4 Measures PDF

Numerical Descriptive Measures

MTHS002: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Rogel John O. Naval

ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph
Department of Mathematics
College of Science and Engineering
Ateneo de Naga University
September 25, 2019

Learning Objectives
At the end of the discussion, the students are expected to

I identify the steps on how to calculate the mean, median, and
mode of ungrouped and grouped data;
I determine clearly when to use the mean, median, and mode;
and
I solve for the mean, median, and mode of ungrouped and
grouped data.
Measures of Location
Definition of Terms
The value within the range of data which describes its location or
position relative to the entire set of data.
Definition of Terms
The value within the range of data which describes its location or
position relative to the entire set of data.
Measures of Central Tendency

It describes the center of the data. It is a single value about which
the observations tend to cluster. The common measures are the
mean, median, and mode.
Definition of Terms
Mean (µ or x)
The sum of the observations divided by the number of totaled
observations
Definition of Terms
Mean (µ or x)
observations
Median (mdn or Mdn)

The middle value of an arranged array (either in ascending or
descending order)
Definition of Terms
Mean (µ or x)
observations
Median (mdn or Mdn)

The middle value of an arranged array (either in ascending or
descending order)
Mode(mo or Mo)
Observations which occur most frequently in the data set
The Mean (µ or x)
Characteristics
I Interval statistic
The Mean (µ or x)
Characteristics
I Calculated average
The Mean (µ or x)
Characteristics
I Value is determined by every case in the distribution
The Mean (µ or x)
Characteristics
I Affected by extreme values
The Mean (µ or x)
Characteristics
When to use
I Variables are in at least interval scale
The Mean (µ or x)
Characteristics
When to use
I Value of each score is desired
The Mean (µ or x)
Characteristics
When to use
I Value of each score is desired
I Values are considerably concentrated or closed to each other
The Median (mdn or Mdn)

Characteristics
I Ordinal statistic

Characteristics
I Ordinal statistic
I Rank or position average

Characteristics
I Ordinal statistic
I NOT affected by extreme values

Characteristics
I Ordinal statistic
When to use
I Ordinal interpretation is needed

Characteristics
I Ordinal statistic
When to use
I Middle score is desired

Characteristics
I Ordinal statistic
When to use
I Middle score is desired
I We want to avoid influence of extreme values
The Mode (mo or Mo)

Characteristics
I Nominal statistic
The Mode (mo or Mo)

Characteristics
I Nominal statistic
I Inspection average
The Mode (mo or Mo)

Characteristics
I Nominal statistic
I NOT unique
The Mode (mo or Mo)

Characteristics
I Nominal statistic
I NOT unique
I Most popular score
The Mode (mo or Mo)

Characteristics
I Nominal statistic
I NOT unique
The Mode (mo or Mo)

Characteristics
I Nominal statistic
I NOT unique
I Represents the majority
The Mode (mo or Mo)

Characteristics
I Nominal statistic
I NOT unique
When to use
I Nominal interpretation is needed
The Mode (mo or Mo)

Characteristics
I Nominal statistic
I NOT unique
When to use
I Nominal interpretation is needed
I Quick approximation of central tendency is required
Formulas for the Population Mean, Median, and Mode of

Ungrouped Data
Given a data set {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , . . . , xN } . . . ,
Population Mean µ
. . . the population mean µ is
PN
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + · · · + xN i=1 xi
µ= =
N N
Population Median Mdn

N +1

. . . the population median Mdn is the 2 th term.
Populaton Mode Mo
. . . the data point with the most number of frequency is the mode.
Formulas for the Sample Mean, Median, and Mode of

Ungrouped Data
Given a data set {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , . . . , xn } . . . ,
Sample Mean x
. . . the sample mean x is
Pn
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + · · · + xn i=1 xi
x= =
n n
Sample Median mdn

n+1

. . . the sample median mdn is the 2 th term.
Sample Mode mo
. . . the data point with the most number of frequency is the mode.
Drills
Example 1
Find the mean, median, and mode of the following data set.
{8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21, 75}

