SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON

“SMART PARKING SYSTEM”

SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

(COMPUTER ENGINEERING)

BY
AKANKSHA RAUT 10

NEHA SAHU 12

SALONI SONAWANE 15

PRANITA KANUKUNTLA 46

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. AMIT G. GADEKAR

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SANDIP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH

CENTRE

Mahiravani Trimbak Road , Tal. & Dist. Nashik-422213,

Maharashtra, India.
 SANDIP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH CENTRE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project Entitled

“SMART PARKING SYSTEM”

Submitted by

Akanksha Raut 10

Neha Sahu 12

Saloni Sonawane 15

Pranita Kanukuntla 46

is a bonafide work carried out by Students under the supervision of Prof.Amit G.Gadekar

and it is submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the requirement of Bachelor of

Engineering(Computer Engineering) Project.

Prof. Amit G.Gadekar Prof. Amol D.Potgantwar

Internal Guide H.O.D

Dept. of Computer Engineering Dept. of Computer Engineering

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It gives us great pleasure in presenting the preliminary seminar report on ‘IOT BASED SMART PARKING
SYSTEM’.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank my internal guide Prof.Amit.G.Gadekar for giving me all the
help guidance I needed. I am really grateful to them for their kind support. His valuable suggestions were
very helpful.

We am also grateful to Dr.Amol D Potgantwar,Head of Computer Engineering Department, SITRC for his
indispensable support, suggestions.

Akanksha Raut

Neha Sahu

Saloni Sonawane

Pranita Kanukuntla

(TE COMPUTER ENGINEERING)

 INDEX
Abstract
1.Introduction
1.1 Overview of Project
1.2 Background of Project

2.Objective and Motivation

2.1 Objective
2.2 Motivation

3.Related Work
3.1 Litearature Survey

4.Problem Definition
4.1 Problem Statement
4.2 Domain
5.Methodology
5.1 System Overview
5.2 Solving Approach

6.Project Implementation
6.1 Hardware and Software Component

7.Analysis

8.Conclusion and Future Scope

9.References
Abstract:

Parking space is becoming a serious problem due to the day-by-day increase in number of vehicles
on the road.The proper management of available parking spaces to enable a driver to locate the
parking slot quickly during busiest hours of the day in the urban areas is a major concern to the city
authorities. To deal with such problems parking planning should be done.
We are implementing an algorithm which will solve this issue. The algorithm will guide drivers
to find and direct them to their respective parking space at the entry level. For this, we used sensors
which are deployed at parking lots to check the availability of the respective parking space.
Time needed to search parking space that are caused by inefficient parking system will be
significantly reduced. We hereby present the study of issues related to the different structures used
and algorithms for smart parking system.Very few works have paid attention to the real-time
management of all parking spaces available within a city.
By keeping track of the occupancy status of all the parking spaces available within a city, it is
possible to aid not only the driver to locate his/her preferable parking spot quickly but also the city
authorities in generating revenues by proper utilization of the parking spaces. Thus, this presents an
automated real-time parking management system for smart cities to address the above mentioned
issues.
The proposed parking management system provides online reservation facility for the parking spot
in a secured manner via an android application that is to be installed on the drivers phone and also
integrate an electronic payment gateway to enable automatic collection of the parking charges by
the city authorities.
1.Introduction

The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) started with things with identity communication
devices. The devices could be tracked,controlled or monitored using remote computers
connected through Internet. IoT extends the use of Internet providing the communication,
and thus inter-network of the devices and physical objects, or ‘Things’. The two prominent
words in IoT are “internet” and “things”. Internet means a vast global network of connected
servers, computers, tablets and mobiles using the internationally used protocols and
connecting systems. Internet enables sending, receiving, or communicating of information.
Thing in English has number of uses and meanings. Dictionary meaning of ‘Thing’ is a term
used to reference to a physical object, an action or idea, situation or activity, in case when
we do not wish to be precise. IoT, in general consists of inter-network of the devices and
physical objects, number of objects can gather the data at remote locations and
communicate to units managing,acquiring,organizing and analyzing the data in the
processes and services.It provides a vision where things (wearable, watch, alarm clock,
home devices, surrounding objects with) become smart and behave alive through sensing,
computing and communicating by embedded small devices which interact with remote
objects or persons through connectivity. Various screen shots depicting the graphical user
interface (GUI) of android based mobile application that enables the authenticated drivers to
locate the nearest parking spot and then reserve it, have also been provided in this paper.
The scalable and robust nature of Cloud computing is allowing developers to create and host
their applications on it. Cloud acts as a perfect partner for IoT as it acts as a platform where
all the sensor data can be stored and accessed from remote locations. These factors gave rise
to the amalgamation of both technologies thus leading to the formation of a new technology
called Cloud of Things(CoT). In CoT the things(nodes) could be accessed, monitored and
controlled from any remote location through the cloud. Due to high scalability in cloud any
number of node could be added or removed from the IoT system on a real time basis. In
simple terms IoT can be explained in form of an equation stating:

Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of Things

Another factor to consider is the wired infrastructureneeded for most vehicle detecting
sensors. Since,installation of traditional systems require that wired infrastructure be
installed, some systems have suggested using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) through
the use of Zigbee networks. Zigbee networks are able to wirelessly communicate with a
central coordinator that has information about all nodes. This allows for sensors to be
moved or repositioned easily without the need for costly removal or installation.

The ideal of creating a Smart City is now becoming possible with the emergence of the
Internet of Things. One of the key issues that smart cities relate to are car parking facilities
and traffic management systems. In present day cities finding an available parking spot is
always difficult for drivers, and it tends to become harder with ever increasing number of
private car users. Parking management system can improve usage of provided parking6
spaces such that it will help to reduce traffic in towns and cities caused by drivers searching
for parking space.This situation can be seen as an opportunity for smart cities to undertake
actions in order enhance the efficiency their parking resources thus leading to reduction in
searching times, traffic congestion and road accidents. Problems pertaining to parking and
traffic congestion can be solved if the drivers can be informed in advance about the
availability of parking spaces at and around their intended destination. Recent advances in
creating low-cost, low-power embedded systems are helping developers to build new
applications for Internet of Things. Followed by the developments in sensor technology,
many modern cities have opted for deploying various IoT based systems in and around the
cities for the purpose of monitoring. A recent survey performed by the International Parking
Institute reflects an increase in number of innovative ideas related to parking systems. At
present there are certain parking systems that claim to citizens of delivering real time
information about available parking spaces. Such systems require efficient sensors to be
deployed in the parking areas for monitoring the occupancy as well as quick data processing
units in order to gain practical insights from data collected over various sources .
The smart parking system that we propose is implemented using mobile application that is
connected to the cloud. Thesystem helps a user know the availability of parking spaces on a
real time basis.
1.1.Overview of project
• Applicability of our project:
Over the decades with the development of our country we’ve reached in a situation where
the manual car parking system in commercial spaces needs to be replaced. The manual car
parking system is causing hurdle and chaos in parking space, therefore resulting in wastage
of time and some economic losses as well. Therefore introducing Automated Car Parking
Systems in commercial spaces can be replacement to the manual car parking systems at
commercial spaces. We can install this system in the places like:

1. Office buildings:

It will help the staff to park their car without any hurdle and wastage of time. It will also
relieve their mind from the unnecessary parking hurdle. Also if someone is already late he
wouldn’t be late any further by having to search for the parking space and park his car. It
will also provide security to their cars from stealing.

2. Shopping Malls:

It will help the customers to park their car without any hurdle, which will give them time to
browse for more products. It’ll benefit both the customers and the sellers as the customer
will have more time to explore their options and the sellers have more product options to
sell. It will increase the number of customers coming in the malls. It will increase revenue
as the customer has to pay for the parking space. It will also help removing the cars which
are kept all day long without shopping purposes as they need to pay for parking their cars.
As there is a time limit for the parking space the customers will keep that in mind and they
will remove their cars on time. This will help more customers to come to these malls each
day. It will also provide security to their cars from stealing.

3. Hospitals:

In hospital when there are a lot of emergency cases there are a lot of a cars and ambulances
coming in the parking space. This creates jam which cause delay for the patients to receive
the medical services, which often can be fatal to them. If we install the automated system, it
will take less time to park car and the patients to reach the medical services. Also they can
earn revenue for cars other than the ambulances. It will also provide security to their cars
from stealing.

