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Mostly the main loading on the fix point, caused by changing of the direction
of the flowing or still water.
Calculation based on the impulse theorem.
Fy sin( ) p A1 Q1 v1
Fx cos Q1 v1 p A1 Q2 v2 p A2
where: deflection angle
p internal pressure (N/m²)
A1, A2 Pipe cross section area (m²)
water density (kg/m³)
Q1, Q2 Water flow (m³/s)
v1, v2 Water velocity in pipe (m/s)
M. Marence: Power waterway ‐ Open systems 2
Impulse theorem – changing of diameter and bifurcation
Changing of pipe diameter
Fy sin( ) p A2 Q2 v2 p A1 Q1 v1
Fx cos( ) p A2 Q2 v2 p A1 Q1 v1
Bifurcation
Fy sin( ) p A2 Q2 v2
Fx Q3 v3 p A3 cos Q2 v2 p A2 Q1 v1 p1 A1
M. Marence: Power waterway ‐ Open systems 3
Deflection forces – changing of pipe diameter
Q: Calculate the forces acting on the pipe caused by changing of the pipe diameter.
Q1 = Q2 = 4.17 m3/s = 61°
ρ · Q1 · v1
D1 = 1.10 m A1 = 0.95 m²
D2 = 0.65 m A2 = 0.33 m² p · A1
= 1000 kg/m³ = 1.0 MN/m³ Fy
d1 Fx
p = 932 m WC p = 9142.92 kN/m²
A: v1 = Q1 / A1 = 4.17/0.95 = 4.38 m/s α
Fy sin( ) p A2 Q2 v2 p A1 Q1 v1 p · A2
ρ · Q2 · v2
F x cos( ) p A2 Q 2 v 2 p A1 Q1 v1
Fy = sin(61°)[‐9142.92*0.33‐1.0*4.17*12.56+9142.92*0.95+1.0*4.17*4.38 ]
Fy = 4928.3 kN
Fx = 2731.8 kN
M. Marence: Tunnel plug design 4