Drills
Example 1
{8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21, 75}
Example 2
{8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21}

Try this!
The following entrance test scores (100 is the perfect score) are
obtained by a sample of 20 freshmen in Oragon College. Find the
mean, median, and mode of the distribution, and give
corresponding interpretations.
43 55 66 70 72
78 85 89 93 98
48 59 67 70 73
78 86 90 94 98
For the mean

P20
i=1 xi
x= = 75.6
20
For the mean

P20
i=1 xi
x= = 75.6
20
For the median

{43, 48, 55, 59, 66, 67, 70, 70, 72, 73, 78, 78, 85, 86, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 98}
For the mean

P20
i=1 xi
x= = 75.6
20
For the median

{43, 48, 55, 59, 66, 67, 70, 70, 72, 73, 78, 78, 85, 86, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 98}
Since the sample size is even, we get the (n/2)th and ((n − 1)/2)th
term, that is, the 10th and 11th term and get its midpoint.
For the mean

P20
i=1 xi
x= = 75.6
20
For the median

{43, 48, 55, 59, 66, 67, 70, 70, 72, 73, 78, 78, 85, 86, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 98}
mdn= (73 + 78)/2 = 75.5
For the mean

P20
i=1 xi
x= = 75.6
20
For the median

{43, 48, 55, 59, 66, 67, 70, 70, 72, 73, 78, 78, 85, 86, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 98}
mdn= (73 + 78)/2 = 75.5
For the mode

We look for the data point that occurs the most.
The numbers 70, 78, and 98 occurs twice, more than any other
numbers in the data set. Hence, the mode are 70, 78, and 98 .
Formulas for the Population Mean, Median, and Mode of

Grouped Data
Population Mean µ
P
CM · F
µ=
N
Population Median Mdn

" #
N
− < CFb
M dn = LT CBM dn + c0 2
FM dn
Population Mode Mo

FM o − Fb
M o = LT CBM o + c0 or M o = 3M dn − 2µ
2FM o − Fb − Fa
Formulas for the Sample Mean, Median, and Mode of

Grouped Data
Sample Mean x
P
CM · f
x=
n
Sample Median mdn

n
− < cfb

mdn = LT CBmdn + c0 2
fmdn
Sample Mode mo

fmo − fb
mo = LT CBmo + c0
2fmo − fb − fa
Solving for the Mean of Grouped Data
Scores of 30 Students in Math Class

Class T C B
LL UL L U F CM CM · F
8 - 14 7.5 - 14.5 2 11 22
15 - 21 14.5 - 21.5 8 18 144
22 - 28 21.5 - 28.5 3 25 75
29 - 35 28.5 - 35.5 10 32 320
36 - 42 35.5 - 42.5 7 39 273
N=30
P
CM · F = 834
Solving for the Mean of Grouped Data

Class T C B
LL UL L U F CM CM · F
8 - 14 7.5 - 14.5 2 11 22
15 - 21 14.5 - 21.5 8 18 144
22 - 28 21.5 - 28.5 3 25 75
29 - 35 28.5 - 35.5 10 32 320
36 - 42 35.5 - 42.5 7 39 273
N=30
P
CM · F = 834
P
CM · F 834
µ= = = 27.8
N 30
Solving for the Median of Grouped Data

Class T C B
LL UL L U F CM CM · F <CF
8 - 14 7.5 - 14.5 2 11 22 2
15 - 21 14.5 - 21.5 8 18 144 10
22 - 28 21.5 - 28.5 3 25 75 13
29 - 35 28.5 - 35.5 10 32 320 23
36 - 42 35.5 - 42.5 7 39 273 30
P
c’ = 7 N=30 CM · F = 834

Class T C B
8 - 14 7.5 - 14.5 2 11 22 2
15 - 21 14.5 - 21.5 8 18 144 10
22 - 28 21.5 - 28.5 3 25 75 13
29 - 35 28.5 - 35.5 10 32 320 23
36 - 42 35.5 - 42.5 7 39 273 30
P
c’ = 7 N=30 CM · F = 834
The row (colored yellow) is the middle class, or the class that
contains the (N/2)th value of the array.

