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Analysis of Helical Transmission Lines by Means of The Complete Circuit Equations-Joi PDF
Analysis of Helical Transmission Lines by Means of The Complete Circuit Equations-Joi PDF
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1954 Fowler: ,4nalysis of Helical T.ransmission Lines by Means of the Complete Ciwu.it Equations 133
The second relationship is obtained by eliminatingp be- Fig. I-Definitions of retardation distance and angle
tween the time derivativeof (7) and the equationof con-
tinuity of charge, If the wire diameter is small compared with the free-
space wavelength and if the distance between any two
turns of wire is large compared with the wire diameter,
then i t is also a very good approximation to represent
The result is the current flow by means of filamentary currents flow-
ing along the axes of the wires, and to assume that
planes normal to the axis of each wire c u t t h a t wire in
equipotential circles. The only component of V 4 which
survives is then the one parallel to the wire axis, namely
For points in the medium displaced by the conduc- andthedivergence of thecurrentissimply
tors, (10) and (12) comprise a determinant set of simul- Therefore, the volume integrals in the complete
taneous equations in and which will be called the circuit equations can both be replaced with scalar line
Stratton, op. cit., chap. 5 , p. 326. integralsalongthecurrentpath,asshown in Fig. 1.
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134 October
where a is the wire radius. Thischoice leads to the prop- where and x are measured along the axis of the line
er distance r a in the limit asx approaches zero. If the rather than along the axis of the wire itself, and K1 and
radius of the wire were ignored, the integrands would K 2 are the lengthsof wires 1 and 2 per unit axial length.
approachinfinity x approaches zero, and the inte- Similar equations can be written for2 line by interchang-
grals would diverge. ing the subscripts 1 and 2.
T o obtain the component of the vector integral in If line 1 consists of twoparallelwires of radius a
(10) in the direction of the gradient of the scalar po- spaced a distance d apart, the parameters are follows:
as
tential a t P,the integrand is multiplied by cos where
is the angle formed by intersecting lines and OB, K1 K? 1, $11 $12 $21 922 0 Dz
parallel to thewire axis a t P a n d a tQ , respectivell;. T h e
rll r22 (0’ x’)l’?,
resulting scalar line integral is
r12 r21 (02 xejl12.
w(t, S)
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Fowler: Analysis of Helical Transmission Lines by Means of the Complete Circuit Equations 136
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136 TRANSACTIOLS-AI\
I,R#E
TESjkAS A X D PROPAGATI0:Y October
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locity must be less than the velocity of light. For the where is for LIZ and S I 2 , +#o for L21 and and
other ranges let the wavelengthof propagation be X and zero for LI1, and L22,Sll,and S22; i t is zero for all the
the wavelength of a plane wave in the medium be waveparameters of asymmetricaldoublehelix,for
Then which 0. The product K,K, will be simply K 2 .T h e
2r 2a distribution functions of the double helix are then
(40)
6
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wave elastance, respectively, all of order k . Upon sub-
stituting from (45), (48), and (49), it is seen that
e-i(wlc)r
Zk(B) cos cos k$ej$ld$dx ( 5 5 ) and the total wave inductance and elastance become
1 e- j ( w l c )r
'Thus, the wave inductances and elastances are ob- values of satisfying (66) and since is $0 for L1? and
tained as functions of bg; first determining the quan- Slzand for L-21and the mutual wave parameters
titieslo(P), L ( P ) , &(@I, and are conjugate for values of satisfying (66).
which turn out tobe Fourier seriescoefficients of quanti- Somecalculatedvalues of thepartial w a ~ einduc-
ties involving in the radical [P2 l:?. The argu- tances, elastances, and capacitances (inverse elastances)
ments of l k and sk arethenshiftedbytheamounts of single and double helixes are presented in graphical
27rk/p, and the corresponding valuesof the quantities form in Figs. 3-5. For clarity the notation L,,(k =O),
and are entered into thesums in and ( 5 2 ) . L,,(k l), S,.(k=O), S m , ( K = l ) , isused t o
Since appears only in the radical, i t is convenient to represent
the
partial
waveparameters lo. k ,
give t h a t radical a special name and symbol. I t will be SI, correspondingto L,, and S,,, of thedouble
called the phase parameter given by helix. A similar notation L ( k 0), L ( k l ) , etc., is used
(W/C)?]*/? (60) for the single helix.
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Fig. 3-Si~~gle-helix partial wa\-e inductances, wave elastances, and Fig. 4-Double-helix partial ware inductances of orders 0. 1 ,
na\-e capacitances (inverse wave elastances) of nrders 0. and 2 and 2 vs phase parameter ( b l / b l = 0 . 4 ) .
\-a phase parameter.
