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Indefinite Integration PDF
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INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
Definition: If f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that f′(x) = g(x) then f(x) is called
antiderivative or primitive of g(x) with respect to x.
Note 1: If f(x) is an antiderivative of g(x) then f(x) + c is also an antiderivative of g(x) for all
c ∈ R.
Note:
1. The integral of a function need not exists. If a function f(x) has integral then f(x) is called an
integrable function.
2. The process of finding the integral of a function is known as Integration.
3. The integration is the reverse process of differentiation.
Corollary:
If f(x), g(x) are two integrable functions then ∫ (f ± g)(x) dx = ∫ f (x)dx ± ∫ g(x)dx
Corollary:
If f1(x), f2(x), …,fn(x) are integrable functions then
∫ (f1 + f2 + ... + fn )(x)dx = ∫ f1(x)dx + ∫ f2 (x)dx + ... + ∫ fn (x)dx .
Corollary:
If f(x), g(x) are two integrable functions and k, l are two real numbers then
∫ (kf + lg)(x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx + l∫ g(x)dx .
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Integration by Substitution
1
Theorem: If ∫ f (x)dx = g(x) and a ≠ 0 then ∫ f (ax + b)dx = g(ax + b) + c .
a
Proof:
Put ax + b = t.
d dt 1
Then (ax + b) = ⇒ a ⋅ dx = dt ⇒ dx = dt
dx dx a
1
∴ ∫ f (ax + b)dx = ∫ f (t) ⋅ dt
a
1 1 1
= ∫ f (t)dt = g(t) + c = g(ax + b) + c
a a a
1 (ax + b)n +1
E.g. ∫ (ax + b)n dx = + c, (n ≠ −1)
a n +1
f ′(x)
Theorem: If f(x) is a differentiable function then ∫ f (x) dx = log | f (x) | +c .
Proof:
dt
Put f(x) = t ⇒ f ′(x) = ⇒ f ′(x)dx = dt
dx
f ′(x) 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ dt = log | t | + c = log | f (x) | + c
f (x) t
π
Theorem: ∫ tan x dx = log | sec x | +c for x ≠ (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z .
2
Proof:
sin x d(cos x)
∫ tan x dx = ∫ cos x dx = −∫ cos x
dx
1
= − log | cos x | + c = log + c = log | sec x | + c
| cos x |
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π
Theorem: ∫ sec x dx = log | sec x + tan x | +c = log | tan(π / 4 + x / 2) + c for x ≠ (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z .
2
Proof:
sec x(sec x + tan x)
∫ sec x dx = ∫ sec x + tan x
dx
[f (x)]n +1
Theorem: If f(x) is differentiable function and n ≠ –1 then ∫ [f (x)]n f ′(x)dx = +c.
n +1
Proof:
Put f(x) = t ⇒ f′(x) dx = dt
t n +1 [f (x)]n +1 f ′(x)
∴ ∫ [f (x)]n f ′(x)dx = ∫ t n dt = +c = + c Note : ∫ dx = 2 f (x) + c
n +1 n +1 f (x)
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Theorem:If ∫ f (x)dx = F(x) and g(x) is a differentiable function then ∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = F[g(x)] + c .
Proof :
g(x) = t ⇒ g′(x) dx = dt
∴ ∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = ∫ f[g(x)]g′(x)dx
= ∫ f (t)dt = F(t) + c = F[g(x)] + c
1 x
Theorem: ∫ dx = Sin −1 + c for x ∈ (–a, a).
a2 − x2 a
Proof:
Put x = a sin θ. Then dx = a cosθ dθ
1 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ a cos θ dθ
a2 − x2 a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ
1 1
=∫ a cos θdθ = ∫ cos θdθ
a 1 − sin 2 θ cos θ
x
= ∫ dθ = θ + c = Sin −1 + c
a
1 x
Theorem: ∫ dx = Sinh −1 + c for x ∈ R.
a2 + x2 a
Proof:
Put x = a sinhθ. Then dx = a cos h θ dθ
1 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ a cosh θ dθ
a2 + x2 a 2 + a 2 sinh 2 θ
a cosh θ x
=∫ = ∫ dθ = θ + c = Sinh −1 + c
a cosh θ a
Theorem:
1 x
∫ dx = Cosh −1 + c for x ∈ (–∞, –a) ∪ (a, ∞).
x2 − a2 a
Proof :
Put x = a cosh θ. Then dx = a sinhθ dθ
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1 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ a sinh θ dθ
x −a2 2
a cosh 2 θ − a 2
2
a sinh θ x
=∫ dθ = ∫ dθ = θ + c = Cosh −1 + c
a sinh θ a
Theorem:
1 1 −1
x
∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = a Tan + c for x ∈ R .
a
Proof:
Put x = a tan θ. Then dx = a sec2θ dθ
1 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ 2 2 a sec2 θ dθ
a +x22
a + a tan θ
2
1 1 sec2 θ
=∫
a ∫ sec2 θ
a sec 2
θd θ = dθ
a 2 (1 + tan 2 θ)
1 1 1 x
= ∫ dθ = θ + c = Tan −1 + c
a a a a
1 1 a+x
Theorem: ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = 2a log a − x + c for x ≠ ±a
Proof:
1 1
∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = ∫ (a + x)(a − x) dx
1 1 1 1
= ∫ + dx = [ log | a + x | − log | a − x |] + c
2a a + x a − x 2a
1 a+x
= log +c
2a a−x
1 1 x −a
Theorem: ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = 2a log x + a + c for x ≠ ±a
Proof:
1 1
∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = ∫ (x − a)(x + a) dx
1 1 1 1
= ∫ − dx = [ log | x − a | − log | x + a |] + c
2a x − a x + a 2a
1 x −a
= log +c
2a x+a
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x 2 a2 x
Theorem: ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = a − x 2 + sin −1 + c for x ∈ (–a, a).
