Chapter

40
>Anatomy- biological form of an
organism
>Physiology- biological functions
>Interstitial Cells- keeps the cell moist CONNECTIVE
4 MAIN TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUE >binds and supports other tissues. It contains
sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an
*Epithilial- covering
extracellular matrix.
*Muscular-movement
*Connective- connect
*Nervous- react to stimuli
EPITHILIAL
>covers the outside of the body and lines the
organs and cavities within the body. It contains
cells that are closely joined

*Loose CT-
*Tendons- connect muscle to bone
*Bone- support
*Adipose Tissue- padding
*Cartilage- tip of nose
*Blood-
*Collagenous Fiber- additional padding
*Fibrous CT
MUSCLE
>responsible for nearly all types of body
movement
>actin and myosin- filaments of protein in
muscle tissue that enable muscles to contract.

>Skeletal Muscle- can control; voluntary

>Smooth- intestines, kidney

>Cardiac- heart
REGULATING
NERVOUS AND CONFORMING

>Regulator- uses internal control mechanisms

to control internal change in the face
of external fluctuation

> Conformer- allows its internal condition to

vary with certain external changes;
can’t regulate

>functions in the receipt, processing, and

transmission of information

>contains:
Glial cells transmit nerve impulses
Neurons- support neurons

COORDINATION
AND CONTROL

>Slow Control- endocrine; lasting impact

signaled by hormones
>Hormones- signaling molecules released by
endocrine system
>Fast control- Nervous; neurons
>Nervous System- transmits information
between specific locations
HOMEOSTASIS
>maintain a “steady state” or internal balance
regardless of external environment.
FEEDBACK CONTROL IN HOMEOSTATIS
>negative feedback- helps to return a variable
to a normal range.

>Positive feedback- amplifies a stimulus and

does not usually contribute to
homeostasis in animals
>Acclimatization- a process where >Torpor is a physiological state of decreased
homeostasis can adjust to changes in activity and metabolism
external environment
>Hibernation is long-term torpor that is an
>Thermoregulation- process by which animals adaptation to winter cold and food
maintain an internal temperature scarcity
within a normal range

>Endothermic animals generate heat by

metabolism; birds and mammals

>Ectothermic animals gain heat from external

sources; ectotherms include most
invertebrates, fishes

>Insulation- major thermoregulatory

adaptation in mammals and birds

>The arrangement of blood vessels in many

marine mammals and birds allows for
countercurrent exchange

COOLING BY EVAPORATIVE LOSS

>Many types of animals lose heat through

evaporation of water from their skin
>Sweating or bathing moistens the skin,
helping to cool an animal down
>Panting increases the cooling effect in birds
and many mammals

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES

>Ectotherms, and sometimes endoderms, use

behavioral responses to control body
temperature
>they may seek warm places when cold and
orient themselves toward heat
sources
>When hot, they bathe, move to cooler areas,
or change orientation to minimize
heat absorption

METABOLIC RATE

▪ Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the metabolic

rate of an endotherm at rest at a
“comfortable” temperature

▪ Standard metabolic rate (SMR) is the

metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest
at a specific temperature