4. Amusement Parks:

If we install automated car parking systems in amusement parks it will attract more people
to come to these places. The more the people will come the more revenue will be earned.
Moreover these amusement parks relieve us from our dull and monotonous lives, refreshes
our mind. The more people can enjoy these places due to the advanced parking facility. It
again increases the revenue as people need to pay for parking their cars. It will also provide
security to their cars from stealing.
Along with these places we can use this system in educational institutes and mosques where
car parking area is available. It will help people to park their car easily without making any
hurdle. It will also provide security to their cars from stealing.
1.2 Background of our project:

Over the decades our country has been developed drastically, now we are in this state that
we have a lot of well contacted roads, commercial building and increasing number of
automobiles. With the increasing amount of roads and highways transportation has become
the backbone of our day to day life.

Transportation has also become the backbone of our economy for its wide usage in trade
and business. So parking of these transportation or vehicles has become a matter of
consideration. While parking these vehicles in parking space we still use the very old
fashioned manual procedure of parking. Which are maintained in unplanned manner,
without any discipline. Due to this people can park their cars anywhere they want to, which
creates a mess as people don’t follow anydiscipline most of the time. While parking in and
retrieving car due mismanagement cars can get dent by bumping with each other as there is
lack of sufficient space.

This leads to arguments, fights among people which sometimes create traffic jam. This is
also an economical lose as we need to repair our damaged car. Cars consume extra fuel
while parking in or out. Due to this chaos in parking our valuable time gets wasted. It harms
the students, office going staffs and emergency patients to a great extent. It also causes
economical loss to commercial places like shopping malls, amusement parks as people are
more likely not to visit these places due to this parking hazard.

Automated car parking systems will provide several benefits. It will save time and fuel cost.
In manual parking system it is too hard to find out the empty space for parking, it is very
much time consuming. Sometimes it causes late in meeting or other important works. It will
save fuel as in this system an automatic tray will take the vehicle into the required slot. This
will reduce the fuel cost of searching for parking space, parking in and out. Here we do not
need to lighting all over the parking space all the time. It will only have the lights on when it
moves and where is the path and it is very much electricity saving also. It provides security
from theft of vehicle and it can earn revenue. It can introduce us to advanced digitalized
systems which show us the Engineering excellence in our country.
2. OBJECTIVE AND MOTIVATION:

Objective:

The use of this system can help to reduce the environmental burden caused by drivers
cruising for parking. At the same time, it provides to its users a convenient way of
securing a parking space, by means of its reservation before the start of the trip.

• Improve information for motorists.

• Increase the range of parking and convenience.
• Resonable price.
• Manage residential on-street parking.
• Valet parking.
• Location of parking lots.
• Save fuels

Motivation of the project :

The main motivation of this project is to reduce the traffic jam that occurs in the
urban areas which are caused by vehicles searching for parking. In the newspapers,
we saw many articles regarding the parking problem all over nasik City.

In INDIA we are still using the manual vehicle parking system that why we are facing
problems like wastage of time and energy finding free space across the parking surface
when we need to park our car which requires a good amount of fuel.

We proposed an automated system where the parking ground will only open if it has
free slots for parking. The user can also check it before arriving there by a website. It will
save the time as well as reduce the gathering in front of parking area.
3.Related work:

LITERATURE SURVEY:

In today’s world parking lots have become redundant and needs lot of manpower to
handle and maintain it. These parking lots are not user friendly and do not provide data
regarding availability of free spaces. Many researchers have contributed to this issue and
formalized with various methods to better optimize the parking lot to serve the needs. The
author proposed smart parking reservation system using short message services (SMS), for
that he uses Global System for Mobile(GSM) with microcontroller to enhances
security[1].

The ZigBee technique is used along with the GSM module for parking management
and reservation [2]. The author uses Global Positioning System(GPS) and Android platform
to show available parking spaces. However, reservation for the same is not available [3].The
author uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to process images, which recognizes the
parking occupied only by vehicles. The system provides guidance images towards the
assigned slots, thus making it intelligent [4].