2 2 a
Proof:
Put x = a sin θ. Then dx = a cosθ dθ
∴ ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = ∫ a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ a cos θ dθ
1 + cos 2θ a2 1
= a2 ∫ dθ = θ + 2 sin 2θ + c
2 2
a2 1 a2
= θ + 2sin θ cos θ + c = θ + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ
2 2 2
a2 x x x2
= Sin −1 + 1− 2 + c
2 a a a
a2 x x 2
= Sin −1 + a − x2 + c
2 a 2
Theorem:
x 2 a2 x
∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = a + x 2 + Sinh −1 + c for x ∈ R .
2 2 a
Proof:
Put x = sinhθ. Then dx = a coshθ dθ
∴ ∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = ∫ a 2 + a 2 sinh 2 θ a cosh θdθ
1 + cosh 2θ a2 1
= a2 ∫ dθ = θ + 2 sinh 2θ + c
2 2
a2 1
= θ + 2 2 sinh θ cosh θ + c
2
a2
= θ + sinh θ 1 + sinh 2 θ + c
2
a2 x x x2
= Sinh −1 + 1+ 2 + c
2
a a a
a2 x x 2
= Sinh −1 + a + x2 + c
2 a a
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x a2 x
Theorem: ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = x 2 − a 2 − Cosh −1 + c for x ∈ [a, ∞).
2 2 a
Proof:
Put x = a coshθ. Then dx = a sinhθ dθ
∴ ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = ∫ a 2 cosh 2 θ − a 2 a sinh θdθ
cosh 2θ − 1 a2 1
=a ∫ 2
dθ = sinh 2θ − θ + c
2 2 2
a2 1
= 2sinh θ cosh θ − θ + c
2 2
a2
= cosh θ cosh 2 θ − 1 − θ + c
c
a2 x x2
−1 x
= − 1 − Cosh +c
2 a a2 a
x 2 2 a2 x
= x − a − Cosh −1 + c
2 2 a
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∫ (x − 2x 2 + 3)dx
3
1.
x4 2 3
Sol. ∫ (x 3 − 2x 2 + 3)dx = ∫ x 3dx − ∫ 2x 2dx + 3∫ dx = − x + 3x + c
4 3
2. ∫ 2x x dx
2x 5 / 2 4
Sol. ∫ 2x x dx = 2 ∫ x 3 / 2dx = + c = x5 / 2 + c
(5 / 2) 5
∫
3
3. 2x 2 dx
Sol. ∫ 3 2x 2 dx = ∫ 21/ 3 ⋅ x 2 / 3 dx
x5 / 3 3
= 21/ 2 ⋅ + c = 3 2 ⋅ x5 / 3 + c
(5 / 3) 5
x 2 + 3x − 1
4. ∫ 2x dx, x ∈ I ⊂ R \{0}
x 2 + 3x − 1 x2 3 1
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ + − dx
2x 2x 2 2x
x 3 1 1
=∫ dx + ∫ dx − ∫ dx
2 2 2 x
x2 3 1
= + x − log | x | + c
4 2 2
1− x
5. ∫ dx on (0, ∞)
x
1− x dx x
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ − ∫ dx
x x x
1
− +1
x 2
= log | x | − + c = log | x | −2 x + c
(1/ 2)
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2 3
6. ∫ 1 + x − x 2 dx on I ⊂ R \ {0}.
2 3 dx
Sol. ∫ 1 + − 2
dx = ∫ dx + 2∫ − 3∫ x −2dx
x x x
3
= x + 2 log | x | + +c
x
4
7. ∫ x + 1 + x 2 dx on R.
4 1
Sol. ∫ x + 2
dx = ∫ xdx + 4∫ dx
1+ x 1+ x2
x2
= + 4 tan −1 x + c
2
1 2
∫ e − +
x
8. dx .
x x2 −1
1 2
Sol. ∫ e x − + dx
x x
2
− 1
1 1
= ∫ e x dx − ∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx
x x2 −1
= ex − log | x | +2log | x + x 2 − 1 | +c
1 1
9. ∫ 1 − x 2 + 1 + x 2 dx
1 1 1 1
Sol. ∫ + 2
dx = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
1− x 1+ x 1− x 1+ x2
2 2
= tanh −1 x + tan −1 x + c
1 2
10. ∫ + dx on (–1, 1).
1− x 1+ x2
2
1 2
Sol. ∫ + dx
1− x 1+ x2
2
1 1
=∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx
1− x 2
1+ x2
= sin −1 x + 2 sinh −1 x + c
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11. ∫ e
(
log 1+ tan 2 x ) dx
Sol. ∫ e (
log 1+ tan x )
2
log ( sec x )
2
dx = = ∫ e dx
= ∫ sec 2 x dx = tan x + c
sin 2 x
12. ∫ dx
1 + cos 2 x
sin 2 x
Sol. ∫ dx
1 + cos 2 x
sin 2 x
=∫ dx = ∫ tan 2 xdx
cos 2 x
= ∫ (1 + sec 2 x ) dx = x + tan x + c
∫e dx, x ∈ R .