HELIX
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Utilizingtheseapproximationsgreatlyreducesthe
L@) lk(6k)eJk@1
number of terms required in subsequent calculations,
and more important, it enables the calculationof phase S(b) s~~(6~~)ejk+l.
velocity parametrically in terms of one of the phase-
parameter values the choice depending Thus, for near 2 n k / p the quantities Fo, F1, and FZ are
upon the range of wavelengths involved. For example, all explicit functions of and v 2 can be determined in
thephasevelocityandfrequencyarebothmultiple- closed form a s a function of 6r; by solving the quadratic
valued functions of a t wavelengths which are small equation, (73).
compared with 2 n / p (referred t o a s“video wavelengths”
in the illustrations); at wavelengthsnear 2a/p (first-
resonancewavelengths) thephasevelocityandfre-
quencyarefunctions of 61, andnear 4 ~ l p(second-
resonance wavelengths) they are functions of Likewise, f= w / 2 a can be determined in closed form
In performing the calculations for the partial u-ave b>- substituting 2 7 ~ f for
j ~ in (63) and solving the re-
inductances and elastances, given in the previous sec- sulting quadratic equation in f . The result is
tion, it is found t h a t each of these quantities is practi- Plots of phase velocity versus frequency are madeby
cally independent of the wireradius a . On the other choosing a sequence of values for the parameter 6 k and
hand, i t can be shown that the error incurred b>- using determining the corresponding values off and v, which
(67)-(72) has an upper bound which is IargelJ- affected are then plotted against each other. For each value of
by the choice of a , and most likely that error itself in- there are two valuesof owing to the f sign in
volves the wire radius as a principal variable. Certainl!. which senyes to identify the two major modes; the plus
this is true in the limit as a approaches zero, for then sign corresponds to the major mode associated with the
the total wave inductance and total wave elastance di- smaller helix. and the minus sign corresponds to the
verge [cf. (13) 1. Thus, the partial wave inductances and major mode asscciated &h the larger helix. -Also, for
elastances individually display the attributes of “exter- each value of there correspond two values of f,owing
nal impedance” and collectively display the attributes to the f sign in (80), causing each of the major modes
of “internal impedance.”S The data of this paper n-ill t o be divided into two separate curves. The square root
take cognizance of externalimpedanceonly.andfor of z l ? hastwovalues: correspondingtoforward-
t h a t reason the wire radius has been set equal tozero i n travelingwaves,and -21, corresponding to backward-
thecalculatedpartialwaveparametersgivenabove. traveling waves. Thus, to each value of 6 e there corre-
Likewise, it does not enter into calculations given Inter spondeightdistinctpoints in the positive-frequency
in which the total wave parameters are each approxi- half of thef-21 plane, except that fork 0 there are only
mated by a single term from their expansions i n terms four distinct points, owing to the fact that each of the
of partial wave inductances and elastances. eight roots coincides with one other root, thereby re-
By substituting w l v for the characteristic determi- ducing the number of distinct roots to four.
nant (28) when expanded becomes a quadratic equation In the case of the single helix, is given by as
in 9 , before, but the phase velocitl- squaredis
Fc F 2 ~ 4
21‘2 Sk(6k)/lk(6k) (slj
where the quantity w has been eliminated by factoring.
and the coefficients are the following functions of L,,, which does not contain a f sign. Thus, the number of
and Smn: majormodes is one, but this major mode subdivides
into two curves, owing to the sign in (80).
Fo S11S2, SI&’rl
Illustrative plots of phase velocity, impedance, and
F1 L11S2? L2dll LI.?S?l LplS1.’ (75) coupling coefficients are given in Figs. 6-13. Figs. 6-10
F2 LllL22 L12L21. (76) apply to single helixes having various ratios of circum-
ference to pitch. Phase velocity is plotted Ko/c, the
At wavelengths near. 27rkip substitutions of the fol- ratio of thephasevelocity,measuredalongthewire
lowing typecan bemadeforeach of thequantities instead of axially, to the velocity of light. This ratio
L,, and Smn: tendstounity forlargephaseparametersor at fre-
Ran0 and Whinnery, o p . chap. 6 , pp. quencies far removed from the “critical frequencies.”
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Fotder: Analysis of Helical
Transmission Lines by N e a n s of the
Complete
Circuit
Equations 141
3.90 ,.PO
Frq- Critical
Fig. 10-Characteristic impedances of single helix vs frequency for video, first-resonance, and second-resonance wavelengths.
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This indicates a tendency for the propagated wave to
follow the contour of the wire. The characteristic im-
pednnce of the single helix, shown in Fig. 10, is simply
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Fotder: Analysis of H e l i d Tranmzission Lines by Means of the Complete Circuit Equations 143
I
I
0
Fig. 13-Characteristic network component impedances of double helix vs frequency (video wavelengths)
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