Class T C B
8 - 14 7.5 - 14.5 2 11 22 2
15 - 21 14.5 - 21.5 8 18 144 10
22 - 28 21.5 - 28.5 3 25 75 13
29 - 35 28.5 - 35.5 10 32 320 23
36 - 42 35.5 - 42.5 7 39 273 30
P
c’ = 7 N=30 CM · F = 834
" #
30
2 − 13
M dn = 28.5 + 7
10

Class T C B
8 - 14 7.5 - 14.5 2 11 22 2
15 - 21 14.5 - 21.5 8 18 144 10
22 - 28 21.5 - 28.5 3 25 75 13
29 - 35 28.5 - 35.5 10 32 320 23
36 - 42 35.5 - 42.5 7 39 273 30
P
c’ = 7 N=30 CM · F = 834
" #
30
2 − 13
M dn = 28.5 + 7 = 29.9
10
Solving for the Mode of Grouped Data

Class T C B
8 - 14 7.5 - 14.5 2 11 22 2
15 - 21 14.5 - 21.5 8 18 144 10
22 - 28 21.5 - 28.5 3 25 75 13
29 - 35 28.5 - 35.5 10 32 320 23
36 - 42 35.5 - 42.5 7 39 273 30
P
c’ = 7 N=30 CM · F = 834

Class T C B
8 - 14 7.5 - 14.5 2 11 22 2
15 - 21 14.5 - 21.5 8 18 144 10
22 - 28 21.5 - 28.5 3 25 75 13
29 - 35 28.5 - 35.5 10 32 320 23
36 - 42 35.5 - 42.5 7 39 273 30
P
c’ = 7 N=30 CM · F = 834
The row (colored yellow) is the modal class, or the class that has
the highest frequency.

Class T C B
8 - 14 7.5 - 14.5 2 11 22 2
15 - 21 14.5 - 21.5 8 18 144 10
22 - 28 21.5 - 28.5 3 25 75 13
29 - 35 28.5 - 35.5 10 32 320 23
36 - 42 35.5 - 42.5 7 39 273 30
P
c’ = 7 N=30 CM · F = 834

10 − 3
M 0 = 28.5 + 7
2(10) − 3 − 7

Class T C B
8 - 14 7.5 - 14.5 2 11 22 2
15 - 21 14.5 - 21.5 8 18 144 10
22 - 28 21.5 - 28.5 3 25 75 13
29 - 35 28.5 - 35.5 10 32 320 23
36 - 42 35.5 - 42.5 7 39 273 30
P
c’ = 7 N=30 CM · F = 834

10 − 3
M 0 = 28.5 + 7 = 33.4
2(10) − 3 − 7
Interpretations
Mean
µ =27.8 means the the average score in the test is 27.8
Interpretations
Mean
Median
Mdn = 29.9 means half the students got a score below or equal to
29.9 and the other half obtained a score higher than or equal to
29.9.
Interpretations
Mean
Median
Mdn = 29.9 means half the students got a score below or equal to
29.9 and the other half obtained a score higher than or equal to
29.9.
Mode
Mo= 33.4 means that 10 out of 30 students got a modal score of
33.4.
Exercise
This data set is about the number of outreach activities of 50

schools in the Philippines in 2014 Create a grouped frequency
distribution of the data below. Then, find the mean, median, and
mode.
9 16 18 21 24 29 31 35 39 46
10 16 18 22 25 29 31 36 40 47
13 16 19 22 26 30 32 36 43 48
15 17 20 22 26 30 33 36 45 48
15 17 20 23 28 30 34 37 45 50
R = 41, k ≈ 7, and c0 ≈ 6
Class LL UL Freq. LTCB UTCB CM RF <CF >CF
9 to 14 9 14 3 8.5 14.5 11.5 6% 3 50
15 to 20 15 20 12 14.5 20.5 17.5 24% 15 47
21 to 26 21 26 9 20.5 26.5 23.5 18% 24 35
27 to 32 27 32 9 26.5 32.5 29.5 18% 33 26
33 to 38 33 38 7 32.5 38.5 35.5 14% 40 17
39 to 44 39 44 3 38.5 44.5 41.5 6% 43 10
45 to 50 45 50 7 44.5 50.5 47.5 14% 50 7
Assignment
Create a grouped frequency distribution of the data below. Then,

find the mean, median, and mode. Answer this on 1 whole sheet of
paper.
Scores of 45 Students of MTHS002 N1 (S1 SY2018-2019) in the