2x
13.
e 2x
Sol. ∫ e2x dx = +C
2
x
15. ∫ 1 + x 2 dx, x∈R
x 1 2x dx 1
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ = log(1 + x 2 ) + C
1+ x 2
2 1+ x 2
2
∫ 2x sin(x + 1)dx, x ∈ R
2
16.
Sol. ∫ 2x sin(x 2 + 1)dx
Put x 2 + 1 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt
= − cos(x 2 + 1) + C
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(log x)2
17. ∫ dx .
x
(log x)2
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
put log x = t ⇒ dt = dx
x
(log x) 2 t3 (log x)3
∫ x = ∫ ⋅ = + = +C
2
dx t dt C
3 3
−1
eTan x
18. ∫ dx on I ⊂ (0, ∞).
1+ x2
−1
eTan x
Sol. ∫ dx
1+ x2
dx
put tan −1 x = t ⇒ = dt
1+ x2
−1
eTan x tan −1 x
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = ∫ e ⋅ dt = e + C = e + C
t t
sin(Tan −1x)
18. ∫ 1 + x 2 dx, x ∈ R
sin(Tan −1x)
Sol. ∫ dx
1+ x2
dx
put tan −1 x = t ⇒ = dt
1+ x2
sin(Tan −1x)
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = ∫ sin t dt
= − cos t + t = − cos(tan −1 x) + C
1
19. ∫ 8 + 2x 2 dx on R.
1 1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ 2
8 + 2x 2
2 x + 22
1 1 x 1 x
= ⋅ tan −1 + C = tan −1 + C
2 2 2 4 2
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3x 2
20. ∫ 1 + x 6 dx, on R.
3x 2
Sol. ∫ dx
1+ x6
put x 3 = t ⇒ 3x 2dx = dt
3x 2 dx dt
∫ 1+ x6 = ∫ 1+ t2
= tan −1 (t) + C = tan −1 (x 3 ) + C
2
21. ∫ 25 + 9x 2
dx on R.
2 2 dx
Sol. ∫
3∫
dx =
25 + 9x 2 5
2
x +
2
3
2 x 2 −1 3x
= sinh −1 + C = sinh + C
3 5/3 3 5
3 1
22. ∫ 9x − 1
2
dx on , ∞
3
3 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫
9x 2 − 1 1
2
x2 −
3
x
= cosh −1 −1
+ C = cosh (3x) + C
1/ 3
1 x
∴∫ dx = cosh −1 + C
x2 − a2 a
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−1 1
= cos(m + n)x − cos(m − n)x + c
2(m + n) 2(m − n)
−1 cos(m + n)x (m − n)x
= + cos +c
2 m+n m−n
ex
26. ∫ e x / 2 + 1 dx on R.
1
Sol. t = 1 + ex / 2 ⇒ dt = ex / 2dx
2
1
x ex / 2 e x / 2dx
e 2
∫ ex / 2 + 1 dx = 2∫ ex / 2 + 1
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(t − 1)dt 1
= 2∫ = 2 ∫ 1 − dt = 2(t − log t) + C
t t
= 2(1 + e x / 2 − log(1 + e x / 2 )) + C
3
1
27. Evaluate ∫ x + dx, x > 0 .
x
3
1 3 1 1
Sol: ∫ x + x dx = ∫ x + x 3 + x + x dx
dx dx
= ∫ x 3dx + 3∫ x dx + 3∫ +∫ 3 +c
x x
x 4 3x 2 1
= + + 3log | x | − 2 + c .
4 2 2x
1
1 x+
29. Find ∫ 1 − 2 e x dx on I where I = (0, ∞).
x
1 1
Sol: Let x + = t then 1 − 2 dx = dt
x x
1
1 x+
∴ ∫ 1 − 2 e x dx = ∫ e t dt
x
1
x+
= e +c =e
t x
+ c.
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∫ (1 − x ) dx
2 3
1.
Sol. ∫ (1 − x 2 )3 dx = ∫ (1 − 3x 2 + 3x 4 − x 6 )dx
3 x7
= x − x3 + x5 − + c
5 7
3 2 1
2. ∫ − + 2 dx
x x 3x
3 2 1
Sol. ∫ − + 2 dx =
x x 3x
dx dx 1
= 3∫ − 2 ∫ + ∫ x −2 dx
x x 3
1
= 3(2 x ) − 2 log | x | − +c
3x
1
= 6 x − 2log | x | − +c
3x
2
x +1
3. ∫ x dx
2
x +1 x +1+ 2 x
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
x x2
x dx x
=∫ 2
dx + ∫ 2 + 2 ∫ 2 dx
x x x
dx dx
= ∫ + ∫ 2 + 2 ∫ x −3 / 2 dx
x x
1 2x −1/ 2
= log | x | − + +c
x (−1/ 2)
1 4
= log | x | − − +c
x x
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(3x + 1)2
4. ∫ 2x dx
(3x + 1)2 9x 2 + 6x + 1
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
2x 2x
9 1 1
= ∫ xdx + 3∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 2 x
9 x2 1
= ⋅ + 3x + log | x | +c
2 2 2
9 2 1
= x + 3x + log | x | + c
4 2
2
2x − 1
5. ∫ 3 x dx
2
2x − 1 4x 2 − 4x + 1
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ 9x dx
3 x
4 4 1 dx
=
9 ∫ x dx − ∫ dx + ∫
9 9 x
4 x2 4 1
= − x + log | x | +c
9 2 9 9
4 2 4 1
= x − x + log | x | + c
18 9 9
1 2 3
6. ∫ x x 2 − 1 2x 2 dx on (1, ∞)
+ −
1 2 3 1 1 3 1
Sol. ∫ + − 2 dx = ∫
dx + 2 ∫ dx + ∫ 2 dx
x x − 1 2x
2 x x2 −1 2 x
3
= 2 x + 2 cosh −1 x + +c
2x
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3
8. ∫ sec x tan x + x − 4 dx
3
Sol. ∫ sec x tan x + − 4 dx
x
dx
= ∫ sec x tan x dx + 3∫ − 4∫ dx
x
= sec x + 3log | x | −4x + c
2
9. ∫ x− dx on (0, 1).
