Fig. 8: (a) Expansion of balloon and (b) contraction of balloon

Based on Avogadro’s law

One mole of helium gas fills up an empty balloon upto a volume of 1.5 litres. What would be
the volume of the balloon if an additional 2.5 moles of helium gas is added? (Assume that the
temperature and the pressure are kept constant)
(a) 5.25 L (b) 6.45 L (c) 4.65 L (d) 7 L

Solution

Given,
n1 = 1 mol n2 = 2.5 + 1 = 3.5 mol
V1 = 1.5 L V2 = ?
Applying Avogadro’s law,
V1 V2
=
n1 n2
1.5 V
= 2
1 3.5
V2 = 1.5 × 3.5 =5.25 L
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

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 07

Based on Avogadro’s law

A tyre containing 10 moles of air and occupying a volume of 40 L loses half of its volume due to
a puncture. Considering the pressure and temperature to remain constant, what would be the
amount of air in the deflated tyre?
(a) 3 mol (b) 5 mol (c) 6.5 mol (d) 5.6 mol

Solution

Given,
n1 = 10 mol V1 = 40 L
V2 = 20 L n2 = ?
Applying Avogadro’s law,
V1 V2
=
n1 n2

n1 × V2 10 × 20 200
=
n2 = = = 5 mol
V1 40 40
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

NEET BOARDS
The Gas Laws

Gas laws

Boyle’s law Charles’ law Gay-Lussac’s law Avogadro’s law

n and T are n and P are n and V are T and P are

constant constant constant constant

1
P∝ V∝T P∝T V∝n
V

NEET BOARDS
Ideal Gas and Real Gas

If a gas follows all the gas laws, i.e., Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Gay-Lussac’s law and Avogadro’s law
at all conditions of temperature and pressure, then it is known as an ideal gas.

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 08

Boyle’s law

Charles’ law
If a gas follows

Avogadro’s law

Gay-Lussac’s law

Conditions for an Ideal gas

If a gas follows all the gas laws, i.e., Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Gay-Lussac’s law and Avogadro’s law
only under specific conditions (at low P and high T), then it is known as a real gas.

Boyle’s law

Charles’ law
Only under specific conditions
If a gas follows
(At low P and high T)
Avogadro’s law

Gay-Lussac’s law

Conditions for a real gas

Note

The forces of attractions between gas molecules are negligible at specific conditions (at low P
and high T). This is the reason why real gases follow gas laws only under specific condition.

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 09

NEET BOARDS
Ideal Gas Behaviour

The combination of Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Gay-Lussac’s law and Avogadro’s law leads to the
development of an equation that relates the following:

Pressure, Volume, Temperature and No. of moles

Let us consider,
At initial stage: Pressure is P1, volume is V1, and temperature is T1
At intermediate stage: Pressure becomes P2, volume becomes Vx, and temperature remains the
same i.e. T1
At final stage: Pressure remains the same, i.e., P2, volume becomes V2, and temperature becomes T2
Step 1: Moving from an initial stage to the intermediate stage, applying Boyle’s law,

Step 1
P1, V1, T1 P2, Vx, T1

Initial stage Intermediate stage

At constant temperature,
P1V1 = P2Vx
P1 × V1
=Vx = (T Constant) ...(i)
P2

Step 2: Moving from an intermediate stage to the final stage applying Charles’ law,
Step 2
P2, Vx, T1 P2, V2, T2

Intermediate stage Final stage

At constant pressure, PV
= Constant = k (k depends on the number
Vx V2 T
=
T1 T2 of moles of gas.)
It is known as combined gas law.
T1 × V2
=Vx = (P Constant) ...(ii) We know that according to Avogadro’s law,
T2
V ∝ n (at constant P, T)
Comparing equations (i) and (ii), we get, k∝n
P1 × V1 T × V2 k = nR
= 1
P2 T2 Where, n = Number of moles
Rearrange the above equation, we get, R = Universal gas constant
P1 × V1 P2 × V2 PV
= = k= nR
T1 T2 T
PV = nRT ...(iii)
Equation (iii) is known as the ideal gas equation.

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Shortcut method to derive ideal gas equation

We know,
Boyle’s law: At a constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed amount (number of moles ‘n’) of gas
varies inversely with its volume.
1
∝
V∝ ...(iv)
P
Charles’ law: At a constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional
to its absolute temperature.
V ∝ T ...(v)
Avogadro’s law: Equal volume of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of moles or molecules.
V ∝ n ...(vi)
From equation (iv), (v) and (vi), we get,
Tn RTn
∝
V∝ =
P P
PV = nRT ...(vii)
Where, R is the proportionality constant or universal gas constant.
Ideal gas equation: It is a relation between the four variables (P, V, T and n) and describes the
states of any gas. Hence, it is also known as the equation of state.
R will have different numerical values in different systems at a fixed temperature.
R represents work done per kelvin per mol. Since work can be expressed in different systems of
units, R will have different numerical values in different systems.

