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DRRR Reviewer -464 were killed

Module 1: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster

Disaster Risk - Kalamidad
- Suddent calamitous event
Disaster are events in our daily life. Can be bringing great damage, loss, or
simple accidents like: destruction.
 Slip and fall accident - A serious disruption of the
 Road accident functioning of a community or a
 Electric shock society due to hazardous events
 House fire interacting with conditions of
 Calamities vulnerability and exposure,
leading to widespread human,
Example: material, economic and
1. Disaster: Slip and Fall Accident environmental losses and
Hazard: Nakaapak ng saging or impacts. (UNISDR, 2015)
pebbles or Wet Floor - UNISDR- United Nations
International Strategy for
2. Disaster: Road accident Disaster Reduction
Hazard: Crossing road
Hazardous event
3. Disaster: Electric Shock -the occurrence of a natural or
Hazard: Baby might eat the wire human-induced phenomenon in a
particular place during a particular
Natural disaster period of time due to the existence of
a hazard
1. Earthquake - hazardous becomes disaster when
-may produce different types of there are losses
hazards like ground shaking, - hazard or peligro
liquefaction, tsunami, ground
rupture, and landslides.
 Slip & fall accidents are caused by
Ex. wet or uneven floors and scattered
Bohol Earthquake (7.2) objects on floors.
- Oct. 15, 2013  Road accidents are caused by
- 200 people died moving vehicles.
 Electric shocks are caused by faulty
2. Typhoon wiring or unsafe handling of electric
- Also known as tropical cyclones gadgets.
- May bring hazards such as floods  Buildings collapse occur due to
and strong winds earthquake ground shaking.
 Floods are caused by heavy rainfall
Ex. or overflowing river or water
Typhoon Ondoy storage.
-Ketsana
- Sept. 2009

Vulnerability and Disaster Risk
Not all hazards result to a disaster. Only
when a person, community or structure are
vulnerable to the hazard that a disaster may
occur.
Vulnerability- bulnerabilidad or kahinaan
“the conditions determined by physical,
social, economic and environmental factors
or processes, which increase the
susceptibility of a community to the impact
of hazards”
• Slip & fall accidents: People with poor
eye sight, physically impaired or senior
citizens, Type of footwear (high heels),
Inattentive with surroundings
• Road accidents: People with poor eye
sight, physically impaired or senior citizens,
Children, People not using pedestrian lanes
or following traffic signals
• Electric shocks –Kids, No safety
protection on electric gadgets
• Buildings collapse – Poorly built houses
and buildings, Buildings near faults • Floods
– Low lying areas or flood plains, clogged
drainage
Hazard + Vulnerability = Disaster (Losses)
Disaster risk is “considered to be a function
of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. It is
normally expressed as a probability of loss
of life, injury or destroyed or damaged
assets which could occur to a system,
society or a community in a specific period
of time”
The larger the vulnerable exposure the
higher the risk.
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Disaster Risk depends on Hazard and
Vulnerability.
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is “the
concept and practice of reducing disaster
risks through systematic efforts to analyze
and manage the causal factors of disasters,
including through reduced exposure to
hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and
property, wise management of land and the
environment, and improved preparedness for
adverse events” (UNISDR 2009).
-“the policy objective aimed at preventing
new and reducing existing disaster risk and
managing residual risk, all of which
contributes to strengthening resilience”
3 General Categories
1. Avoid the Hazard
2. Manage the Hazard
3. Reduce vulnerability
Module 2: Exposure and Vulnerability
Event becomes a disaster:
 Loss of life or injuries
 Normal living is affected
 Damage or loss of property
 Loss of income or economic
opportunities
 Damage to the environment
Exposure and Vulnerability- two factors
that will make the hazard a disaster
There is no disaster unless there are people
involved! The more people involved, the
bigger the disaster. This is called exposure.

Exposure-The situation of people,
infrastructure, housing, production
capacities and other tangible human assets
located in hazard-prone areas.
“paglagay sa panganib”
-measures of exposure can include the
number of people or types of assets in an
area or the value in money
Elements at Risk
Community risk encompasses all potential
losses from a hazard event. The elements at
risk
consist of a wide range of things that make
up a society.
➢ People (life and health)
➢ Structures (buildings, roads, bridges)
➢ Infrastructures (water, electricity,
communication, transportation)
➢ Economy (jobs, agricultural land and
products)
➢ Services (schools, hospitals, religious
institutions)
➢ Natural environment (forest, beaches)
Elements of Exposure
 Physical
o possible material damages or
losses
o People and property are exposed
to hazards
o Roads and other infrastructure
are similarly exposed.
o People, houses, buildings and
other structures tend to be
located in urbanized areas
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 Social or interaction
o related possible damages or
losses
o Psychological well-being can
be exposed to hazards
o Social relationships can be
affected with death of family
members and loved ones
o Hazards can interrupt or even
stop school and hospital
operations and other social
services
 Economic
o or impact on sources of
income and livelihood and
work of people
o Jobs, livelihood and sources
of income can be threatened
by hazards when buildings
and offices are destroyed and
damaged roads can stop
business transactions
o In rural areas, agricultural
products can be damaged by
hazards so that people do not
have goods to sell
 Environmental
o possible damages on the
natural world.
o The natural environment can
be adversely affected by
hazards leading to loss of
natural habitats and
biodiversity
Exposure:
 Makes the disaster bigger
 Includes the duration of the hazard
 Involves breadth and distance
 Is influenced by economic need
Types of Vulnerability