Inter integrated circuit (I2C) protocol is used along with car parking framework(CPF) to
assign radio frequency identification (RFID) to each car which will be used to identify car
parked over a slot. Variable message screen(VMS) shows car parked over a given floor [6].
The system assigns and reserves an optimal parking space based on drivers cost function
that combines proximity to destination and parking cost. Driver request processing
center (DRPC) provides infrastructure to vehicle (I2V) communication for assigning
and reserving parking spaces using smart parking allocation center (SPARC) [5].

The author uses wide angle camera as a sensor which detect only free parking spaces and
records them. These records are then used to assign parking space to the incoming user [18].
Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and Electronic toll collection (ETC) using optical
character recognition (OCR) creates a record for all entering vehicle. This creates tag less
entry for all vehicles in the parking lot, but it does not assign a slot to the user. A universal
OCR algorithm is not available, making it difficult to create said records [7].
The author proposes robotic garage (RG) using Bluetooth which would be used to fully
automate the placement of a car in the slot without the aid of the driver. The system
automatically checks the unique registration number stored in the Bluetooth chip to check if
the new vehicle needs to be parked. This system is a vertical parking arrangement for the
vehicles with sensors that confirm placement of the car. Various other sensors are used to
confirm that there are no passengers left in the vehicles and then the system moves the
vehicle to storage area employing rackand pinion (RaP) mechanism [8].

The author proposes upgraded system to the above, which is deployed with radio
frequency identification (RFID) to authenticate at the gate management service (GMS)
to assign a definitive slot. The system provides an additional feature to monitor parking
lot over the internet [9].

Current market solution available:

Different Type of Automated Car parking Systems:

• Stack Parker Car Parking System.

• Elevator Car Parking System.

There are mainly seven different types of automated car parking system:
• AGV systems
• Crane systems
• Puzzle systems
• RGC systems
• Shuttle systems
• Silo systems
• Tower systems
4.Problem Definition

Problem Statement:

Parking management influences drivers search time and cost for parking spaces.
It may also causes traffic congestion.Finding a parking space in most metropolitan areas,
especially during the rush hours, is difficult for drivers.Difficulty arises from not knowing
where the available spaces may be at that time traffic congestion may occur.

Problems with the Traditional car parking system :

Traditional or manual car parking system is everywhere in our country but this system is full
of problems.

They are:

1. We can see in many shopping malls, hospitals huge traffic jam in front of the parking. The
parking
guard stops the entire vehicle and gives a payment slip, this creates traffic jam.
2. It is difficult and time consuming to find out the parking slot which costs extra fuel and
wastes time.
3. Security problem is one another problem in manual car parking, people can enter in
parking slot and
there snatching, robbery can happen.
4. In manual parking system some guard needs to be appointed for the whole job, it is costly
enough.
Domain:

What is IOT?
IoT consists of inter-network of the devices and physical objects, number of objects can
gather the data at remote locations and communicate to units managing,acquiring,organizing
and analyzing the data in the processes and services.It provides a vision where things
become smart and behave alive through sensing, computing and communicating by
embedded small devices which interact with remote objects or persons through connectivity.

The Internet of things (IoT) is the extension of Internet connectivity into physical devices
and everyday objects. Embedded with electronics, Internet connectivity, and other forms of
hardware (such as sensors), these devices can communicate and interact with others over the
Internet, and they can be remotely monitored and controlled.
The definition of the Internet of things has evolved due to convergence of multiple
technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded
systems.[5] Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control
systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to
enabling the Internet of things. In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous
with products pertaining to the concept of the "smart home", covering devices and
appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems and cameras, and
other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems, and can be controlled
via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers.
The IoT concept has faced prominent criticism, especially in regards to privacy and security
concerns related to these devices and their intention of pervasive presence.
5.Methodology

System overview:
The first requirement is achieved by selecting an appropriate combination of sensors,
especially an infrared sensor for exterior areas and an ultrasonic sensor for interior usage.

The second requirement is met by the development of an Android application, which

presents detected information to drivers.

The third requirement is fulfilled by providing local parking-lot statistics to its

administrator; the global parking statistics to other users and municipalities.

The fourth requirement is met by utilizing Bluetooth Low Energy as a communication

technology that connects peripheral and central devices.

