Expt 7: Diffusion of Gases 1

Objectives • where:
o R1 = rate of diffusion of gas 1
• The relative rates of diffusion of two gases o R2 = rate of diffusion of gas 2
(hydrogen chloride and Ammonia) was determined. o M1 = molar mass of gas 1
o M2 = molar mass of gas 2
• Derivation of Graham’s Law
Graham’s law
1
• governs effusion and diffusion on gas molecules 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
• According to Kinetic Molecular Theory:
o where m is the mass and v is the
o gaseous particles are in constant random
speed.
motion.
o considering the two gases at the same
o gaseous particles tend to undergo diffusion
temperature:
because they have kinetic energy. 1
• Diffusion 𝐾𝐸1 = 𝑚1 𝑣12
2
- refers to the movement of particles from region of 1
higher concentration to region of lower 𝐾𝐸2 = 𝑚2 𝑣22
2
concentration. o Since T is same, then…
- their movement is a function of the temperature of 𝐾𝐸1 = 𝐾𝐸2
gas and the size and the mass of the particles. o Divide both sides by m1 v22 :
- results in the gradual mixing materials and 𝑉12 𝑀2
eventually forms a homogenous mixture. 2 =
𝑉2 𝑚1
- spreading of gas molecules throughout a container o Take square root of both sides to get
until evenly distributed. Graham’s Law:
- ex: perfume being spread in the air
𝑉1 𝑀2
• Effusion = √
𝑉2 𝑚1
- passing of gas molecules through a tiny opening in
a container. 𝑅1 𝑀2
- ex: the air escaping in a tire. = √
𝑅2 𝑚1
• At constant T and P, the rate of diffusion/ effusion of
• Speed of diffusion/ effusion
a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of
o kinetic energy is determined by the T of
its density or molar mass.
the gas.
1 o at the same T and KE, heavier
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝛼
√𝑑 molecules move more slowly.
o Larger m → smaller v because :
o However, since the ideal gas law indicates 1
that a density of a gas and its molar mass 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
are proportional, thus: o The average kinetic energy of gas
molecules depends on the
1 temperature.
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝛼
√𝑀 • Lighter gas (NH3) moves faster; meet closer to
heavier gas (HCl)
o Goes without saying that, light gases o NH3 (g) + HCl (g) → NH4Cl (s)
effuse/ diffuse quickly, and heavier gases
effuse/diffuse slowly.
o If the rates of diffusion of two gases are
compared:
1
𝑅1 √𝑀1 𝑅1 √𝑀2
= 1 or =
𝑅2 𝑅2 √𝑀1
√𝑀2
 2

Sample data calculations

----------------------Calculation Summary----------------------
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
Step 1: Find calculated average experimental ratio of
Distance travelled 17.20 cm 17.20 cm 17.30 cm diffusion rates by (Dividing Rate1 to Rate2)
by Gas 1 (NH3)
Step 2: Find theoretical mass by using Graham's Law
Distance travelled 12.00 cm 12.00 cm 12.00 cm
by Gas 2 (HCl) Step 3: % (error by ideal-experimental/ ideal) x 100
Ratio 1.433 1.433 1.442

Calculated
average
experimental 1.436
ratio of diffusion
rates

Theoretical ratio 1.463

of diffusion rates

Ratio:

• Distance = Rate
• Rate 1 / Rate 2
17.20 𝑐𝑚
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 1.433
12.00 𝑐𝑚
17.30 𝑐𝑚
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 1.442
12.00 𝑐𝑚
Average:
1.433 + 1.433 + 1.442
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 1.436
3
Theoretical Ratio:

• [molar mass: NH3 = 17.04; HCl = 36.46]

• R1 / R2 = √M2 / √M1
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑁𝐻3 √36.46
= = 1.463
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐻𝐶𝑙 √17.04
• Thus, the NH3 travels 1.463 times faster than HCl.

Pre-lab question answer

1. Small amounts of NH3 and HCl are released simultaneously
at the opposite ends of a 200.0 mm long tube. At what point
the formation NH4Cl start?

➢ Let x = the distance travelled by the HCl

➢ Then 1.463x = the distance travelled by the NH3
x + 1.463x = 200.0 mm
2.463x = 200.0 mm
x = 200.00 mm / 2.463 = 81.2 mm
➢ The white ring will be formed at a distance of 81.2
mm from the HCl end.
 Expt 8: Molar Volume of a Gas 3

Objectives kinetic molecular theory of gases

• The molar volume of hydrogen gas at STP was ideal gas (or perfect gas)
investigated.
• The particles in the gas are extremely small, so the
gas does not occupy any spaces.
• The ideal gas has constant, random, and straight-
Gas laws line motion.
• No forces between the particles of the gas. Particles
• Boyle’s Law
only collide elastically with each other and with the
o P α 1/V at constant amount of T
walls of container.
o Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
• For real gas, they have real volume and the collision
at constant temperature
of the particles is not elastic because when we
o P1V1 = P2V2
consider real gases, they have active forces between
• Charles’s Law
particles and not only active forces but can result
o V α T at constant amount of P
repulsive forces between particles.
o Volume is directly proportional to
• Thus, the volume of the real gas is larger than the
temperature at constant pressure
ideal and the pressure is lower than the ideal.
o V1/ T1 = V2/ T2
• Gay Lussac’s Law (or Amonton’s Law)
o P α T at constant amount of V
o Pressure is directly proportional to Molar volume of an ideal gas
temperature at constant amount of volume • the volume occupied by one mole of ideal gas at a
o P1/ T 1 = P2/ T 2 particular P and T.
• Avogadro’s Law o V/n = RT/ P
o V α n at constant P and T • at standard temperature and pressure or STP:
o Volume is directly proportional to the o T= 273.15 K; P = 1.00 atm
number of moles at constant pressure and (0.0821 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚/ 𝑘. 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (273.15 𝐾)
𝑉/ 𝑛 = = 22.4 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙
temperature. (1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚)
o V1/ n1 = V2/ n2
• Combined Gas Law (at constant amount)
the chemical reaction
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

• Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT
where R = 0.0821 L.atm / K.mol
o is a hypothetical gas whose pressure-
temperature-volume behavior can be
completely accounted for the ideal gas
equation.
o V α nT but α 1/ P. That is, volume is directly
proportional to the number of moles and
temperature but indirectly proportional to
pressure.

units
P = atm T = K = (C + 273.15)

V= L n = mol
 4

the pressure and volume vapor pressure of

of the H2 gas water

sample problem
1. At 29 C, the volume of the H2 gas produced by water
displacement from 0.0084 g of Mg reacting to HCl (aq) is 8.43
mL. If the atmospheric pressure was 0.9870 atm, what is its
molar volume at STP? (At 29C, the vapor pressure of water is
0.0395 atm.)

Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Given:

• at 29 C (302.15 K):

V = 8.43 mL H2 from 0.0084 g of Mg

pressure of h2 gas
Pexternal = 0.9870 atm

Pinternal = 0.0395 atm

• at STP (T = 273.15 K, P = 1.00 atm)

• V/ n = ?

Strategy:

• Use the combined gas law in order to calculate the

volume of the H2 gas at STP. Divide this value with
the moles of H2 gas to determine the molar volume
at STP.

Calculations:

1. Calculate the vapor pressure of H2

Pexternal = Pinternal = PH2 + PH2O

PH2 = Pexternal - PH2O

 5

PH2 = 0.9870 atm – 0.0395 atm = 0.9475 atm container. In kinetic molecular theory of gases, we
disregard the molecular volume of the ideal gas. That
2. Combined Gas Law at STP is, we consider ideal gases as point ambot. But in
𝑃302.15 𝐾 𝑉302.15 𝐾 𝑃𝑆𝑇𝑃 𝑉𝑆𝑇𝑃 reality, all gases have non-zero molecular volume.
𝑇302.15 𝐾
= 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝑃 Additionally, the molecules of real gases interact with
𝑃302.15 𝐾 𝑉302.15 𝐾 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝑃 (0.9475 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(8.43 𝑚𝐿)(273.15𝐾) one another. The interaction depends on the
𝑉𝑆𝑇𝑃 = =
𝑃𝑆𝑇𝑃 𝑇302.15 𝐾 (1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(302.15 𝐾) structure of molecules. Therefore, can differ from
1𝐿 each gaseous substance.
𝑉𝑆𝑇𝑃 = 7.22 𝑚𝐿 ( ) = 0.00722 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 7.22 𝑥 10−3
1000 𝑚𝐿
2. Are all gases have the same molar volume?

➢ Can be yes or no depending on your answer.

3. Number of mol H2 ➢ Yes, because all gases behaving ideally has the same
𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒊𝒄𝒉 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑥
(1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)
𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
molar volume. At STP, this value is 22.4 L.atm
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)
➢ No, because they have different size molecules. For
real gases, we will have to consider the size of the
molecule and their electrostatic interaction.
(1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔) (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2)
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐 = 0.0084 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔 𝑥 𝑥
(24.31 𝑔 𝑀𝑔) (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔) 3. Two factors affecting are temperature and pressure.
−4
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐 = 3.5 𝑥 10 ➢ to behave ideally, it should have a lower pressure and
a relatively high temperature.

4. Molar volume of H2 at STP

VSTP / mol = 7.22 x 10-3 / 3.5 x 10-4 = 21 L/mol (6% error) 4. How will the following situations affect the calculated
molar volume of H2 gas?

➢ The Mg reacted with HCl before the cylinder was

4. Percent error
𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100
𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
22.4 𝐿−21 𝐿
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 6.25 %
22.4 𝐿
pre-lab question answers
1. Why is there a discrepancy between the molar volume of
ideal and real gases?
➢ If we go back to the postulates of the kinetic
molecular theory of gases, the postulates of A and B
uhrfuwfedambotdimasabtansisiryawa molecules of
the gas and all interactions whether the interactions
are attractive or repulsive. In reality, however, all
gases have non-zero molecular volume. Although our
understanding on ideal or perfect gases is ideal gases
or perfect gases have zero molecular volume. So
,what is that volume that we use in the calculation of
ideal gases? That volume is the volume occupied by a
gas which is equivalent to the volume of the
inverted.
o the calculated is less than as the gas had
already escaped from the cylinder before
you get to cover it.
➢ The cylinder was not filled with water before it was
inverted
o the calculated is greater than because the air
space will now be included as the molar
volume.
➢ At the end of reaction, H2 bubbles were still sticking
to the cylinder’s wall.
o the calculated is less than because it did not
displace the volume of the water thus, the
measured volume of the cylinder which is
the measured volume of your gas will be less.
➢ The vapor pressure of water was not included in the
calculation
o the calculated is greater than the true based
on the formula used to calculate the molar
volume.
end
 6

------------------------Calculation Summary----------------------------

These should be given:

Tgasbeingstudied, Vgasbeingstudied, grams, Pexternal, Pinternal, and STP

Step 1: Calculate the vapor pressure of the gas (ex: H2) by

PH2 = Pexternal - PH2O

Step 2: Calculate VSTP by using the Combined Gas Law

VSTP = PT1 VT1 TSTP / PSTP TT1

Step 3: Calculate number of moles H2 (gas)

= given grams x (1 mole given grams / molar mass given
grams) x (molar ratio)

Step 4: Calculate molar volume at STP by using

VSTP / mol or Step 2 answer / Step 3 answer