This Is Fucking Final

Manila Central University
Basic Education Department
INFLUENCE OF RELIGION ON COLLEGE
VOTERS IN MANILA CENTRAL
UNIVERSITY
A Qualitative Research Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School
Caloocan City
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in Practical Research 1
SUBMITTED BY:
BOLADACO, Mary Rose
CAJUCOM, Aubrey Julianne
GULMATICO, Rinoa Shane
RAMOS, Jhervhee Eliezah
PATTAGUAN, Erika Rianne Nicole
VARGAS, Fiona Isabelle
(September 2019)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our overflowing gratitude to our research advisers, Miss
Pamela May Sarmiento and Miss Shimae Gillian Fornoles who gave us golden
P a g e 1 | 41
opportunity to participate and guide us as we conduct this study. We acquired knowledge
from our advisers from both Practical Research 1 and 2, as we continue to fulfil our subject
requirements through this project.
And also we would like to thanks Miss Jonna Ria D. Ang and Mr. Aldrin G. Lactao
who supported every student’s work in participation in research all over the Senor High
School Department and for guiding us about the ethical standards and considerations
that we need to consider throughout this study.
To Miss Lauren Caye D. Lavela, who’s currently taking her Masteral Degree in De
La Salle Araneta University for lending her time as our grammarian in this study and for
giving us enough knowledge in terms of how can we write our synthesis and summarize
the topics in our review of related literature and study.
For our parents, who patiently and wishing us well to conduct this study
successfully, and helped us to maintain our healthy and good mental health as we remove
our stress through them.
APPROVAL SHEET
The undergraduate research paper entitled INFLUENCE OF RELIGION ON
COLLEGE VOTERS IN MANILA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY prepared and submitted by
BOLADACO, MARY ROSE A., CAJUCOM, AUBREY JULLIANE P., GULMATICO,
RINOA SHANE D., PATTAGUAN, ERIKA RIANNE NICOLE A., RAMOS, JHERVHEE
ELIZAH M., AND VARGAS, FIONA ISABELLE T., of HUMSS 12-1 in partial requirements
P a g e 2 | 41
for Practical Research 1 had been reviewed by the undersigned and ready for FINAL
DEFENSE.
MS. PAMELA MAY SARMIENTO

Adviser
Approved by the Research Panel of Examiners with a grade of ___________________
MR. IDOL G. ETULLE MR. GERALD GOROSPE

Member Member
MR. ALDRIN G. LACTAO

Chairman
Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 1.
MS. JONNA RIA D. ANG