1− x2
2 dx
Sol. ∫ x − 2
dx = ∫ x dx − 2∫
1− x 1− x2
x3 / 2
= − 2 tanh −1 x + c
(3 / 2)
2
= x x − 2 tanh −1 x + c
3
3 4
10. ∫
x − cos x + dx, x ∈ R
x +1
2
4
Sol. ∫ x 3 − cos x + dx
x2 +1
1
= ∫ x 3dx − ∫ cos x dx + 4∫ dx
x2 +1
x4
= − sin x + 4sinh −1 x + c
4
1
11. ∫ cosh x + dx, x ∈ R
x +1
2
1
Sol. ∫ cosh x + dx
x 2
+ 1
dx
= ∫ cosh xdx + ∫
x2 +1
= sinh x + sinh −1 x + c
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1
12. ∫ sinh x + (x 2 − 1)1/ 2 dx,
.
1
Sol. ∫ sinh x + 1/ 2
dx
(x − 1)
2
dx
= ∫ sinh xdx + ∫
x2 −1
= cosh x + log(x + x 2 − 1) + c
(a x − b x ) 2
13. ∫ a x b x dx
(a x − b x ) 2
Sol. ∫ dx
a xbx
a 2x + b 2x − 2a x b x
=∫ dx
a x ⋅ bx
a 2x b 2x a x bx
=∫ dx + ∫ a x ⋅ bx dx − 2 ∫ a x ⋅ b x dx
a x ⋅ bx
x 2
a b
= ∫ dx + ∫ dx − 2 ∫ dx
b x
(a / b) x (b / a) x
= + − 2x + c
log(a / b) log(b / a)
1 a x b x
= − − 2x + c
(log a − log b) b a
∫ sec
2
14. x csc2 x dx .
1
Sol. ∫ sec2 x csc2 x dx = ∫ cos2 x sin 2 x dx
sin 2 x + cos 2 x 1 1
=∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫ 2 dx = ∫ sec2 x dx + ∫ csc2 x dx = tan x − cot x + C
cos x ⋅ sin x
2 2 2
cos x sin x
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1 + cos2 x
15. ∫ dx .
1 − cos 2x
1 + cos2 x 1 + cos 2 x
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
1 − cos 2x 2 sin 2 x
1 1 1
= ∫ 2 dx + ∫ cot 2 x dx
2 sin x 2
1 1
=
2 ∫ cos e c 2 x dx + ∫ (csc 2 x − 1)dx
2
1 x
= ∫ csc2 x dx − ∫ dx = − cot x − + C
2 2
16. ∫ 1 − cos 2x dx
1
17. ∫ cosh x + sinh x dx on R.
Sol. ∫
1
dx = ∫
( cosh x − sinh x ) cosh x − sinh x
cosh x + sinh x ( cosh x + sinh x )( cosh x − sinh x )
dx = ∫ cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x dx
= ∫ (cosh x − sinh x)dx = sinh x − cosh x + C
1
18. ∫ 1 + cos x dx on R
1 1 − cos x
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ (1 + cos x)(1 − cos x) dx
1 + cos x
1 − cos x 1 cos x
= ∫ 2
dx = ∫ 2 − 2 dx
1 − cos x sin x sin x
= ∫ csc2 (x)dx − ∫ csc x cot xdx
= − cot x + csc x + C
∫ (3x − 2)
1/2
19. dx
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1 t 3/ 2 2
= + C = (3x − 2)3/ 2 + C
3 3/ 2 9
1 3
20. ∫ 7x + 3 dx on I ⊂ R \ − 7
1
Sol. ∫ dx
7x + 3
Put 7x + 3=t ⇒ 7 dx = dt
1 1 dt
∫ 7x + 3 dx = 7 ∫t
1 1
= log | t | +C = log | 7x + 3 | +C
7 7
log(1 + x)
21. ∫ dx on (–1, ∞).
1+ x
log(1 + x)
Sol. ∫ dx
1+ x
Put 1 + x = t ⇒ dx= dt
log(1 + x) log t
∫ 1+ x
dx = ∫ t
⋅ dt
(log t)2 1
= + C = log(1 + x) 2 + C
2 2
∫ (3x − 4)x dx on R .
2
22.
Sol. ∫ (3x 2 − 4)x dx
put 3x 2 − 4 = t ⇒ 6x dx = dt
1
∫ (3x − 4)x dx =
6∫
2
t dt
1 t2 (3x 2 − 4)2
= ⋅ +C = +C
6 2 12
dx 1
23. ∫ 1 + 5x
dx on − , ∞
5
dx
Sol. ∫
1 + 5x
2
Put 1 + 5x = t2 ; 5dx = 2t dt, dx = t dt
5
dx 2 t dt 2
∫ = ∫
1 + 5x 5 t
= ∫ dt
5
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2 2
= t+C = 1 + 5x + C
5 5
∫ (1 − 2x )x dx
3 2
24. on R.