The fifth requirement relates to the fourth one, as the low-power communication is used and
the sensor devices are simple low-power end nodes. The selectors of system components
adheres to the last requirement – well-known Arduino and Raspberry Pi devices have been
selected, for which plenty of libraries, software, extensions, and user guides are freely
available.
Added Features:

We have added one feature in proposed system which traces current

Geolocation of Driver and shows the near by parking slots available to park the
car at secure place.

Solving Approach:
6.Project Implementation:

The automated parking system using IoT that you develop can be implemented in covered
parks, open parks and also street side parking. The smart parking system will have a cloud
service provider that provides cloud storage to store information about the parking status in
the slots. There will be a centralized server which stores the information about the number
of parking slots, availability status and also the parking time.

The functionalities of the components of automated parking system project are as follows:

1. Centralized server: This maintains the information about the parking slots and its
availability

2. Aurdino: This will act as the microcontroller for the project and all the other sensors
will connected to it .

3. IR sensors: It will be used to sense the presence of vehicle in the parking slots by
sending out IR radiations

4. Navigation system: This will give the signals that will guide the users to navigate
and go to the nearest available parking slot

5. Display device: This will be the screen that displays the status of the parking slots
and change real-time

6. User device: This can either be the mobile phone or a website which can be used by
the user to get the availability of parking slots directly

Major steps involved:

1. The IR sensors should be placed in the appropriate places to clearly cover all the
parking slots
2. The parking slots should be appropriately numbered to mark them on the system

3. These marked points will act as the control points and will be integrated as slots in
the cloud
 4. Then the setting will be saved and the microcontroller will be programmed to display
the data online accordingly

Hardware and Software Components

Introduction:

To have a proper knowledge about the hardware components as well as the software
components of the project is a must. Arduino Uno played a vital part in our project as it
contains all the software data in it.To send the confirmation message to the user we’ve used
GSM module. We used DC motor to open gate and move the tray wheel.

Hardware Components:

Kit required to develop Automatic Smart Parking System using IoT:

• Arduino
• Raspberry Pi
• display device
• IR Sensor,LDR sensor,ultrasonic etc.

Arduino Uno R3 Board:

Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board, which is based on the ATmega328P

microcontroller. This board has 14 digital input/output pins of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs, 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header and a reset button in short it contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller. We can connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-
to-DC adapter or battery to get started. It is named as Arduino Uno as “Uno” means one in
Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0, the Uno board
and version of Arduino. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards,
reference model for the Arduino platform.

Ultrasonic Sensor:

For each individual car

park, this would require one sensor fixed on the ceiling above each parking space.
Ultrasonic
sensors work based on echo-location. The sensor transmits a sound, which hits a solid object
(car or ground) and is reflected back to the sensor. The time between the sent pulse and the
returned echo is used to calculate distance. In a vacant space, the time between transmitted
sound and reflection is longer than in an occupied space, hence the sensor can detect when a
space is occupied. Figure 4 illustrates how it works.
IR Sensor:

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the
motion.These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that
is called as a passive IR sensor.All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit
heat energy in the form of radiation. Usually this radiation isn't visible to the human eye
because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by electronic devices
designed for such a purpose.

The term passive in this instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do not radiate energy for
detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared radiation (radiant heat) emitted by or
reflected from objects.

LDR Sensor:
A photoresistor is a light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases
with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A
photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light-activated and dark-
activated switching circuits
Technologies you will learn by working on Automatic Smart Parking System using IoT:
• IOT
• WSN
• Raspberry Pi

Programming language: Arduino Programming (C++), Python Programming

Software Components:

The Arduino IDE software is known that Arduino IDE is open source software. This
software is used to compile the program into the microcontroller. It uses C-programming
language for coding. In this software we have used some function from the Arduino library
to get the authentication of SIM, GPS data, send the data to the script with HTTP, to send
and receive data via RF Module. We used AT command for SIM900A kit to connect with the
Arduino for sending message to the user’s mobile phone.
7.Analysis:

Economical Benefits of Automated Car Parking System

More Profitable Land Use:

APS (automated parking systems) require significantly less area and volume for a given
number of parking spaces than other parking options. APS enables the more profitable use
of valuable land for tenants, green space etc. and provide property developers various
options such as: minimizing the area needed for parking to maximizing the number of
parking spaces or some optimum point in between the two.