Research Coordinator
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Acknowledgement ii
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Chapter I: The Problem and Its Setting
Introduction 6
Theoretical Framework 7
Conceptual Framework 7
Statement of the Problem 8
Significance of the Study 8
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 9
Definition of Terms 9
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature and Studies 11
The Filipino Voters 11
Influence of Religion in the Philippine Politics
13
Influence of Religion in India's Politics
15
Influence of Religion in Japan's Politics
16
Influence of Religion in European Politics
Influence of Religion in United States of America's Politics
Impact of Religion on Filipino Voter's Political Commitment
Impact of Religion on Swiss Voters
Impact of Religion on European Voters
Synthesis 18
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Chapter III: Research Methodology 21
Research Design 21
Respondents of the Study 21
Research Instruments 21
Data Collection Procedure 21
I. Preparation Stage
II. Admission Stage
Bibliography 22
Appendices 24
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
INTRODUCTION
The Filipino people has given their opportunities to vote in accordance to the 1987
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Article V, or Suffrage constituting:
Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not
otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who
shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one year, and in the place wherein
they propose to vote, for at least six months immediately preceding the election.
No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the
exercise of suffrage.
This is said to be mandatory. But during the past period of time or the history of
the Philippines, how they can decide whom should be the ruler of their country or
community? Does religion have any involvement in their decision-making in terms of
voting back then? This study will review on how does Filipino people is getting influenced
by their religion, as the researcher will examine the voting behaviours of selected
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respondents that will serve as their sample to gather data on how does religion influences
Filipino voters.
The involvement of church and religion in politics is no longer new. The relationship
of the latter and the nation is already happening during the ancient Babylon, Egypt, or
Israel since they believed that Gods sent them rulers to govern their society. These
analysis of political governments and function of rulers are lying under the discipline of
social science called political science of religion.
Philippines have gone through different colonization leaving its culture rich and full
of adaptations from the countries that colonized them. One of the influences that
Philippines’ adopted is the religious affiliation or the system of beliefs, attitudes, and
behaviours constituting man’s relationship with the principalities of the universe.
The major religions in the Philippines are Catholicism, Protestant Christianity,
Islam, and Iglesia ni Cristo. Catholicism was brought by Spaniards through Miguel Lopez
de Legaspi in 1565, they were baptized by Spanish priests and during those times parish
priests are the rulers of every community in Philippines. They have the power to govern
the society during those times, through their teachings from the bible making the Filipinos
follow them as they command every Filipinos to offer indulgence in exchange for their
sins. Protestant Christianity developed in Philippines in 1898 through Treaty of Paris after
the Spanish-American War it was signed by Spain and American Representatives with
compensation of $20, 000,000 for Philippines.
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Islam was introduced in 1380, by Karim Al Makhdum in Sulu Archipelago and Jolo
in the Philippines. In 1390, Islam was preached in Minangkabau through Prince Rajah
Baguinda because of some several trades occurring in the island.
Iglesia ni Cristo was registered by Felix Y. Manalo in 1914, it is followed by visible
2.3% Filipinos. They dispute basic Catholic doctrine including Trinitarianism, the divinity
of Christ, infant baptism and papal authority.
According to Philippine Demographics Profile 2018, there are estimated 104, 256,
076 Filipino residing at Philippines in 2017, consisting 82.9% Catholic (Roman Catholic
80.9%, Aglipayan 2%), 5% Muslim, 2.8% Evangelical, 2.3% Iglesia ni Cristo, 4.5% other
Christian, 2.5% unspecified or none in its population.
The researchers conducted this study as a society review from the history of the
Philippines and the behaviour of its people in terms of voting and the factors that
influences them on whom to vote. The field of social sciences is wide, the researchers
want to establish a feasible study to contribute in the field of politics, and social science
itself through identifying what was the influence of religion in voting.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The researchers used Theory of Political Religion/Secular Religion and Peripheral
Realism Theory to establish a structured study. The Theory of Political Religion concerns
about governmental ideologies who has strong cultural and political backing, resulting to
the belief of culture and politics has the same power equivalent to religion. The Peripheral
Realism Theory is a foreign policy theory that argues with the idea of international system
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about hierarchical structure based on differentiated roles: rule-makers, rule-takers and
rogue state.
THEORY OF POLITICAL RELIGION/SECULAR RELIGION
RELIGION OF HUMANITY
SYSTÈME DE POLITIQUE POSITIVE CATÉCHISME POSITIVISTE
ALTRUISM INTRODUCTION
ORDER ADMISSION
PROGRESS DESTINATION
MARRIAGE
RETIREMENT
SEPARATION
INCORPORATION
Figure 1. Theory of Political Religion/Secular Religion
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PERIPHERAL REALISM THEORY
HIERARCHIAL STRUCTURE
RULE-MAKERS
RULE-TAKERS
ROGUE STATE
Figure 2. Peripheral Realism Theory
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT:
College Voters from Manila Central University’s College of Optometry, College

of Dentistry, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, College of
Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Physical Therapy, College of
Psychology, College of Education, College of Business Administration and
College of Accountancy
PROCESS:
Individual interviews with the respondent using semi-structured set of

questions.
Analysis on the influence of religion to these college voters.
OUTPUT:
The influence of religion will be shown on college voters as the researchers