At STP (atm),
 101325 Nm-2 × (22.4 × 10−3 m3 ) 
R= 
 (1 mol × 273.15 K ) 
R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 (J = N m)

 1 atm × (22.4 L) 
Similarly, R =  
 (1 mol × 273.15 K ) 
R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1
R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1
As we know 1 cal = 4.184 J
8.314
So, R = cal K −1 mol −1
4.184
R = 1.987 cal K-1 mol-1

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Numerical value of R

Pressure (P) Volume (V) Value of R

1 atm 22.4 L 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1
1 bar 22.71 L 0.0831 L bar K-1 mol-1
105 Nm-2 22.71 × 10 -3 m3 8.314 J K-1 mol-1
105 Pa 22.71 L 8.314 L kPa K-1 mol-1

105 Pa 22.71 × 10 -3 m3 1.987 cal K-1 mol-1

760 torr 22.4 L 62.36 L torr K-1 mol-1

Table 1: Value of R in different systems

NEET BOARDS
Density and Molar Mass of a Gas

Given mass (m) m × RT

Number of moles = PV =
Molar mass (M) M
Mass m RT
Density = =
P ×
Volume V M
According to ideal gas equation, dRT
M=
PV = nRT P

Based on the combined gas law

30 cm3 of a gas at 2.02 atm and 25°C was compressed to 15 cm3 at 35°C. Calculate the final
pressure of the gas.

Solution

Given,
V1 = 30 cm3 P1 = 2.02 atm T1 = 25 + 273 = 298 K
V2 = 15 cm3 P2 = ? T2 = 35 + 273 = 308 K
P1 × V1 P2 × V2
=
T1 T2
2.02 × 30 × 308 18664.8
=P2 = = 4.17 atm
298 × 15 4470
Hence, the final pressure of the gas is 4.17 atm.

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 12

Based on density and molar mass of a gas

The density of a gas is found to be 5.46 g dm-3 at 27°C and 2 bar pressure. What will be its
density at STP?
(a) 3 g dm-3 (b) 5.46 g dm-3 (c) 6 g dm-3 (d) 10.82 g dm-3

Solution

Given,
At STP, Pressure (P2) = 1 bar P1 = 2 bar d1 = 5.46 g dm-3
Temperature (T2) = 273 K T1 = 273 + 27= 300 K d2 = ?
PM = dRT
P1 P2
=
d1 × T1 d2 × T2

P2 × d1 × T1 1 × 5.46 × 300
=d2 = = 3 g dm−3
P1 × T2 2 × 273
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

Based on the combined gas law

A bubble of air is underwater at a temperature of 15 oC and a pressure of 1.5 bar. If the bubble
rises to the surface where the temperature is 25 oC and the pressure is 1.0 bar, what will happen
to the volume of the bubble?
(a) Volume will become smaller by a factor of 0.70.
(b) Volume will become greater by a factor of 2.5.
(c) Volume will become greater by a factor of 1.5.
(d) Volume will become greater by a factor of 1.1.

Solution

The underwater temperature is less than that of the surface temperature and the underwater
pressure is higher than that of the surface pressure. At a constant temperature, as the pressure
increases, the volume decreases. Also, at a constant pressure, as the temperature increases, the
volume increases.
The bubble is present under water where the pressure is higher than that on the surface and the
temperature is lesser than that on the surface. Therefore, due to the higher pressure and lesser
temperature, the volume of the bubble will be lesser. When the bubble reaches the surface, the
pressure is less and the temperature is high. Therefore, due to the increased temperature and
decreased pressure, the volume of the gas bubble increases.

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 13

P1 × V1 P2 × V2
=
T1 T2

V2 P1 T2 1.5 × 298
= = = 1.55
V1 T1 P2 1 × 288

V2 ≈ 1.5 V1
Where V1 is the volume of the bubble under water.
V2 is the volume of the bubble on the surface.
So, the volume will increase by a factor of 1.5 on reaching the surface.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

Mindful question from the previous session

Bread and delicious cakes are gifts of which law?

Solution

We add the baking soda or baking powder to the batter to be baked because that will give rise
to carbon dioxide. Now, as the temperature will increase, the volume will also increase at a
constant pressure of the gas and hence, the batter will rise on baking. So, bread and delicious
cake are gifts of Charles’ law.

Mindful question for this session

How does a barometer work?

Fig. 9: Barometer

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 14

Summary

1. Gay-Lussac’s law: At a constant volume, the pressure of a fixed amount of a gas is directly
proportional to the temperature.
P ∝ T (at constant V, n)
P1 P2
= = k3 (Where k3 depends on the volume and the number of moles.)
T1 T2
2. Isochores: It is a line drawn on a pressure vs temperature graph through all the points having the
same value of the volume.
3. Avogadro’s law: Equal volume of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of moles or molecules.
V ∝ n (at constant P, T)
V1 V2
= = k4 (Where k4 depends on the pressure and the temperature.)
n1 n2

4. Combined gas law

P1 × V1 T1 × V2
=
P2 T2

Rearrange the above equation, we get

P1 × V1 P2 × V2
=
T1 T2

5. Ideal gas equation: It is a relation between the four variables and describes the states of any gas.
Hence, it is also known as the equation of state.
PV = nRT
6. R will have different numerical values in different systems.
R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1
R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1
R = 1.987 cal K-1 mol-1
7. Density and molar mass of a gas
dRT
M=
P

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