Sol. ∫ (1 − 2x3 )x 2dx
put 1 − 2x 3 = t ⇒ −6x 2 dx = dt
1
∫ (1 − 2x )x 2dx = −
6∫
3
t dt
1 t2 −(1 − 2x 3 ) 2
= − ⋅ +C = +C
6 2 12
sec 2 x π
25. ∫ (1 + tan x)3 dx on I ⊂ R \ nπ − 4 : n ∈ Z
sec 2 x
Sol. ∫ dx
(1 + tan x)3
put 1 + tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
sec 2 x dt −3
∫ (1 + tan x)3 dx = ∫ t 3 = ∫ t dt
t −2 1 1
= +C = − 2 +C = − +C
(−2) 2t 2(1 + tan x)2
∫ x sin x dx on R
3 4
26.
Sol. ∫ x 3 sin x 4dx
Put x 4 = t ⇒ 4x 3dx = dt
1
∫x 4∫
sin x 4dx =
sin t ⋅ dt
3
1 1
= − cos t + C = − ⋅ cos x 4 + C
4 4
cos x 3π
27. ∫ (1 + sin x)2 dx on I ⊂ R \ 2nπ + 2
: n ∈ Z
cos x
Sol. ∫ dx
(1 + sin x)2
Put 1 + sin x = t ⇒ cos xdx = dt
cos x dt
∫ (1 + sin x)2 dx = ∫ t 2
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1 1
= − +C = − +C
t 1 + sin x
t4/3 3 3
= + C = t 4 / 3 + C = (sin x)4 / 3 + C
(4 / 3) 4 4
2
∫ 2x e dx on R.
x
29.
2
Sol. ∫ 2x e x dx
Let x2 =t⇒ 2x dx =dt
2 2
∫ 2x e dx = ∫ e dt = e + C = e + C
x t t x
elog x
30. ∫ x dx on (0, ∞)
elog x
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
Put log x= t ⇒ dx = dt
x
elog x
∫ x dx = ∫ e ⋅ dt = e + C
t t
= elog x + C = x + C
x2
31. ∫ 1 − x6
dx on I = (–1, 1).
x2
Sol. ∫ dx
1 − x6
Put x3=t ⇒ 3x2 dx =dt
x2 1 dt
∫ 1 − x6
dx = ∫
3 1− t2
1 1
= sin −1 t + C = sin −1 (x 3 ) + C
3 3
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2x 3
32. ∫ 1 + x8 dx on R.
Sol. let x4=t⇒ 4x3 dx =dt
2x 3 1 dt
∫ 1 + x8 dx = 2 ∫ 1 + t 2
1 1
= tan −1 t + C = tan −1 (x 4 ) + C
2 2
x8
33. ∫ 1 + x18 dx
x8 x8
Sol. ∫ 1 + x18 dx = ∫ dx on R.
( )
2
1 + x9
e x (1 + x)
34. ∫ cos2 (xex ) dx on
e x (1 + x)
Sol. ∫ dx
cos2 (xe x )
Put x ex =t
(x ⋅ ex + ex )dx = ex (1 + x)dx = dt
e x (1 + x) dt
G.I. = ∫ 2 x dx = ∫ 2 = ∫ sec2 t dt
cos (xe ) cos t
= tan t + C = tan(x ⋅ e x ) + C
csc2 x
35. ∫ dx on I ⊂ R \ {x∈
∈R : a + b cotx = 0}, where a, b ∈ R, b ≠ 0.
(a + b cot x)5
Sol.
csc2 x
G.I. = ∫ dx
(a + b cot x)5
Put a + b cot x =t ⇒ –b csc2 x dx =dt
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csc2 x 1 dt 1 −5
∫ (a + b cot x)5 dx = − b ∫ t5 = − b ∫ t dt
1 t −4 1 1
=− +C = +C = +C
b −4 4bt 4
4b(a + b cot x)4
∫e
x
36. sin ex dx on R.
Sol. ex=t⇒ ex dx=dt
∫e sin ex dx = ∫ sin t dt
x
= − cot + C = − cos(ex ) + C
sin(log x)
37. ∫ dx on (0, ∞)
x
sin(log x)
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
put log x =t⇒ dt = dx =dt
x
sin(log x)
∫ x dx = ∫ sin t dt
= − cot t + C = − cos(e x ) + C
1
38. ∫ x log x dx on (0, ∞)
1
Sol. ∫ dx
x log x
1
Put log x =t⇒ dt = dx =dt
x
1 1
∫ x log x dx = ∫ t dt = log t + C = log(log x + C)
(1 + log x)n
39. ∫ dx on (0, ∞), n ≠ –1.
x
(1 + log x)n
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
Put 1 + log x= t , ⇒ dx =dt
x
(1 + log x)n t n +1
∫ x = ∫ = +C
n
dx t dt
n +1
(1 + log x)n +1
= +C
n +1
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cos(log x)
40. ∫ dx on (0, ∞)
x
cos(log x)
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
Put log x =t⇒ dt = dx =dt
x
cos(log x)
∫ x
dx = ∫ cos t dt
= sin t + C = sin(log x) + C
cos x
41. ∫ dx on (0, ∞)
x
1 dx
Sol. let x = t ⇒ dx = dt ⇒ 2dt =
2 x x
cos x
∫ x
dx = 2 ∫ cos tdx
= 2 sin t + C = 2sin x + C
2x + 1
42. ∫ x 2 + x + 1 dx on R.