examine their answers through observation.
Figure 3. Conceptual Framework
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to know the Influence of Religion on College voters in Manila
Central University. The study will be aiming to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the college voters in terms of the following?
a. Age
b. College Department
c. Voting experience
2. Why does religious activities they religious community is conducting that caused them
acquire an influence in terms of voting?
3. How does their nature of practices their religion have or engaged with for them to get
influenced by their religious community whom to vote?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings of this study will be beneficial to the following people:
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Voters. They will know the possible influences of their religion that can affect their
decision in terms of voting. Also, this research will help to broaden their thinking
about choosing who to vote during the election and will help open their minds to the
possible factors that will affect them as a voter.
Politicians. This research will help them know what are the factors affecting the
voters to vote or not vote them.
Students. They will know how does voters can be dependent in their religions.
This study can be a reference to them, as they want to start a research that will contribute
in the field of social sciences. Also, this research might help them become wise voters
because of the knowledge they will acquire.
Future Researchers. This research paper will become their basis if ever they are
going to make a research about the same or in line topic. This can also be one of
their related study that will make their research paper's backbone become stronger.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This study will focus on the possible factors that affects college voters’ decision
making whom to vote. They will be gathering data from the College of Optometry, College
of Dentistry, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, College of Medicine,
College of Pharmacy, College of Physical Therapy, College of Psychology, College of
Education, College of Business Administration and College of Accountancy from Manila
Central University. The researchers limited the study for college voters only since some
of them are already a registered voter.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Catholicism - Largest Christian Church, with approximately 1.3 billion baptized
worldwide.
Christianity - Major religion stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus of
Nazareth (the Christ or the Anointed One of God).
Church - Building or church house used by Christian religious activities, particularly for
Christian worship services.
Iglesia ni Cristo - An independent nontrinitarian Christian sect that originated in the
Philippines. Formally registered by Felix Y. Manalo, their first executive minister.
Islam - One of the world’s major religion promulgated by Prophet Muhammad in Arabia
in the 7th century.
Philippine Independent Church - Is a religious sect in the Philippines separated from
the Roman Catholic Church and rejected the spiritual authority of the Pope.
Political Science of Religion - Youngest disciplines in the political sciences that deals
with a study of influence that religion has on politics.
Politics - The activities associated with the governance of a country or other area,
especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve
power.
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Protestant - A member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are
separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation,
including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches.
Voters - People who have the legal right to vote in elections, or people who are voting in
a particular election.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY
THE FILIPINO VOTERS
The Omnibus Election Code of the Philippines or Batas Pambansa Blg. 881, Article
12, Section 117, constituting the qualifications of a voter, every citizen of the Philippines,
not otherwise disqualified by law, eighteen years of age or over, who shall have resided
in the Philippines for one year and in the city or municipality wherein he proposes to vote
for at least six months immediately preceding the election, may be registered as a voter.
INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN THE PHILIPPINE POLITICS
According to Buenaobra (2016), from her article titled, “The Politics of Religion in
the Philippines” published in asiafoundation.org, she coined the term “politics on religion”
when Jamie Cardinal Sin’s call ignited the People Power Revolution thirty years ago
making hundreds of thousands of supporter forming a human barricade between Camp
Crame and Camp Aguinaldo, protecting the said rebels during that time, former President
Fidel V. Ramos and Senator Juan Ponce Enrile to end the 20-year Marcos dictatorship.
Buenaobra said that the involvement of religion in politics is no longer new. During the
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Spanish colonial era, “indio priests” advocated for the secularization of the Catholic
Church to allow native priests to head parishes.
During Marcos years, the impact of Martial Law figured various discussions among
the different religious congregations, including the Redemptorist Community and the
Jesuit Mission. According to the Centre for Media Freedom and Responsibility, from July
1973 to October 1984 there were at least 22 military raids on church establishments, four
of them on institutions of the Protestant Church. Seminaries, Catholic Schools, and other
facilities were ransacked or closed.
From the opinion of Maboloc (2017), from his article, “Church and Politics in
Modern-day Democracy,” published in inquirer.net, the church should remain as that
strong moral mouthpiece in order to maintain the delicate balance between religion and
public morality. Habermas says that “a liberal state must not discourage religious persons
and communities from also expressing themselves politically. Maboloc also said that the
church cannot be excluded in the public debate on the many contentious issues that
besiege the country today. Religion and politics are intertwined in our political culture.
Cahiles (2019), suggested his point from his article titled, “Politics on Recognition:
The Power of Religious Endorsement in the 2019 Polls,” published in cnnphilippines.com,
the 2017 Philippine Trust Index of the EON Group, nine of 10 Filipinos still give their
biggest trust to the church among institutions. Sociologist Jayeel Cornelio said the index
shows the strong influence of religious groups among Filipinos in deciding whom to vote
for during elections. Cornelio also cited a 2018 survey of Kantar TNS which showed 39
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percent or four of 10 Filipinos will likely to vote for a candidate endorsed by their church
or religious group.
As reported by Esmaquel (2019), from his article titled, “Duterte vs The Church:
Do the times call for a Catholic Vote?” published in rappler.com, the article tackles about
Catholic vote, saying that previous election showed there is no such thing as a Catholic
