Experiment – V 2. All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.

3. Null point should be taken between 40 and 60 cm.

AIM: - To find the resistance of a given wire using a metre bridge.
4. The plug in key K should be inserted only when the observations are to
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
be taken.
1. A metre bridge. 2. A resistance box. 3. One-way key
5. Move the jockey gently over the metre bridge wire.
4. A jockey 5. A wire whose resistance to be determined
6. The wire should not make a loop.
6. A galvanometer 7. A Leclanche cell
SOURCES OF ERROR:-
8. A screw gauge 9. Connecting wires 10. Sand paper
1. The plugs may not be clean
THEORY: - Unknown resistance X of the wire is given as
2. The wire may not have uniform area of cross sections.
X=
3. Instrument screws may be loose.
l is the length AB of metre bridge wire, R is the value of known resistance 4. The screw gauge may have backlash error due to the loose fitting of
from resistance box placed in the left gap of metre bridge.. screw.
OBSERVATIONS:-
1. Table for the unknown resistance.
S. Resistance from Length Length Resistance
No. resistance box R AB = l BC = (100 – l) X= (ohm)
(ohm) (cm) (cm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mean resistance X = ….. ohm
RESULT:-
1. The value of unknown resistance X is ……………ohm.
TAKE CARE:-
1. All the connections should be clean, neat and tight.
 Experiment – VI RESULT:-
AIM: - (i) To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given glass 1. The graph between i and D indicates that as angle of incidence i
prism by plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and angle of increases, angle of deviation D first decreases attains a minimum value D m
deviation. and then again starts increasing for further increase in angle of incidence.
(ii) To determine the refractive index of the material of the prism. 2. The angle of minimum deviation, Dm = …………
APPARATUS REQUIRED:- 3. The refractive index of the material of the prism (glass) ‘μ’ is …………..
1. A drawing board 2. A glass prism TAKE CARE:-
3. A white sheet of paper 4. Drawing pins 5. A pencil 1. The pin should be fixed vertical.
6. A scale 7. A graph Paper 8. A protractor 2. Encircle the pin pricks after they removed.
3. Pins must be at a distance of about 8 to 10 cm.
4. The angle of incidence should lie between 30◦ to 60◦.
5. The same angle of prism should be used for all the observations.
6. Draw the arrow to indicate the incidence, the refracted and the emergent
rays.
7. The curve should be free hand and smooth which should pass through as
many points as possible.
SOURCES OF ERROR:-
1. Measurement of the angle may be wrong.
2. Pin pricks may be thick.
3. The incident ray pins and emergent ray pins may not be along the same
straight line.
THEORY: - The refractive index (μ) of the material of the prism is given
by:
μ = where A is the angle of the prism and Dm is the angle of
minimum deviation.
OBSERVATIONS:-
1. Angle of prism ‘A’ = ………………
S. No. Angle of incidence i Angle of deviation D
1. 30◦
2. 35◦
3. 40◦
. ..
. ..
7. 60◦
 Experiment – VII OBSERVATIONS:-
AIM: - To draw I-V characteristic curve of a p-n junction diode in forward Table for forward and Reverse Bias Characteristics
bias and reverse bias.. S. For Forward biasing For reverse biasing
APPARATUS REQUIRED:- No. Forward bias Forward Reverse bias Reverse current IF
1. A semiconductor diode 2. A millimeter of range 0-50 mA. voltage VF (V) current IF voltage VR (μA)
3. A microammeter of range 0-500 μA (mA) (V)
4. Two variable power supplies (0-3 V and 0-15 V) 1.
5. Two voltmeters of ranges 0-3 V and 0.15 V 2.
6. Connecting wires 3.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
RESULT:-
The forward bias and reverse bias characteristics of the given p-n junction
diode are shown on the graph paper.
TAKE CARE:-
1. All connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. Voltmeters and ammeters of appropriate least count and ranges should be
selected.
3. The voltage applied should not exceed the maximum allowed limit of the
given diode.
THEORY: - A p-n junction is said to be forward biased when p-region is 4. Terminals of voltmeters and ammeter should be connected to the battery
connected to the +ve terminal of the source of e.m.f. (battery or cell and n- in the right manner.
region is connected to –ve terminal as shown in Fig. 3.5 (a). The forward
bias characteristics of p-n junction diode shows that forward current
increase with increase in forward bias voltage. But this increase is not
proportional.
A p-n junction didoe is said to be reverse biased when its p-region is
connected to –ve terminal of the source of e.m.f. and n-region connected to
the +ve terminal as shown in Fig. 3.5 (b). Reverse bias characteristics of p-n
junction diode shows that a very small current of the order of μA flows
through the circuit due to the drift of minority charge carrier.
 Experiment – VIII Table for the diameter (d) of the wire
AIM: - To determine resistivity of two/three wires by plotting a graph for S.No. Linear scale No. of circular Circular scale Observed
potential difference versus current. reading a scale division reading b = n diameter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:- (mm) coinciding (n) × L.C. (mm) d0 = a + b
1. A wire whose resistance per cm is to be determined (mm)
2. A voltmeter 3. An ammeter 4. A rheostat
5. One-way key 6. A battery eliminator
7. Connecting wires 8. Screwgange

Table for Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings

S. Wire - I Wire - II
No. Voltmeter Ammeter Voltmeter Ammeter
reading V (volt) reading I (A) reading V (volt) reading I (A)
1.
2.
3.
4.
THEORY: - Ohm’s law. It states that the current flowing through a 5.
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its two 6.
ends, provided that the physical conditions of the conductor remains
unchanged. RESULT:-
If I is the current flowing through the conductor and V is the potential 1. The value of unknown resistance X is …………….. ohm.
difference across its two ends, then where R is a constant called resistance 2. The specific resistance of the material of the given wire is ………….
of the conductor. If we plot a graph between V and I, it should be a straight Ohm-m.
line. The constant ratio (V/I) gives the unknown value of the resistance. TAKE CARE:-
The specific resistance ρ of the material of the wire is given as 1. All the connections should be neat, clean and tight.
ρ= 2. The connecting wires used should be thick copper wires and insulations
near their ends should be removed by rubbing them with sandpaper.
d is the diameter of the wire, L is the length of the wire and X is the
3. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
unknown resistance of the wire,
4. The key should be inserted only while taking the observations to avoid
OBSERVATIONS:-
the heating of the resistor.
1. Length of the wire = L = ……….. cm
SOURCES OF ERROR: -
2. Range of the ammeter = ………. Ampere (A)
1. Rheostat may have high resistance.
3. Range of the voltmeter = …………. Volt (V)
2. The instrument screw may be loose.
4. Least count of ammeter = …………. A
3. Resistance of wire changes due to passage of current through the wire.
5. Least count of voltmeter = …………. V
6. Least count of the screw gauge: 0.01 mm