2x + 1
Sol. ∫ dx
x + x +1
2
ax n −1 c
∫ bx n + C dx , where n ∈N, a, b, c are real numbers, b ≠ 0 and x ∈ I ⊂ x ∈ R : x ≠ − b
n
43.
ax n −1
Sol. ∫ dx
bx n + C
1
let bxn + C=t⇒ nbxn–1dx=dt, x n −1dx = dt
nb
ax n −1 a dt a
∫ bx n + C dx = nb ∫ t = nb log | t | +dt
a
= log | bx n + c | + k
nb
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1
44. ∫ x log x[log(log x)] dx on (1, ∞)
1
Sol. G.I. ∫ x log x[log(log x)] dx
1 1
Put log(log x)=t, ⋅ dx = dt
log x x
1 dt
∫ x log x[log(log x)] dx = ∫ t
= log | t | + C = log | log(log x) | + C
= log | sinh x | +C
1 1 1
46. ∫ 1 − 4x
dx on − ,
2 2 2
1 1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫
1 − 4x 2 2 (1/ 2 )2 − x 2
1 x 1 −1
= sin −1 + C = sin (2x) + C
2 1/ 2 2
dx
47. ∫ 25 + x 2
on R
dx dx x
Sol. ∫ =∫ = sinh −1 + C
25 + x 2 x 2 + 52 5
1
48. ∫ (x + 3) dx on I ⊂ (–2, ∞)
x+2
Sol. put x + 2 = t2 , dx = 2t dt
1 2t dt dt
∫ (x + 3) x+2
dx = ∫
t(t + 1)
2
= 2∫ 2
t +1
= 2 tan −1 (t) + C = 2 tan −1 ( x + 2) + C
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1 nπ π
49. ∫ 1 + sin 2x dx on I ⊂ R \ 2 + (−1) n
4
: n ∈ Z
1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫
1 + sin 2x 1+
2 tan x
1 + tan 2 x
(1 + tan 2 x)dx sec 2 xdx
=∫
1 + tan 2 x + 2 tan x ∫ (1 + tan x)2
=
x2 + 1
50. ∫ x 4 + 1 dx on R.
1
1+
x +1
2
x 2 dx
Sol: ∫ x4 + 1dx = ∫ 2 1
x + 2
x
1
1 + x 2
=∫ 2
. dx
1
x − x + 2
(∵ a 2 + b2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab)
1 1
Take x − = t then 1 + 2 dx = dt
x x
x2 + 1 dt dt
∴∫ dx = ∫ 2 =∫ 2
x +1
4
t +2 t + ( 2) 2
1 t
= tan −1 +c
2 2
1
x−
1
= tan −1 x
+c
2 2
1 x2 − 1
= tan −1 +c.
2 2x
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dx π −1 1
51. ∫ cos2 x + sin2x on I ⊂ R / (2n + 1) 2 : n ∈ Z ∪ 2nπ + Tan 2 : n ∈ Z
dx dx
Sol: ∫ cos2 x + sin2x = ∫ cos2 x + 2sin x cos x
(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)
=∫ dx
cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x
1 + tan 2 x sec2 xdx
=∫ dx = ∫
1 + 2 tan x 1 + 2 tan x
Let 1 + 2 tan x = t then 2 sec2 x dx = dt
1
⇒ sec2 xdx = dt
2
dx 1 dt
∴∫ = ∫
cos x + sin 2x 2 t
2
1
= log | t | +c
2
1
= log |1 + 2 tan x | +c .
2
3π π
52. ∫ 1 − sin 2x dx on I ⊂ 2nπ − , 2nπ + , n ∈ Z .
4 4
Sol: ∫ 1 − sin 2x dx
= ∫ (sin x − cos x) 2 dx
= ∫ (cos x − sin x) 2 dx
= ∫ (cos x − sin x)dx
= ∫ cos x dx − ∫ sin x dx
= sin x + cos x + c
3π π
For x ∈ 2nπ − , 2nπ +
4 4
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3π π
53. ∫ 1 + cos 2x dx on I ⊂ 2nπ − , 2nπ + , n ∈ Z .
4 4
= ∫ 2 cos 2 x dx
= 2 ∫ cos x dx + c
= 2 sin x + c
3π π
For x ∈ 2nπ − , 2nπ +
4 4
cos x + sin x π 3π
54. ∫ 1 + sin 2x
dx on I ⊂ 2nπ − 4 , 2nπ + 4 , n ∈ Z .
cos x + sin x
Sol: ∫ 1 + sin 2x
dx
(cos x + sin x)
=∫
sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x
cos x + sin x
=∫ dx
(cos x + sin x) 2
cos x + sin x π 3π
= ∫ dx = ∫ dx = x + c, For x ∈ 2nπ − , 2nπ +
cos x + sin x 4 4
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2 a
=− log | a + b cos x | + a + b cos x + c .
b2
sec x π
56. ∫ (sec x + tan x)2 dx on I ⊂ R − (2n + 1) 2 , n ∈ Z .