vote-if it means voting bloc as the politically influential Iglesia ni Cristo does.
“The Church,” regardless of religion is the institution most trusted by Filipinos.
According to the Philippine Trust Index of the EON Group, is tied with the church, 93% is
the academe. The personality with the highest endorsement power is Duterte with 54%.
The endorsement power of churches or religious groups comes close to those
congressman/congresswoman of one’s district (40%) and the barangay captain of one’s
barangay (44%).
INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN INDIA'S POLITICS
Singh (2019) suggested that in India there is hardly anything that is not connected
to religion, especially Politics. Religion and caste have always played a very dominating
role in Indian politics but since the past few years, religion has overtaken caste to become
the No.1 issue for vote bank politics. Once religion is connected to the constitution, then
everything goes haywire.
We should all remember that secularism has been held hostage to communal
politics by those who preach secularism but practice communalism. It is time to unchain
this and strengthen the idea of real India because mutual trust and sympathies are the
key to the success of secularism and democracy.
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INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN JAPAN'S POLITICS
According to Mclaughin Klein and Reed (2014) for Gakkai adherents,
electioneering was originally a religious mandate. Soka Gakkai founded the Clean
Government Party in 1964, but the religion backed independent candidates for election
from 1955 as part of a bid to secure government support to construct a “national ordination
platform” (kokuritsu kaidan), a facility that would mark the conversion of the populace to
Soka Gakkai’s version of Buddhism. Gakkai members engaged in electioneering with the
same zeal they brought to proselytizing, and in those heady early days some members
were arrested for violating elections law. Soka Gakkai and Komeito officially separated in
1970 after a series of scandals, and both abandoned the ordination platform objective.
Gakkai members do not violate the 1947 constitution as they choose to support Komeito,
but accusations along these lines remain standard political and media tropes.
Komeito publications referred to the party as the “opposition within the ruling
coalition” (renritsu no naka no yatō), marking a change in its prevailing public image from
Soka Gakkai functionary to a political entity that would oppose conservative proposals
from within the government.
Komeito is now campaigning as the party that brought Japan a tax break–not as a
party that agreed to a tax hike in the first place, or as the party that campaigned for
decades in opposition on a peace platform before backing down in government on
collective self-defense. Komeito supporters are thus faced with a party that advocates for
the livelihood of ordinary Japanese citizens, but often at the expense of its founding ideals
and by abandoning the guiding principles of its majority Soka Gakkai base.
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Turnout at the Shiga gubernatorial election indicates that Komeito supporters can
and will register their dismay with policy reversals by not showing up to the polls. The nine
Komeito candidates now running in single-member districts and the forty-two in the
proportional representation tier may need to convince their voter base that Komeito is
willing to stop the LDP from pursuing aggressive foreign and self-defence policies. This
may prove challenging, given the party’s recent concessions.
INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN EUROPEAN POLITICS
As reported by Tilley (2014) few would argue that the choice that faces voters at
the next general election is a choice between radically different parties offering radically
different policies. In most other European countries, there has also been a withering of
class politics, but the other main division of religion remains relatively important. In France
or Spain, practising Catholics are much more likely to support the parties of the right. By
contrast in Britain, religion is normally dismissed as an important marker of vote
choices. Very few politicians refer to religion and very few, with the ironic exception of
Tony Blair, are overtly religious. This is perhaps not surprising as Britain is a very secular
country and the role of religion in post-war politics has generally been perceived as weak.
INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA'S POLITICS
According to Reese (2016) the role of religion in elections is usually fairly clear.
Black Protestants, Hispanic Catholics, and "none" who do not identify with any religion,
vote for Democrats. White evangelicals vote for Republicans. White Catholics have
traditionally voted more Democratic than white Protestants, although in recent years the
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difference has narrowed to the point that white Catholics and Protestants vote
Republican.
Media focus in the Republican primary was on evangelicals. Only a few
evangelical leaders endorsed Trump before the primaries began. They were turned off by
his multiple divorces, his loose life style, his casino investments, and his early support for
abortion and Planned Parenthood. Their hearts and heads were with Ted Cruz and the
more predictable conservative candidates. All the commentators and experts were wrong
in their early predictions about Trump. Nobody thought he had a chance, and after every
victory they predicted a future stumble. Trump, who had been a Democratic supporter in
the past, smashed the Republican establishment and successfully led a coup taking over
the party. And he did it with a small staff and minimal campaign spending.
For her running mate, Hillary Clinton chose Tim Kaine, a Jesuit-educated Catholic
in the social justice tradition of the church. Like Joe Biden, Kaine is personally against
abortion but believes that the decision should be left to the woman herself. The parties
present two starkly different platforms and sets of candidates. The election may well be
determined by Catholic voters. Will Hispanic Catholics turn out to vote for Clinton in the
key states that matter? Will white Catholics go to Trump in high enough percentages to
counter Hillary's advantage among minorities? By choosing Kaine, Clinton showed that
she understands where the election will be decided. She also choose someone with
whom she is comfortable on policy and personality -- and someone whom she thinks is
capable of governing if something happened to her.
IMPACT OF RELIGION ON FILIPINO VOTER'S POLITICAL COMMITMENT
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From the study of Adorable et al., (2018), titled "Religious Commitment and
Political Participation among Filipino Students in University-based Religious
Organizations," published in researchgate.com, religion plays a big role in the society and
in our lives from generation to generation. "Faith and spirituality have become the primary
grounds of believers to live up their personal duties, and rituals as mandated by the
church." (Anas, Aijaz, Husain, 2015) and religiosity is connected prior to its possible
positive outcomes. Their respondents came from Polytechnic University of the Philippines