⚫ Human vulnerability is the relative lack
of capacity of a person or community to
anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover
from the impact of a hazard.
⚫ Structural or physical vulnerability is
the extent to which a structure or service is
likely to be damaged or disrupted by a
hazard event.
⚫ Community vulnerability exists when the
elements at risk are in the path
or area of the hazard and susceptible to
damage by it.
Elements of Vulnerability
1. Physical
⚫ refers to the susceptibility of
individuals, households and communities to
loss due to the physical environment in
which they find themselves (UNISDR
2002:47)
⚫ It relates to aspects such as access to
suitable land, land use planning, housing
design, building standards, materials used
for building houses, engineering,
accessibility to emergency services and
other similar aspects.
⚫ This poor physical environment
exposes people to hazards such as
landslides, floods, fires, wind, disease and
epidemics. In addition, poor planning and
the proximity of structures limit access by
emergency services in the event of an
emergency or disaster.
2. Political
The level of vulnerability in any
⚫ soil erosion and later to landslides, floods or
community can be directly linked to the
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political will and commitment to
developmental concerns.
⚫ Includes aspects such as denial of
access to quality education, employment
opportunities, availability of and access to
resources, access to infrastructure, basic
services and information.
3. Economic
⚫ Poverty probably has the single most
important influence
⚫ Poverty and lack of access to land and
basic services explains why people in urban
areas are forced to live on hills that are prone
to landslides, or why people settle near
rivers that invariably flood their banks.
4. Social
⚫ The level of social well-being of
individuals, households and communities
⚫ Levels of education, literacy and
training, safety and security, access to basic
human rights, social equity, information and
awareness, strong cultural beliefs and
traditional values, morality, good
governance and a well- organised cohesive
civil society
5. Environmental
⚫ Natural resource depletion and
resource degradation are key aspects of
environmental vulnerability.
⚫ Loss of trees increases vulnerability to
drought.

Characteristic of Vulnerability
1. Different Hazards, Different
Vulnerability
2. Vulnerability develops over time
(Dynamism of Vulnerability)
3. Hazards can create Vulnerability
4. Exposure and Vulnerability-
• Poverty increases vulnerability
• Provinces with the most number of
poor people are most exposed to
hazards
Module 3: Basic Concept of Hazards
Hazard
- Peligro
- a potentially damaging physical
event, phenomenon or human
activity that may cause the loss
of life or injury, property
damage, social and economic
disruption or environmental
degradation.
NATURAL HAZARDS
1. Geological - Earthquakes
 Ground shaking
 Ground-rupture
 Liquefaction
 Earthquake-induced ground
subsidence
 Landslides
2. Geological – Volcanoes
 Lahar
 Ashfall
 Pyro-clastic flow
 Ballistic projectile
 Volcanic gases
3. Geological (Others)
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 Rainfall-induced landslides
 Sinkholes
 Tsunami
4. Hydro-meteorological and Climate
Change-related
 Windstorms (Typhoon)
 Thunderstorms
 Flashfloods
 River and coastal flooding
 Stormsurge
 El-Nino
 La-Nina
5. HUMAN-INDUCED HAZARDS
 Fire (Arson and Accidental Fires)
 Industrial & Technological
Accidents
 Chemical
 Environmental Degradation
(e.g.Pollution, Deforestation)
 Terrorism
 Wars
6. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Hazardous event
- defined as “the occurrence of a
natural or human-induced
phenomenon in a particular place
during a particular period of time due
to the existence of a hazard.”
Sectors that the Natural Hazard may
have impact:
 Urban infrastructure
 Human health and safety
 Vulnerable communities/ urban
Review Table 3.1!!
Philippines as a Hazard-Prone Country