Preliminary Exam
50 88 90 84 87 0 87 80 68
75 86 82 100 84 51 73 0 64
61 60 38 48 100 76 84 27 87
79 79 93 76 81 76 54 93 56
46 60 44 89 48 89 84 53 42
Due date: Wednesday, July 23, 2018

Midrange and Weighted Mean
Midrange
The midrange (MR) is the sum of the lowest and highest values
in the data set divided by 2.
Midrange
It is a rough estimate of the middle and can be affected by one
extremely high or low value.
Midrange
Formula for the Midrange
LV + HV
MR =
2
Midrange
Formula for the Midrange
LV + HV
MR =
2
Example
Find the midrange of the data set below.
{8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21, 22}

Weighted Mean
The weighted mean of a variable X is found by multiplying each

value by its corresponding weight and dividing te sum of all the
products by the sum of the weights.
Weighted Mean

It is used when the values are not all equally represented.
Weighted Mean

It is used when the values are not all equally represented.
Formula for the Weighted Mean
Pn
i=1 wi Xi w1 X1 + w2 X2 + w3 X3 + . . . + wn Xn
X= P n =
i=1 wi w1 + w2 + w3 + . . . + wn
Where w1 , w2 , w3 , . . . , wn are the weights and

X1 , X2 , X3 , . . . , Xn are the values.
Example
The Ateneo de Naga University uses the 2005 Revised College
Grading System for old students. Below is a table of the numerical
rating, the letter grade, and the point value of the corresponding
grades.
NG LG PV Description
96 to 100 A 4.0 Excellent Academic Performance
90 to 95 B+ 3.5 Very Good Academic Performance
86 to 90 B 3.0 Good Academic Performance
81 to 85 C+ 2.5 Satisfactory Academic Performance
76 to 80 C 2.0 Satisfactory Academic Performance
75 D 1.0 Poor Academic Performance
<75 F 0.0 Unacceptable Academic Performance
Example
The Quality Point Index (QPI) is used to measure a student’s academic
performance. To determine the QPI, we use the formula for the weighted
mean. The weights w are the credit units of the subject and the values X are
point values of each grade.
Example
The Quality Point Index (QPI) is used to measure a student’s academic
performance. To determine the QPI, we use the formula for the weighted
mean. The weights w are the credit units of the subject and the values X are
point values of each grade.
The table below shows the grades of Student A for the Second Semester of SY
2017-2018. Compute for the QPI of Student A.
SUBJCODE Units LG PV
(Weight) (Value)
EDUM233 3 A 4.0
ENGS003 3 B+ 3.5
EVSS001 3 C+ 2.5
MTHS002 3 B 3.0
MTHS024(LAB) 1 B+ 3.5
MTHM211 5 C 2.0
PHIS003 3 B 3.0
Likert Scale
The Likert Scale is a psychometric scale commonly used in

questionnaires and is the most widely used scale in survey research.
Likert Scale

It is a simple statement the respondent is asked to evaluate
according to any kind of subjectie or objective criteria (specify the
level of agreement to a statement).
Likert Scale

The statements (indicators) must have only one mood, usually
positive.
Likert Scale

The statements (indicators) must have only one mood, usually
positive.
Example
Strategies: 5- Very Effective, 4- Effective, 3- Moderately Effective,
...
Practices: 5- Highly Observed, 4- Observed, ...
Traits or Attitudes: 5- Very Evident, 4- Somewhat Evident, ...
Example of Adjectival Interpretation of the Likert Scale
Adjectival Interpretation of the Likert Scale (Per Item)