since PUP is one of the universities well-known for its stand in terms of politics, houses
of different religious organizations varying in beliefs, internal culture, and principles. They
tested the religious commitment of 192 respondents from PUP with the use of purposive
sampling technique and survey questionnaire as an instrument for them to obtain the
demographic data of respondents such as age and sex. They used their modified 10-item
Religious Commitment Inventory or RCI and it was rated using 5-point Likert Scale. Their
respondents took 10-15 minutes to answer the questionnaire. The study finds that
selected students from PUP has higher religious commitment than political commitment.
IMPACT OF RELIGION ON SWISS VOTERS
From the study of Goldberg (2014), “The Impact of Religion in Voting Behaviour:
A Multilevel Approach in Switzerland,” from University of Geneva published in
onlinelibrary.wiley.com, Goldberg extracted how does religion influence the people of
Switzerland in terms of voting. She used Theory of Cleavages which defined in social
science as any form of political division. It is a lasting potential of conflict, which is rooted
in social-structural groups of society and expresses itself at elections and votes due to its
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politicization. Goldberg classified the influence of religion starting to its individual effect,
she says that the one who frequently church services differ strongly to atheists and
secularized person. The more religious people can take offence at a modern and secular
lifestyles, which deepens the division. This behaviour is strictly observed in most countries
throughout Europe. The result is observable shrinking of Catholic and Protestant
population. People who actively participate in religious life differ in their voting behaviour
compared to non-religious people, even though the latter may “on paper” also belong to
a church. The difference which influences the political attitudes is their active religious
involvement.
The contextual influence of religion. The environment shows the influence of voting
behaviour through basic societal conflicts, class consciousness, and membership in
certain group and the corresponding background variables like social class, urban rural
differences or denomination. The study find two main explanations as to how the
compositional effect influences individual electoral decisions. Social interaction being the
most common one. It posits that communication with another person influences and
modifies individual attitudes through the transmission of the (political) opinions of the
interaction partner. And the conformity reaction. This idea appears in the early Columbia
studies in the concept of “breakage effect.” The mechanism behind this idea presumes
that a person perceives the composition of its environment and reacts according to it. This
reaction is normally a desire to conform to one’s community and to agree with its dominant
political norms. Religion belongs to the properties of an environment most people are
aware of and thus are in some way sensitive to. The results of this study says that
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religious values still represent the main determinants for their electoral behaviour. The
secular population’s voting decisions tend to be influenced by non-religious values like
their social class.
IMPACT OF RELIGION ON EUROPEAN VOTERS
According to the study of Dr. Aslan (2018), “The Influence of Religion on Political
Attitude in Europe” from University School of Foreign Languages, published in
researchgate.net, the study says that in a survey conducted in England, the rate of those
who see themselves as religion dependent were 72%, according to the results of a field
survey conducted by the World Values Survey, the rate of those people who define
themselves as religious was 55% in England, 54% in West Germany and 48% in France.
Another finding from the survey finds that the rate of those who participate in church
services and rituals at least once a week was 18% in West Germany, 14% in Britain, 10%
in France and 4% in Sweden. The study results says that there is no doubt that religion
itself, is a universal phenomenon affects the world on a broad scale from the private life
of individuals to international politics. Religion has effects on political attitude of citizens,
the efforts of political party to appear religious is increasing.
SYNTHESIS
In terms of voting, it has a requirement and qualifications we need to follow. As the
Omnibus Election Code of the Philippines Article 12, Section 117, it stated who are
qualified to vote in Philippines which are the ones who lives in their current municipality
for a year, eighteen years old and over unless disqualified by the law. The fact that
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Philippines, is a democratic country, what affects the Filipinos decision making in terms
of choosing who should they vote?
As reported by Buenaobra (2016), the influence of politics is no longer new since
the Spanish Colonial Period going to the Marcos Era, where Jamie Cardinal Sin called
for participation in People Power Revolution making hundreds of thousands of fellow
Filipino citizen join the barricade along Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo.
Cahiles (2019) and Esmaquel (2019), both suggested from their articles that
according to Philippine Trust Index of the EON Group, 9 out of 10 Filipinos give their full
trust to their religious community or church among institution. Jayeel Cornelio, a
sociologist said that 2018 survey of Kantar TNS showed 39 percent or four of 10 Filipinos
will likely to vote for a candidate endorsed by their church or religious group. And from
the opinion of Maboloc (2017), religion and politics are intertwined in our political culture.
In line with this, some articles internationally claims that religion can affect politics
in some ways, various cultures are being discussed from their articles, with basis in
accordance to their set of beliefs. Based on Singh (2019), from his article says that in
India, there are no connections of religion in anything especially in Politics. Religion and
caste played a dominating role in politics. He also said that secularism has been held
hostage to communal politics by those who preach secularism but practice communalism.
Mclaughin Klein and Reed (2014), Gakkai adherents in electioneering is originally a
religious mandate. As for Tilley (2014), in European countries such Spain and France
which praticing Catholicism in their country, are much more likely to vote or support the
parties from the right. Reese (2016) suggested that the involvement of religion in politics
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is usually fairly clear. White Catholics have traditionally voted more Democratic than white
Protestants, although in recent years the difference has narrowed to the point that white
Catholics and Protestants vote Republican.
In terms of local study, one of these studies conducted here in Philippines is from
Adorable et al., (2018), titled “Religious Commitment and Political Participation among
Filipino Students in University-based Religious Organizations,” they asked 192
respondents from Polytechnic University of the Philippines wherein they gathered a result