sec x sec x(sec x + tan x)
Sol: ∫ (sec x + tan x)2 =∫ dx
(sec x + tan x)3
Let sec x + tan x = t
then (sec x tan x + sec2 x) dx = dt
⇒ sec x(sec x + tan x)dx = dt
sec x
∴∫ dx
(sec x + tan x)2
dt −3 t −2
=∫ = ∫ t dt =
t3 −2
1 1
=− =− +c
2t 2
2(sec x + tan x)2
dx
57. ∫ on R, a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0.
a sin x + b 2 cos 2 x
2 2
dx
Sol: ∫ 2 2
a sin x + b 2 cos 2 x
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2 x,
sec 2 xdx
=∫
a 2 . tan 2 x + b 2
Let tan x = t, then sec2 x dt = dt
dx dt
∴∫ =∫ 2 2
a sin x + b cos x
2 2
2 2
a t + b2
1 dt
= 2∫ 2
a 2 b
t +
a
1 1 t 1 at
= tan −1 = Tan −1
a
2 b
b ab b
a a
1 a tan x
= Tan −1 +c .
ab b
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sec 2 x
58. ∫ dx , a, b are positive real numbers, on I ⊂ R \
a + b tan x
a (2n + 1)π
x ∈ R : tan x < − b ∪ : n ∈ Z
2
Put a + b tan x = t
2
Ans. a + b tan x + C
b
dx
59. ∫ sin(x − a) sin(x − b) on I ⊂ R \ ({a + nπ : n ∈ Z} ∪ {b + nπ : n ∈ Z}) .
dx
Sol. ∫
sin(x − a) sin(x − b)
[Hint: ∫ cot xdx = log | sin x | +C ]
1 sin(b − a)
= ∫
sin(b − a) sin(x − a) sin(x − b)
dx
1 sin{(x − a) − (x − b)}
= ∫
sin(b − a) sin(x − a)sin(x − b)
dx
1
=
sin(b − a)
sin(x − a) cos(x − b) − cos(x − a)sin(x − b)
∫ sin(x − a) sin(x − b)
dx
1
{cot(x − b) − cot(x − a)} dx
sin(b − a) ∫
=
1
= [log | sin(x − b) | − log | sin(x − a) |] + C
sin(b − a)
1 sin(x − b)
= log +C
sin(b − a) sin(x − a)
1 (2n + 1)π π
60. ∫ cos(x − a) cos(x − b) dx ⊂ R \ a +
on I⊂ : n ∈ Z ∪ b + (2n + 1) : n ∈ Z
2 2
1
Sol. ∫ dx
cos(x − a) cos(x − b)
1 sin(a − b)
= ∫
sin(a − b) cos(x − a) cos(x − b)
dx
1 sin(x − b − x − a)
= ∫
sin(a − b) cos(x − a) cos(x − b)
dx
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1
=
sin(a − b)
sin(x − b) cos(x − a) − cos(x − b) sin(x − a)
∫ cos(x − a) cos(x − b)
dx
1
{tan(x − b) − tan(x − a)}dx
sin(a − b) ∫
=
1
= [ log | sec(x − b) | − log | sec(x − a) |] + C
sin(a − b)
1 sec(x − b)
= log +C
sin(a − b) sec(x − a)
1 1
61. ∫ 1 + sec x dx on 2n − π, 2n + π , n ∈ Z .
2 2
sec 2 x − 1
Sol. ∫ 1 + sec x dx = dx
sec x − 1
sin x
tan x
=∫ dx = ∫ cos x dx
sec x − 1 1 − cos x
cos x
sin x
=∫ dx
cos x 1 − cos x
Put cos x = t ⇒ sin x dx = –dt
−dt 1
=∫ = −∫ dt
t 1− t t − t2
1
= −∫
2 2
1 1
−t −
2 2
1
t−
= − sin −1 2 + C = − t2 − t + 1 − 1
1 4 4
2
2
−1 1 1
= − sin (2t − 1) + C = − t −
4 2
= − sin −1 [ 2cos x − 1] + C
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sin 2x
62. ∫ a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x dx
Sol. put a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x = t
( a(2 cos x)(− sin x) + b(2 sin x cos x) ) dx = dt
= sin 2x(b − a)dx
1
sin 2x ⋅ dx = dt
(b − a)
sin 2x 1 dt
∫ a cos2 x + b sin 2 x dx = (b − a) ∫ t
1
= log | t | + C
(b − a)
1
= log | a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x | + C
(b − a)
cot(log x)
63. ∫ dx , x ∈ I ⊂ (0, ∞ ) \ {e nπ : n ∈ Z} .
x
1
Sol. Put log x =t⇒dt = dx =dt
x
cot(log x)
∫ x dx = ∫ cot t dt = log(sin t) + C
= log(sin(log x)) + C
= log(sin e x ) + C
π t
= log tan + + C
4 2
π tan x
= log tan + +C
4 2
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2
= (sin x)3/ 2 + C
3
(2n + 1)π
67. ∫ tan
4
x sec 2 x dx, x ∈ I ⊂ R \ : n ∈ Z
2
Sol. tan x = t ⇒ sec2 xdx = dt
∫ tan x sec 2 x dx = ∫ t 4 dt
4
t5 (tan x)5
= +C= +C
5 t
2x + 3
68. ∫ dx , x ∈ I ⊂ R \ [−4,1] .
x + 3x − 4
2
= 2 x 2 + 3x − 4 + C
π
∫ csc
2
69. x cot x dx on 0,
2
Sol. put cot x = t ⇒ − csc 2 x dx = dt
∫ csc x cot x dx = − ∫ t dt
2
2 2
= − t t + C = − cot(x)3/ 2 + C
3 3
π
70. ∫ sec x log(sec x + tan x)dx on 0, 2
Sol. log(sec x + tan x) = t
(sec x ⋅ tan x + sec2 x)dx
⇒ = dt = sec x dx
(sec x + tan x)
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∫ sin
3
71. x dx on R.