 5 earthquakes occur per say
 1990 Luzon earthquake which
affected Baguio and Dagupan
 2013 most recent earthquake
destroyed churches in Bohol and
Cebu
 22 active volcanoes
o Pinatubo erupted in 1991
o Mayon and Bulusan showed
unrest in 2016
o prone to volcanic hazards
related to eruptions such as
lava flows, pyroclastic flows,
lahar flows, ash or tephra
falls and poisonous volcanic
gases.
 Tropical depressions, tropical
cyclones and typhoons are weather
disturbances characterized by strong
winds and voluminous rains
 Typhoon – 120 kph (generally in
west-northwest direction at 15 kph
on the average)
 Winds can be 200kph
 Average 20 typhoons occur in the
Philippines
 July to November is the most active
cyclone season
 Philippines - 4th highest frequency
sa Asia and the Pacific (1971-2010)
 218 meteorological disasters
 Typhoon Milenyo and Reming
(2006) and typhoon Ondoy (2009)-
resulted large damages
 Pablo (2012)- devastated Mindanao–
historically “typhoon-free”
 Yolanda (November 8, 2013- one of
the most intense
-killed 10,000 people in
Tacloban and Visayas
 Other hazards that have brought
disaster to the country are landslides
and mudflows (2006 Southern Leyte
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landslide). Landslides are usually
triggered by earthquakes, while
mudflows are caused by heavy
rainfall. The coastal areas are also
exposed to adverse impacts of storm
surges (2013 Yolanda) , tsunami
(1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake) and
sea level changes.
Module 4: Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake
-defined as the shaking of the earth
caused by waves on and below the earth’s
surface causing surface faulting, aftershocks,
tsunamis, tremors, vibrations, liquefaction
and landslides.
- sudden release of energy in Earth’s
crust that creates seismic waves
- 5 million earthquakes occur
worldwide in a year
- above magnitude 7 will cause
serious disasters
Earthquake Terminologies
 Crust -earth's outermost layer
consisting of rigid oceanic and
continental tectonic plates.
 Mantle – the layer of heated viscous
rock between Earth's crust and core.
 Epicenter - the point on the Earth's
surface above the point at depth in the
Earth's crust where an earthquake
begins.
 Focus – the point at which the
earthquake rupture begins, usually deep
within the earth on a fault.
 Fault – a fracture or crack along which
two blocks of rock slide past one
another. This movement may occur
rapidly, in the form of an earthquake,

or slowly, in the form of creep.
 Seismogram –the record made by a
seismograph.
 Seismographs–instruments that make
an automatic record of the time,
duration, direction, and intensity of
earthquakes.
 Tectonic plate – earth's outer shell is
composed of large, relatively strong
"plates" that move relative to one
another. Movements on the faults that
define plate boundaries produce most
earthquakes.
 Tectonic subsidence– downdropping
and tilting of a basin floor on the
downdropped side.
 Foreshock –an earthquake that
precedes the largest quake
("mainshock") of an earthquake
sequence. Foreshocks may occur
seconds to weeks before the
mainshock. Not all mainshocks are
preceded by foreshocks.
 Mainshock – the largest quake of an
earthquake sequence, possibly
preceded by smaller foreshocks and
commonly followed by aftershocks.
Magnitude vs. Intensity
Magnitude
- determined from measures on
seismographs
Intensity
- measures the strength of shaking
produced by the earthquake
-determined from effects on people,
human structures, and the natural
environment
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Modified Mercalli (MM) Intensity Scale
-developed by American
seismologist Harry Wood and Frank
Neumann in 1931
-Roman Numerals– increasing levels
of intensity
Note: An earthquake has one magnitude but
has many intensities
PHIVOLCS
-Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology
- national institution dedicated to
provide information on the activities of
volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis
-installed stations to monitor all
seismic activities around the country
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Bulletin
-determines incoming data from
Philippine National Seismic Network
Philippine Standard Time (8 hours ahead of
Coordinated Universal Time)
PST = UTC + 8H
Notable Earthquakes in PH
1. Luzon 1990 Earthquake
o July 16, 1990 (4:26 pm)
o Magnitude 7.8 produced a
125 km long ground rupture
o Dingalan, Aurora to Cuyapo
Nueva Ecija
o 1283 dead
o 2786 injured
o 321 missing
o 15.2 Billion worth of
damages
2. Bohol 2013 Earthquake
o October 15, 2013 (8:12 am)
o Magnitude 7.2
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o Occurred in Reguin VII

