FORMULA

SHEET
General formulas:
Newton’s 2nd law of motion. ! = # ∗ %
Kinetic energy. (
&' = ) #* )
Gravitational energy. &+ = # ∗ , ∗ ℎ
Angular velocity of circular motion, where T is the period of the motion . )0
/= 1
Ideal gas law. R is the Gas constant 23 = 456
8
Density in mass per unit volume. 7 =
9
: =
Specific heat: Heat needed to heat an object by 1 degree Celsius. Units are . <=
'+∗; 8>1
The conversion of going from Celsius to Kelvin. It is important to note that negative 6; = 6°C + 273,15
temperatures do not exist on the Kelvin scale, while they do for the Celsius scale, so
when calculating with absolute temperatures, use Kelvin. In relative calculations where
you take a temperature difference, it doesn’t matter since Kelvin and Celsius are the
same scale, except they are shifted.
The perimeter of a circle, where r is the radius (half the diameter) of the circle. H = 2IJ
The area of a circle. K = IJ )
The volume of a sphere. L
3 = M IJ M

Constants
N = 6.022 ∗ 10)M The number of molecules in a mole, called Avogadro’s Constant.

The gas constant

:
5 = 8.315 .
8ST∗;

Quantities &Units
Mass # kg
Time U s
Volume 3 m3
Velocity * m/s
Density 7 kg.m-3
Force ! N
Temperature 6 K
Pressure 2 VJ W Pa
Flow X kg.m-2s-1
Diffusion coefficient Y
or diameter
Internal energy Z
Heat [
Work \ Nm
Total energy & J
Area K m2
Heat transfer ℎ
coefficient
Thermal conductivity ]
Specific heat <^
Drag coefficient <_
Thermal diffusivity %
Viscosity `
Fourier’s number !V
Mass transfer a
coefficient
WEEK 1:
The general balance equation. b
= c4 − VeU + 2JVbefUcV4
bU

WEEK 2:
Total energy balance b& 2 1 2 1 )
= X8,gh ∗ Z + + * ) + ,ℎ − X8,Sij ∗ Z + + * + ,ℎ
bU 7 2 gh
7 2 Sij
First law of Thermodynamics, where Δ\is the net work ΔZ = Δ[ + Δ\
done on the system.
The thermal energy balance in a steady state without
0 = X8 egh − eSij + Xl + X8 mno
energy change.
The mechanical energy balance. ) )
*gh − *Sij 2gh − 2Sij
0 = X8 + , ℎgh − ℎSij + + Xp − X8 &no
2 7
Bernoulli’s equation: Neglects all friction and heat 2 *)
production. ℎ is height. + + ,ℎ = fV4HU%4U
7 2
Bernoulli’s Principle: The energy per unit volume before is 1 1
W( + 7*() + 7,ℎ( = W) + 7*)) + 7,ℎ)
the same as the energy per unit volume after. 2 2

WEEK 3:
Reynolds number, where 7n is the density of the fluid, *o 7n *o Y
is the relative velocity, D is the diameter and q is the 5m =
q
viscosity of the fluid
The drag force. <_ is the drag coefficient, A is the frontal 1
area, v is the relative velocity. !_ = <_ K ∗ 7n *o)
2
Stokes’ law: The drag force on a sphere with a low
Reynolds number (5m < 1).
!_ = 3IYq*o

WEEK 4:
Fourier’s law, the transfer of heat. ] is the material
>1
conductivity, Δs is the thickness, A is the area, Δ6 is the Xl = ]K ∗
>t
difference in temperature.
Fick’s law of diffusion, analogous to Fourier’s law. Y is the
uv uxy
diffusion coefficient, A is the area and w is the change in X8 = −Y ∗ K ∗
ut ut
concentration over x.

WEEK 5:
Newton’s law of cooling. ℎ is the heat transfer coefficient. Xl = ℎ ∙ K ∙ Δ6
Nusselt number. Used to make h dimensionless. _∙{
Ne =
|
Mass transfer coefficient, where }ℎ is the Sherwood
~
number, analogous to Nusselt number. Δs is the size of the a = }ℎ ∙
>t
object, also called D sometimes.

WEEK 6:
Thermal diffusivity. ] is thermal conductivity, 7 is material ]
density, <^ is specific heat. %=
7 ∙ <^
Penetration depth. Only valid while penetration theory still
_
holds, for I%U < , where D is the size of the sheet being s^ = I%U
)
penetrated by heat.
Fourier number. %U
!V =
Y)
Nusselt number for penetration theory. I
Ne =
!V

WEEK 7:
No new formulas this week! J
GRAPHS:

FOR A SPHERE