Parking Optimized for Profitability:

Conventional parking solutions are too large or unfeasible whereas the design flexibility of
APS allows them to fit in locations or areas. APS can be installed inside, under or between
existing structures, very narrow and deep areas and even irregularly shaped spaces:
horizontally, vertically or both. APS help increase profitability by using unusable or lower
value space for car parking.

Capital Cost:

The common idea that the APS always cost more than multi-story parking garages is overly
simplistic and frequently incorrect. APS can be replacements for conventional car parks
APS’s substantially smaller size and design flexibility can significantly shift capital cost and
project profitability for if the developers incorporate them into preliminary
designs.Operation and maintenance costs are highly specific to each application. APS have
the advantage of requiring
no or minimal lighting, ventilation, fire suppression, monitoring, clean up, staff and security
measures in the unoccupied parking area unlike the conventional car park.

Sustainable Building:

APS offer numerous advantages over conventional parking when it comes to green space,
emissions and carbon footprint reduction, solar access, storm water runoff and more:

• Greenhouse gases (VOCs, CO, NO, etc.) can be reduced 60 to 85% since no driving
is required to find spaces and park cars.
• Permit more green space by reducing land requirements
• APS can be substantially more energy efficient than conventional parking solutions,
especially in underground or enclosed parking applications.
• Less excavation depth of APS minimizes the potential groundwater impact
• Unlike the conventional car parking APS require much less building material.
• APS can minimize the obstruction of views and sunlight
• Recycling of high value building materials such as steel.
 Inherent Securities:
The APS concept inherently provides much higher levels of protection and security for cars,
their contents and their drivers. Vandalism and theft are virtually impossible in an APS.
Personal security is much higher than in car parks since drivers and passengers are always in
well-lighted, highly visible/public entry and exit areas at street level. APS are also an ideal
solution for the handicapped since entry and exit bays can readily accommodate specific
requirements and building codes.

Lower Risk & Liability:

Insurance premiums are often heavily influenced by the probability of accidents or other
events occurring, here APS may help as APS minimize the potential for property damage,
theft, personal injury or death.The possibility of dents, scratches, other damage and
vandalism to cars, theft of property from cars, car theft, robbery, arson, fire, assault, rape,
falls and suicide can be reduced greatly by using the inherent safety and security of APS.

Tax Advantages:
The property developers may have significant tax advantages in the form of accelerated
depreciation compared to car parks or parking garages by using APS. Several countries
permit faster, or accelerated, depreciation rates for equipment based on its useful life as
equipment value declines at a faster rate in the earlier years. APS may be eligible for much
higher depreciation rates increasing profitability compared to the 25 to 50 year depreciation
of buildings such as car parks.

Faster Constructions:
APS are typically faster and easier to install because of much smaller and highly pre-
fabricated structures, than larger monolithic concrete car parks. There is much less volume
to excavate and transport , this leads to reduced construction costs, less interest during
construction and a faster start of revenue generation.

Improved Profitability and Other Factors:

Less quantifiable benefits of APS that can improve profitability for developers include:
Location: - APS can add to the value of the location as it can gain people’s attention.
Reduced visual impact:By using APS we can reduce the space parking slot that can
reduce lease/rental rates the lower heights and smaller volumes of APS minimize
obstruction of views and sunshine.

Aesthetics: APS to blend in to the surroundings as it has customizable external

treatments.APS (automated parking systems) provide property developers a numerous
benefits and
opportunities for car parking, so a change in thinking is needed to take advantage of APS.

Losses due to manual car parking:

1. Improper usage of lands:

As the manual car parking systems are unplanned they lack the proper usage of lands, which
is unprofitable for property developers. It is unable to use unused property without proper
shape which is again wastage of land.

2. Added capital cost:

Manual car parking system adds extra expenditure to capital cost as it is comparatively
costlier than the automated car parking system.
 3. Extra fuel and maintenance cost:
Manual car parking system there is huge maintenance cost. Also there is added fuel
expenditure while parking in or out the cars.