specifically at Tagbilaran PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale
City, Bohol, and Cebu
o 156 dead I. Scarcely Perceptible-
o 374 injured perceptible to people under
o 22 missing favorable circumstances
o 631,809 families were II. Slightly Felt- felt by few
affected individual at rest indoors.
o Approximately 2.5 Billion Hanging objects swing slightly
damages III. Weak- felt by many people
indoor specially upper floors.
3. Surigao 2017 Earthquake Vibration like passing of light
o February 10, 2017 truck
o Magnitude 6.7 at epicenter IV. Moderately Strong- felt
16km, north west of Surigao generally by people indoors and
City some outdoors. Light sleepers are
o 300 houses damaged awakened
o 7 bridges collapsed V. Strong- Felt by most people
o 665 Million indoors and outdoors
VI. Very Strong- many people are
Other Notable Earthquakes frightened and may run outdoors.
Some people may lose balance
4. Mindanao and Sulu VII. Destructive- difficult to stand in
o August 17, 1976 upper floors
o Magnitude 8.0 VIII. Very Destructive
o 8,000 dead IX. Devastating
o 10,000 injured X. Completely Devastating
o 90,00 homeless
Earthquake Potential Hazards
5. Luzon
o November 30, 1645 1. Groundshaking
o Magnitude 7.5 -is primary cause of earthquake
o “most terrible earthquake” damage to a man-made structures
o Nueva Ecija
o San Manuel and Gabaldon -also defined as Shaking of earth
Faults caused by waves on and below the
o 600 dead earth’s surface causing surface
o 3,000 injured faulting, aftershocks, tsunamis,
tremors, vibrations, liquefaction and
6. Casiguran landslides (UNDP). “Lindol” in
o August 2, 1968 Filipino.
o Magnitude 7.3
o Casiguran, Aurora Agents of damage- effects which
o 260 dead in Binondo can cause damage.
o 268 died in total
o 261 injured Indian Ocean Tsunami

-Dec 26, 2004
- 250,000+ dead
Impacts of Groundshaking:
 Damage to man-made structures
such as roads, bridges, dams and
buildings
 Fires, often associated with broken
electrical lines and and left running
gases
 Injuries and Death
 Spill of hazardous chemicals if not
properly secured.
2. Ground-rupture-The movement of
the ground along one side of a Fault
relative to the other side, caused by
an earthquake. It is also an offset of
the ground surface when fault
rupture extends to the Earth's surface
- Measurement: distance or
area; it increases with
magnitude
Impacts of ground rupture:
 Damage to existing structures
(bridge, roads, railroad tracks, etc.).
 Broken pipes and utility lines.
Disrupted drainage.
 Death/Injury.
Area near fault or ground rupture: When
an earthquake event occurs, ground
rupture is only where the fault zone
moves.
How to reduce vulnerability to ground
rupture?
 Select a location far from a fault line,
“Avoidance”.
 The government should provide
zones where structures may be built.
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 Proper Structural and geotechnical
engineering designs.
3. Liquefaction
- a process by which water-
saturated sediment
temporarily loses strength
and acts as a fluid
- agitated by seismic shaking
- Aftermath: flood or covered
with mud
- Measurement: no direct
method
Area is prone to liquefaction if:
o near fault zones
o located in coastal zones
where there are loose sand
deposits
o area has shallow ground
water table
Impacts of liquefaction:
o Buildings and other
structures can sink down into
the ground or tilt over
o Underground pipes and tanks
may rise up to the surface.
4. Subsidence
- Lowering of land surface
- Can occur rapidly due to
sinkhole or underground
mine collapse
- Measurement: Elevation or
elevation-change
measurements
Impact of ground subsidence:
o Cracked infrastructure
(bridge, roads, railroad
tracks, etc.)
o Changes in elevation and
gradient of channels.

o Broken pipes and utility
lines. Disrupted drainage.
o Injury/Death.
How to reduce vulnerability to ground
subsidence?
o Public information programs
o Maps
o Land-use management
5. Landslides
-downslope movement of rock and
soiles under the effect of earthquake
- General term: rock or debris
downslope under the influence of
gravity (Tibag o Guho ng Lupa)
-Measurement: movement of
landmass monitored using GPS
How to know it your area is prone to
landslide:
o Springs, seeps or saturated ground in
areas that are not usually wet.
o New cracks or unusual bulges in the
ground, street or sidewalks.
o Soil moving away from foundations,
or the tilting or cracking of concrete
floors and foundations.
o Sunken or down-dropped road beds.
Impact of landslides:
o Damage to properties.
o Disruption of transportation.
Blockage of road networks.
o Loss of agricultural sources.
o Death/Injury.
6. Tsunami
- Japanese word meaning “harbor
wave”
-originates from undersea or coastal
seismic activity
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- travel long distances at high speeds
to flood far-off shores
- Measurement: using tsunami
bouys that collect data about changes
in water levels through underwater
pressure gauges
Signs of Tsunami:
o Strong ground shaking from an
earthquake
o Unusual sea-level fluctuations
o Abnormally huge wave
o Loud ocean roar
What are the causes of damage in a
tsunami:
o High velocity impact of incoming
waves
o Inland distance of wave runup
o Vertical height of wave runup
o Inadequate resistance of buildings
o Flooding inadequate horizontal and
vertical evacuation
o Proximity to source of tsunami
Impacts of tsunami:
o Damage to properties.
o Damage to infrastructures.
o Death.
How to reduce vulnerability to tsunami?
o Land use management
o Planting and environmental
preservation
o Structural designs
o Hazard awareness, and
o Tsunami warning