3 1
= − cos x + cos 3x + C
4 12
1
= (cos 3x − 9 cos x) + C
12
∫ cos
3
72. xdx on R.
3 1
= sin x + sin 3x + C
4 12
1
= (9sin x + sin 3x) + C
12
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1 sin 4x sin 2x
= + +C
2 4 2
1
= ( sin 4x + 2sin 2x ) + C
8
∫ cos
4
75. x dx on R.
2
1 + cos 2x
Sol. cos 4 x = (cos 2 x) 2 =
2
1
= (1 + 2 cos 2x + cos 2 2x)
4
1 1 + cos 4x
= 1 + 2 cos 2x +
4 2
1
= (2 + 4 cos 2x + 1 + cos 4x)
8
1
= (3 + 4 cos 2x + cos 4x)
8
1
(
= 3∫ dx + 4 ∫ cos 2x dx + ∫ cos 4x dx
8
)
1 sin 2x sin 4x
= 3x + 4 + +C
8 2 4
1
= (12x + 8sin 2x + sin 4x ) + C
32
3
76. ∫x 4x + 3 dx on − , ∞ .
4
Sol. put 4x + 3 = t 2 ⇒ 4dx = 2t dt
1 t2 − 3
dx = t dt ⇒ x =
2 4
t2 − 3 1
∫ x 4x + 3 dx = ∫ 4
⋅ t ⋅ t dt
2
1 4 1 t5 3
8∫
= (t − 3t 2
)dt = − t + C
8 5
(4x + 3)5/ 2 1
= − (4x + 3)3/ 2 + C
40 8
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dx
77. ∫ on {x ∈ R :| b + cx |< a} , where a, b, c are real numbers c ≠ 0 and a > 0.
a 2 − (b + cx) 2
dx dx
Sol. ∫ =∫
a 2 − (b + cx) 2 a b
2 2
c − −x
c c
b
+ x
= sin −1
1 c + K = 1 sin −1 b + cx + K
c a c a
c
dx
78. ∫ a 2 + (b + cx)2 on R, where a, b, c are real numbers, c ≠ 0 and a > 0.
dx 1 dx
Sol. ∫ = ∫ a 2
a + (b + cx)
2 2
c 2
b
2
+ + x
c c
b
+x
1 −1 c
= tan +C
a a
a2 ⋅
c c
1 b + cx
= tan −1 +C
ac a
dx
79. ∫ 1 + ex , x ∈ R
dx 1 + ex − ex
Sol. ∫ = ∫ 1 + ex dx
1 + ex
ex
= ∫ 1 − dx = x − log(1 + e ) + C
x
1 + ex
x2 a
80. ∫ (1 + bx)2 dx , x ∈ I ⊂ R \ − b , where a, b are real numbers, b ≠ 0.
1
Sol. Put a + bx=t ,⇒ b dx =dt⇒ dx = ⋅ dt
b
2
t −a
x 2
1 b
∫ (a + bx)2 dx =
b∫ t2
dt
1 t 2 − 2at + a 2
=
b3
∫ t2
dt
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1 2a a 2
= ∫ 1 − t + t 2 + C
b3
1 a2
= t − 2a log | t | − +C
b3 t
1 a2
= 3 (a + bx) − 2a log | a + bx | − +C
b (a + bx)
x2
81. ∫ 1− x
dx, x ∈ (−∞,1)
2 t5
= 2∫ (1 − 2t 2 + t 4 )dt = −2 t − t 3 + + C
3 5
2 1
= −2 1 − x − (1 − x)3/ 2 + (1 − x)5/ 2 + C
3 5
1 − tan x π
82. ∫ 1 + tan x dx for x ∈ I ⊂ R \ nπ − 4 : n ∈ Z
sin x
1−
1 − tan x
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ cos x dx
1 + tan x 1+
sin x
cos x
cos x − sin x
=∫ dx
cos x + sin x
cos x + sin x = t
⇒ dt = − sin x + cos x dx
1 − tan x dt
∫ 1 + tan x dx = ∫ t
= log | t | + C
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1
83. Evaluate ∫ a sin x + b cos x dx where a, b ∈ and a2 + b2≠ 0 on r.
Sol. We can find real numbers r and θ such that a = cosθ, b = r sin θ
a b
Then r = a 2 + b2 , cos θ = and sin θ =
r r
a sin x + b cos x = r ⋅ cos θ sin x + r sin θ cos x
= r[cos θ sin x + sin θ cos x] = r sin(x + θ)
1 1 1
∫ a sin x + b cos x dx = r ∫ sin(x + θ) dx
1 1 1
= (csc(x + θ))dx = log tan (x + θ) + C
r r 2
1 1
= log tan (x + θ) + C
a +b
2 2 2
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sin x
85. ∫ sin(a + x) dx on I ⊂ R − {nπ − a : n ∈ Z} .
sin x sin(x + a − a)
Sol: ∫ sin(a + x) dx = ∫ sin(x + a)
dx
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