that religious commitment of the sample students were higher than their political
commitment and participation.
Some foreign studies from various universities internationally were also used in
this study stating and examining the influence of religion to the voters. From the study of
Goldberg (2014), titled “The Impact of Religion in Voting Behaviour: A Multilevel Approach
in Switzerland,” she explained how does religion influence the people of Switzerland in
terms of voting using the Theory of Cleavages and explains in what ways can religion
affect someone's voting behaviour, she started to the individual effect, the more religious
people can take offence at a modern and secular lifestyle. Followed by its contextual
influence, the environment itself shows the influence of voting behaviour through basic
societal conflicts, class consciousness, and membership in certain group and the
corresponding background variables like social class, urban rural differences or
denomination.
Dr. Aslan (2018) suggested from his study, “The Influence of Religion on Political
Attitude in Europe,” that in a survey conducted in England, the rate of those who see
P a g e 25 | 41
themselves as religion dependent were 72%. From the World Values Survey, the rate of
those people who define themselves as religious were 55% in England, 54% in West
Germany, and 48% in France. The findings of the study says that religion itself is a
universal phenomenon that affects the world on a broad scale from the private life of
individuals to international politics.
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CHAPTER lll
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers use transcendental phenomenological research design, as the
researchers want to collect data from respondent's lived experiences through writing and
interviews. The researcher’s goal while using this research design is to analyze the data
and interpret how these respondents were influenced by religion. As a restriction to gather
an effective collection of data, the researchers undergone the process of bracketing,
where they separated themselves or their own experiences towards the study.
RESPONDENTS
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The researchers selected 110 College Voters from the Manila Central University's
College of Optometry, College of Dentistry, College of Nursing, College of Medical
Technology, College of Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Physical Therapy,
College of Psychology, College of Education, College of Business Administration and
College of Accountancy at least 18 years old and above, a registered voter as a
respondent in this study. The researchers used stratified random sampling technique
since they are going to meet some criteria such as the respondent's age, sex and their
course. The researchers selected equal number of college students from their respective
courses.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The researchers used semi-structured individual interview with the respondents
with specific set of questions, to also obtain demographic information such as their age
and sex. The respondents will be taking a 10-item questionnaires titled, The Voters and
The Religion Influence with the topic synonymous with their political and religion beliefs
and culture. The questionnaire is semi-structured, making the respondents expect some
follow-up questions.
DATA COLLECTING PROCEDURE
I. PREPARATION STAGE
The researchers formulated research questions that will be given to respondents as their
guide when the researchers started to interview them. They prepared follow up questions
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to the respondents if needed since the questionnaire is semi-structured. The questions
were limited into 10 items, a letter to respondent were given to them that will correspond
on their integrity on answering every questions and will validate the efficiency of the
questionnaire.
II. ADMISSION STAGE
The researchers started looking for College Students in Manila Central University, and
asked them if they are already voting and has voting experiences. They started
interviewing students from the College of Optometry followed by College of Nursing,
College of Pharmacy, College of Dentistry, College of Medicine, College of Medical
Technology, College of Physical Therapy, College of Psychology, College of Education,
College of Business Administration and College of Accountancy. The researchers gave
a copy of questionnaire for every respondent so they will know the flow of the interview.
REFERENCES
Adorable et al. (2018). Religious Commitment and Political Participation among Filipino
Students in University-based Religious Organizations. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331648947_Religious_Commitment_and_Polit
P a g e 29 | 41
ical_Participation_among_Filipino_Students_in_University-
Based_Religious_Organizations.
Aslan, M. (2018). The Influence of Religion on Political Attitude in Europe. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326230949_THE_INFLUENCE_OF_RELIGIO
N_ON_POLITICAL_ATTITUDE_IN_EUROPE
Buenaobra, M. (2016). The Politics of Religion in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://asiafoundation.org/2016/02/24/the-politics-of-religion-in-the-philippines/.
Cahiles, G. (2019). Politics on Recognition: The Power of Religious Endorsement in the
2019 Polls. Retrieved from http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/4/10/religious-
endorsement-philippine-elections.html.
Esmaquel, P. (2019). Duterte vs The Church: Do the times call for a Catholic Vote?
Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/225685-duterte-vs-church-
do-times-call-catholic-vote.
Gibbs, A. (2017). Religiosity and Voting Behaviour. Retrieved from
https://www.mckendree.edu/academics/scholars/issue6/gibbs.htm
Goldberg, A. (2014). The Impact of Religion in Voting Behaviour: A Multilevel Approach
in Switzerland. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/spsr.12068
Maboloc, C. (2017). Church and Politics in Modern-day Democracy. Retrieved from
https://opinion.inquirer.net/101480/church-politics-modern-day-democracy
P a g e 30 | 41
Mclaughin, Klein and Reed (2014). The Power of Japan’s Religious Party. Retrieved from
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/the-power-japans-religious-party?fbclid =IwAR1GK
DCFKfQXRQhnyzr
Reese, T. (2016). Churches and Political Parties are in the Same Pickle. Retrieved from
https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/faith-and-justice/churches-and-political-parties-same-
pickle?fbclid=IwAR1yEvuV_8fjAskIdkSEBTkwoyb1GYC8yJQrKWZUaFxCKiMIpCFkET
UYC2E
Singh, S. (2019). Role of Religion in Indian Politics. Retrieved from
https://www.myinnerpolitician.com/religion-in-indian-politics/?fbclid=IwAR3Xm_A_HSLl7
CFV qgJdXmOeUmWyG4K3qCp8WBk7psX8-7GEnm1BLpEDvaQ
Tilley, J. (2014). Religion is an Important Predictor of Party Choice in UK General
Elections. Retrieved from https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/religion-is-an-import
ant - predictor-of-party-choice-in-uk-general-elections/?fbclid=IwAR259J5gHOtD40E--
2QH7ClxWgYQXre6IsC8hCOFDSOL3yyuDqEd390QYxQ
P a g e 31 | 41
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: LETTERS/COMMUNICATIONS
APPENDIX B: QUESTIONNAIRE
APPENDIX C: CURRICULUM VITAE
P a g e 32 | 41
THE VOTERS AND THE RELIGION INFLUENCE

