BLOOD TYPES
-Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
The cell membrane of rbc`s contains a variety of
bantigens (agglutination)that form the basis for the
classification of blood types.
ABO GROUPINGS Two types of antigen A and B
-If antigen A is present the person is type A
-If antigen B is present the person is type B
-If antigen A and B is present the person is type AB
-If neither A or B is present the person is type O
ANTIBODIES
-Type A person have anti B antibodies in their plasma
-Type B person have anti A antibodies in their plasma
-Type O person have both anti A ad B antibodies in
their plasma
-Type AB
RH BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEM
-People with the Rh Antigen are designated Rh
positive
-people with no Rh antigen are designated as Rh
negative
-Rh individuals do not have naturally occurring anti
Rh antibodies in their plasma
BLOOD PLATELETS
-aka thrombocytes
-Not cells but membrane bound cell fragments
-Produced by the fragmentation of the cytoplasm of
meacaryocytes
-No nucleus but have mitochondria, ribosomes and
elements of Golgi complex and rough and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum.
-In routine staining
Granulomere
-dark staining central portion that contains basophilic
granules that are often referred to as azurophilic
granules
Hyalomere -Clear peripheral portion
The Granules in the granulomere are actually
lysosomes and secretory vesicles containing
-platelet factor 4 ( PF 4)
-Thrombospondin
-von Willebrand factor
Surface connecting canalicular system
- The numerous tubular invagination in a
platelet membrane.
-serves a entry and exit points of substance to
and form the platelet.
Dense tubular system
-Narrower channels found interspered in the
canalicular system.
-main site for storage of calcium ions and
clyclooxygenase (converts arachidonic acid to
prostaglandin and thromboxaes, substances
that mediate the inflammatory
response/inflammation)
BLOOD COAGULATION
-platelets adhere to injured blood vessel in a
process called platelet adhesion after adhering
to collagen, they release a substance that
promotes platelet aggregartion this leads to
the formation of a platelet plug,they also
release blood clotting factors.
NEUTROPHILS
-Most abundant among the leukocytes,
-granules have little affinity for dyes but are
colored lilac in routinely stained preparation.
-granules are actually secretory vesicles .
Specific granules (phagocytins) granules
present in neutrophil that conatin enzymes and
protein that have bacterial properties.
- 0.1 um in a diameter
-gives the cytoplasm a grainy appearance
-destined to be exported by the cell.
-secondary granules appear later than
azurophilic granules during differentiation.
NON SPECIFIC CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES
(AZUROPHILIC GRANULES)
 -Present in all the wbc`
-Stain reddish purple in routinely stained
preparations.
-They are actually lysosomes .
-They are intended for use within the cell
-Primarily granules they appear earlier during
differentiation. They appear larger but fewer
that specific granules.
NUCLEUS has 2-6 lobes
-deeply staining with no nucleolus .
-Number of lobes is proportional to its age .
-in females 6out of 500 neutrophils contain
drumstick or Barr body
- a nuclear appendafe attached to one of the
lobes. It is an inactive X chromosome
-it may also be present in males but not as much.
BARR BODY.
-Defend body against bacteria and other
foreign substance by phagocytosis and by
releasing secretions that are toxic to pathogens.
-Neutrophils are not antigen presenting cells.
-They mediate inflammatory response thru
release of contents of granules.
-Highly motile and form pseudopods.
-Attracted by chemotaxins.
-As a rule. After the contents of the granules
are spent they die and form part of pus if pus
formation occurs where they are know as pus
cells.
EOSINOPHIL
-Sightly larger than neutrophil. With large
specific granules that stain pink or brick red in
routinely stained smear.
-Has 2 to 3 lobes and has limited phagocytic
activity
Specific cytoplasmic granules contain distinct
protein and hydrolytic enzymes.
Azurophilic granules
-fewer and smaller
-They defend the body against microorganism
by taking up and breaking down antigen
-antibody complexes
-Fight parasites like roundworms by releasing
the content of their granules in the
extracellular environment.
-The contents of their granules are toxic to
certain parasites.
- contents of granules may also fight cancer
cells -
some substances in their granules amplify ad
perpetuate the body`s inflammatory response
leading to worsening of symptoms
-increase in number in case of parasitism and
allergic reactions.
BASOPHIL
-As a large as neutrophil
-least known among the leukocytes
-Has U or J shaped nucleus, may sometimes
appear bilobed.
-Distinguish by the presence of coarse,
basophilic specific cytoplasmic granules that
stain blue or purple in routine staining
techniques. The granules are water soluble.
Contain histamine,heparin,leukotrienes.
Function:
-Involved in the pathogenesis or
development of immediate type
hypersensitivity reactions including
anaphylactic shock.
-Known to release histamine ad other
mediators of inflammation.
MONOCYTE
-Has a bean shaped or U shaped nucleus,
eccentrically located
-Often with two or more nucleoli
-Has basophilic cytoplasm
-Contains numerous azurophilic granules
-Monocytes are capable of continuous
production of azuruphilic granules.
Function:Serve as precursor cells to
macrophages
LYMPHOCYTES Memory T
-At any given time, about 98% of cell
lymphocytes in the body are not in blood but Suppressor
in other tissues and different lymphoid T cell
organs. -Main
functiom;Principal agents of the body`s
immune response 2 types are Small and
Large Lymphocyte

SMALL LYMPHOCYTES
-High nucleus to cytoplasm ration
-The nucleus almost occupy the whole cell
-The nucleus is kidney or round shaped
-The cytoplasm consist of thin,basophilic
“halo” that surrounds the nucleus.
-Has no specific granules but it contain few
azurophilic granules.

LARGE LYMPHOCYTES
-Contain abundant cytoplasm that is
intensely basophilic.
-Nucleus is large, pale and with a prominent
nucleolus
-Often mistaken as monocyte
=Monocytes are generally bigger
=Monocytes have more abundant cytoplasm
but lighter staining
=The nucleus of monocyte is also lighter
staining.

Classifiation of Lymphocytes
B cells T Cells Nk Cells

Bcell antigen Tcell Natural cytotoxicity

receptor antigen receptor
receptor

15 % 80% 5%

Humoral Cell Inflammatory and

Immunity Mediated Immune response
immunity

Helper

T cell

Cytotoxic T
cell