4. Risk and liability:

Insurance premium often heavily influenced by the probability of accidents or other events
occurring,using manual car parking system may maximize the potential for property
damage, theft, personal injury or death. The possibility of dents, scratches, other damage
and vandalism to cars, theft of property from cars, car theft, robbery, arson fire, assault,
rape,falls and suicide can take place as safety and security of manual car parking systems
are that much reliable.

5. Wastage of time:
As manual car parking systems are not planned properly it takes a lot of time for finding
parking space,parking in and retrieving the vehicles.

Other disadvantages:

There are a several other disadvantages of manual car parking systems. Such as:
Manual car parking systems are not eco-friendly they cause noise, GHG emission and
sometimes
make the parking ground dirty due to disposal of litters by people.
• Manual car parking systems are not sustainable.
• Manual car parking systems sometimes block air and sunlight.
• Manual car parking systems can hardly be recycled.
8.Conclusion and Future Scope:
Conclusion:

The multiple smart parking system which is efficient and effective. In future we will be
developing an algorithm and method to create a smart parking system using wireless
network sensor to have real time updates on the parking spot occupancy status.

More specifically, the proposed system is able to detect whether a parking space is occupied
or not by various sensors. The central device collects data from all peripheral devices in the
range and stores them in the local SQLite3 database. These data are periodically updated to
the Back end less cloud server via an internet connection, where the data are available for
drivers using the proposed Android application for finding free parking spaces.

The advantage of the proposed system is that it is based on the widely available and well-
known devices using the open software without any license fees. It can be used for interior
and exterior parking lots, as well as for street-based public parking spaces. The system is
scalable and each part can be easily replaced. The contribution is that the system enables
anyone to build sensor devices (or to use the existing parking systems) and sent parking-
space occupancy information to the cloud-based collector, where it will be available to the
public .By implementing and testing the prototype, it has been proved that the system
successfully detects free parking spaces and collects important parking statistics.

The concept of Smart Cities have always been a dream for humanity. Since the past couple
of years large advancements have been made in making smart cities a reality. The growth of
Internet of Things and Cloud technologies have give rise to new possibilities in terms of
smart cities. Smart parking facilities and traffic management systems have always been at
the core of constructing smart cities. In this paper, we address the issue of parking and
present an IoT based Cloud integrated smart parking system. The system that we propose
provides real time information regarding availability of parking slots in a parking area.
Users from remote locations could book a parking slot for them by the use of our mobile
application. The efforts made in this paper are indented to improve the parking facilities of a
city and thereby aiming to enhance the quality of life of its people.
Future Scope of Project:

The systems proposed by various authors help us effectively in reserving as well as

eliminates the need for searching of a parking space in private parking lot. Many researchers
have implemented systems which have dynamic arrangement scheme for satisfying the
different needs of drivers and service providers, which is based on real-time parking
information.

Hence, we conclude that this paper is very useful for new researcher for innovation of new
techniques to manage the problem faced by drivers on day to day basis. The table contains
advantages and disadvantages of various systems implemented by researchers. In future
work, we innovate this system which is not only used in a particular parking area
available, but can be extended and also be implemented on various other platforms
such as railway stations, airports, mall parking spaces. This will make the management of
the parking spaces efficiently, by eliminating need of manual labor work.

Future Ideas:

• Smart recognition of cars:

We can recognize the cars by their number plates with the help of image processing in ACP
system. By using this type of technology users can directly pay for their car parking using
mobile phone’s prepaid balance or car parking account balance.

• Updating Users about available slots and account balance:

User can get updates about available slots of a particular parking space and account balance
by sending a simple SMS to the data base.
References:
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[2] AshwinSayeeraman, P.S.Ramesh, “ZigBee and GSM based secure vehicle parking
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[3] Jihoon Yang , Jorge Portilla, Teresa Riesgo “Smart Parking Service based on Wireless
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[4] P.Dharma Reddy, A. RajeshwarRao, Dr. Syed Musthak Ahmed, “An Intelligent
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[5] YanfengGeng, Student Member, IEEE, and Christos G. Cassandras, Fellow, IEEE“New
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[6] ManjushaPatil, Vasant N. Bhonge “Wireless Sensor Network and RFID for Smart
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[9] ElMouatezbillahKarbab,DjamelDjenouri, SaharBoulkaboul, Antoine Bagula,

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‘,978-1-4799-8802-0/15 ©2015 IEEE