Experiment- I Experiment- II

AIM – To identify a diode, a LED, a transistor, an IC (Integrated AIM – To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light
Circuit), a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items. incident obliquely on a glass slab.
YOU NEED YOU NEED
1. A mixed collection of LED 2. A diode 1. Glass slab 2. Drawing board
3. A transistor 4. An IC 3. A sheet of white paper 4. Drawing pins
5. A resistor 6. A capacitor 5. Office pins 6. Protractor
THEORY THEORY
Diode, LED, Resistor, Capacitor are two terminal devices, while a When a ray of light incident on a parallel faced glass slab, it emerges
transistor has three terminals and an IC is a multiterminal device (Which from it in a same direction as the incident ray. It only suffers a lateral
has minimum of eight terminals). Generally an IC has flat back. displacement which is proportional to the thickness of the slab. (Fig. 2)
From the mixture of diode, LED, transistor, IC, resistor, capacitor one
can easily indentify the transistor being a three terminal device and an IC
being multiterminal, i.e., at least eight terminal device simply by looking
at the various components.
Remaining two terminal devices, i.e., diode, LED, capacitor and resistor
one can utilize the characteristics of the components.
Capacitor – It does not conduct when connected with D.C. circuit.
Resistor – It gives the constant current when connected with D.C. circuit.
Diode – It conducts when forward biased and it does not conduct when it
is reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting.
A LED – It conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when
reverse biased. It emits light while conducting.
OBSERVATIONS
S. No. No. of terminals (legs) Component
1. More then three legs IC (integrated circuit)
2. Three legs Transistor
3. Two legs Resistor, Capacitor, Diode or LED

S. No. Possibility of current flow Component

1. Current flows in one direction and emits no light Diode
2. Current flows in one direction and emits light LED
3. Current flows in both direction and it is steady Resistor OBSERVATIONS
4. Initially high current but decays to zero Capacitor The ray of light emerging from a glass slab is parallel to the incident ray
and it is laterally displaced.
 Experiment- III THEORY
AIM – To study the nature and size of the image formed by a concave The position, nature and the relative size of the image of an object
mirror, on a screen by using a candle and screen (for different distances formed by a concave mirror depends upon position of the object with
of the candle from the mirror) respect to the pole of the mirror. It is shown by the ray diagrams in Fig.
YOU NEED 7.
1. A concave mirror with holder OBSERVATIONS
2. An optical bench with three uprights Table for the position and nature, size of the image formed by concave
3. Meter scale 4. Candle mirror
5. A cardboard screen 6. A matchbox S. Position of Nature of Image
No.
Object (Candle) Image (Screen)
1. At infinity At F Real, inverted, highly diminished
2. Beyond C Between F and C Real, inverted, diminished
3. At C At C Real, inverted, same size
4. Between F and C Beyond C Real, inverted, magnified
5. At F At infinity Real, inverted, magnified but blurred
6. Between F and Behind the Virtual (cannot be taken on
P mirror screen), erect, highly magnified.
CONCLUSION
The change in position, nature and size of the image is according to the
theoretical predictions.
 Experiment- IV THEORY
AIM – To study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex The size of the image of an object formed by a convex lens depends
lens, on a screen by using a candle and screen (for different distances of upon the position of the object w.r.t. the convex lens. Various images
the candle from the lens). formed for the different positions of the object are shown in Fig. 8.
YOU NEED OBSERVATIONS
1. A convex lens with lens holder Rough focal length of the convex lens = F = …. Cm
2. An optical bench with three uprights Positions of 2F = …… cm
3. A cardboard screen 4. A candle 5. A matchbox Table for the position, nature, size of the image formed by convex lens
S. Position Position of candle Position of
No of lens flame relative to the the image Nature of Image
. (cm) lens (cm) (cm)
Real, inverted, highly
1. At infinity At F
diminished
Between F Real, inverted,
2. Beyond 2F
and 2F diminished
3. At 2F At 2F Real, inverted, same size
4. Between F and 2F Beyond 2F Real, inverted, magnified
Real, inverted, magnified
5. At F At infinity
but blurred
Virtual (cannot be taken
Same side
6. Between F and O on screen), erect, highly
of the object
magnified.
CONCLUSION
The change in position, nature and size of the image is according to
theoretical predictions.