1. What is your religion?
Answer:
2. How does religion affect your decision making?
Answer:
3. What are the things that you consider before voting?
Answer:
4. What do you think is the most influential religion?
Answer:
5. How does religion help you choose the right leader?
P a g e 33 | 41
Answer:
6. What do you think is the significance of religion as a voter?
Answer:
7. For your perspective what is the role of religion when you voting?
Answer:
8. Do you follow the rules of your religion on how you vote?
Answer:
9. Do you think that you have a right to choose who you vote even its have a rule on
your religion that all of you choose a one leader?
Answer:
10. Do you think that religion influence you when you are going to vote?
Answer:
MARY ROSE A. BOLADACO
A-5 Pinalagad Malinta, Valenzuela City
09465666849
P a g e 34 | 41
maryboladaco12@gmail.com
EDUCATION
Manila Central University 2018- 2020
Senior High School
Caruhatan National High School 2014-2018
Junior High School
SELECTED ACHIEVEMENT
 MCU Ambassador, 2019
 With Honors, School, 2018
 1st Place, “Tagisan ng Talino,” 2018
 2nd Place, “Tagisan ng Talino,” 2016
SEMINARS AND TRAINING PROGRAMS ATTENDED
 “Citizenship Advancement Training” 2017-2018
 “Research Orientation” 2019
 “Mental Health Awareness Program” 2019
P a g e 35 | 41
AUBREY JULLIANE P. CAJUCOM
Blk 17 Lot 6 Northville 4b Lambakin Marilao Bulacan
09507721364
jullianecajucom@gmail.com
EDUCATION
Senior High School
Manila Central University 2014-2018
Junior High School
 Conduct awardee (Junior high school 2018)
 Perfect attendance (junior high school 2018)
 With honor (4th grading junior high school 2018)
 Awarded as grade 10 representative in ESP club (2018)
 Career orientation (2015)
 Mental Health Awareness Program (2019)
P a g e 36 | 41
RINOA SHANE D. GULMATICO
F. Demetillo Gen. T. De Leon,Valenzuela City
09-2933-59429
shngulmatico@gmail.com
EDUCATION
Senior High School
Colegio de Sta. Cecilia 2014-2018
Junior High School
 Awarded as with honors in Grade 11’s 4th Quarter, April 2019
 Awarded as with honors in Commencement Exercise, April 2018
P a g e 37 | 41
 6th place in Best Debater SCC Congress, January 2018
JHERVHEE ELIEZAH M. RAMOS
6108 Del Mundo St. Ugong, Valenzuela City
09173312975
jhervheeramos@gmail.com
EDUCATION
Senior High School
P a g e 38 | 41
St. Catherine College of Valenzuela 2014-2018
Junior High School
 Citizenship Advancement Training Vice Corps Commander 2017-2018
 Supreme Student Government Grade 10 Representative 2017-2018
 Theater Arts Guild Officer 2018-2019
 “Research Orientation” 2019
ERIKA RIANNE NICOLE A. PATTAGUAN
Unit B-20/21 Georgetown Residences, Tangke St. Malinta, Valenzuela City
09976341740
P a g e 39 | 41
erikariannepattaguan@gmail.com
EDUCATION
Senior High School
St. Louis College of Valenzuela 2014-2018
Junior High School
 With Honors (4th Quarter), April 2019
 Perfect Attendance Awardee, April 2018

 “ Mental Health Awareness Program” 2019
P a g e 40 | 41
FIONA ISABELLE T. VARGAS
12 Antonette St. Parkway Village, Brgy Apolonio Samson, Quezon City
09451570482
vargasfionaisabelle@gmail.com
EDUCATION
Senior High School
Manila Central University 2014-2018
Junior High School
 A graduate of Citizenship Advancement Training, March 2018
 Awarded as a Perfect Attendance Awardee in Junior High School, 2018
 With Honors (Senior High School, 4th Grading), 2019
 “2015 National Crime Prevention Awareness Drive” 2015
 “Career Orientation” 2017
P a g e 41 | 41

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Manila Central University

Basic Education Department

INFLUENCE OF RELIGION ON COLLEGE

VOTERS IN MANILA CENTRAL

Manila Central University

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in Practical Research 1

BOLADACO, Mary Rose

CAJUCOM, Aubrey Julianne

GULMATICO, Rinoa Shane

RAMOS, Jhervhee Eliezah

PATTAGUAN, Erika Rianne Nicole

VARGAS, Fiona Isabelle

opportunity to participate and guide us as we conduct this study. We acquired knowledge

requirements through this project.

that we need to consider throughout this study.

the topics in our review of related literature and study.

our stress through them.

The undergraduate research paper entitled INFLUENCE OF RELIGION ON

COLLEGE VOTERS IN MANILA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY prepared and submitted by

BOLADACO, MARY ROSE A., CAJUCOM, AUBREY JULLIANE P., GULMATICO,

MS. PAMELA MAY SARMIENTO

Approved by the Research Panel of Examiners with a grade of ___________________

MR. IDOL G. ETULLE MR. GERALD GOROSPE

MR. ALDRIN G. LACTAO

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for PRACTICAL

MS. JONNA RIA D. ANG

Chapter I: The Problem and Its Setting

Statement of the Problem 8

Significance of the Study 8

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 9

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature and Studies 11

The Filipino Voters 11

Influence of Religion in the Philippine Politics

Influence of Religion in India's Politics

Influence of Religion in Japan's Politics

Influence of Religion in European Politics

Influence of Religion in United States of America's Politics

Impact of Religion on Filipino Voter's Political Commitment

Impact of Religion on Swiss Voters

Impact of Religion on European Voters

Chapter III: Research Methodology 21

Respondents of the Study 21

Data Collection Procedure 21

II. Admission Stage

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Article V, or Suffrage constituting:

Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not

No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the

community? Does religion have any involvement in their decision-making in terms of

social science called political science of religion.

behaviours constituting man’s relationship with the principalities of the universe.

The major religions in the Philippines are Catholicism, Protestant Christianity,

compensation of $20, 000,000 for Philippines.

Baguinda because of some several trades occurring in the island.

Iglesia ni Cristo was registered by Felix Y. Manalo in 1914, it is followed by visible

of Christ, infant baptism and papal authority.

Christian, 2.5% unspecified or none in its population.

itself through identifying what was the influence of religion in voting.

The researchers used Theory of Political Religion/Secular Religion and Peripheral

about hierarchical structure based on differentiated roles: rule-makers, rule-takers and

THEORY OF POLITICAL RELIGION/SECULAR RELIGION

SYSTÈME DE POLITIQUE POSITIVE CATÉCHISME POSITIVISTE

Figure 1. Theory of Political Religion/Secular Religion