Rating Scale Range Interpretation
5 4.20 - 5.00 Very High - Almost all respondents
practice the indicator.
4 3.40 - 4.19 High - 75% of the respondents prac-
tice the indicator.
3 2.60 - 3.39 Moderate - 50% of the respondents
practice the indicator.
2 1.80 - 2.59 Low - 25% of the respondents practice
the indicator.
1 1.00 - 1.79 Very Low - Almost none of the respon-
dents practice the indicator.
Example of Adjectival Interpretation of the Likert Scale
Adjectival Interpretation of the Likert Scale (Cumulative Mean)

Rating Scale Range Interpretation
5 4.20 - 5.00 Very High - Almost all indicators are
practiced.
4 3.40 - 4.19 High - 75% of the indicators are prac-
ticed.
3 2.60 - 3.39 Moderate - 50% of the indicators are
practiced.
2 1.80 - 2.59 Low - 25% of the indicators are prac-
ticed.
1 1.00 - 1.79 Very Low - Almost none of the indi-
cators are practiced.
Seatwork
Determine the weighted mean for each item in the survey and the
cumulative or total weighted mean. Then, interpret the cumulative
mean. Use the table below for your interpretation.
Thesis Title: Portable Games and Devices Towards Aggressive Behavior of the
First Year BS Digital Animation Students of the Ateneo de Naga University
Objective: To determine the level of influence of playing portable games and
devices on the behavior specifically aggressiveness of the respondents
Table 1: Results from the Standard Questionnaire by Buss and Perry

Table 1: Results from the Standard Questionnaire by Buss and

Perry
Fractiles
Definition of Terms
Percentile Pi
The 99 score - points which divide a distribution into 100 equal
parts.
Fractiles
Definition of Terms
Percentile Pi
parts.
It divides a data set into 100 equal parts, each part having one
percent of all the data values.
Fractiles
Definition of Terms
Percentile Pi
parts.
Decile Di
The 9 score - points which divide a distribution into 10 equal parts.
Fractiles
Definition of Terms
Percentile Pi
parts.
Decile Di
It divides a data set into 10 equal parts, each part having ten
percent of all data values.
Fractiles
Definition of Terms
Percentile Pi
parts.
Decile Di
Quartile Qi
Fractiles
Definition of Terms
Percentile Pi
parts.
Decile Di
Quartile Qi
It divides the data set into 4 equal parts, each part having 25
percent of all the data value.
Fractiles
Formula for Quartiles

Fractiles
Quartile of Ungrouped Data

i
Qi = · N th
4
Fractiles
Quartile of Ungrouped Data

i
Qi = · N th
4
Quartile of Grouped Data

" #
i
4N− < CFb
Qi = LT CBQi + c0
FQi
Fractiles
Formula for Deciles

Fractiles
Formula for Deciles
Decile of Ungrouped Data

i
Di = · N th
10
Fractiles
Formula for Deciles
Decile of Ungrouped Data

i
Di = · N th
10
Decile of Grouped Data

" #
i
10 N − < CFb
Di = LT CBDi + c0
FDi
Fractiles
Formula for Percentiles

Fractiles
Percentile of Ungrouped Data

i
Pi = · N th
100
Fractiles
Percentile of Ungrouped Data

i
Pi = · N th
100
Percentile of Grouped Data

" #
i
100 N − < CFb
Pi = LT CBPi + c0
FPi
Fractiles
Example
Scores of 20 Students in a Math Test
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: Q1
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: Q3
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: D3
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: D7
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: D9
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: D5
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: P7
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: P18
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: P30
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: P50
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: P63
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: P70
Fractiles
Example
5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Find: P85
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: Q1
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: Q3
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: D2
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: D5
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: D7
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: D8
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: P15
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: P37
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: P45
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: P60
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: P75
Fractiles
Example

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Find: P88
Fractiles
Interpretations
Fractiles
Interpretations
Quartiles
Q1 : 25% fall below or equal to the first quartile
Fractiles
Interpretations
Quartiles
Q1 : 75% fall above or equal to the first quartile
Fractiles
Interpretations
Quartiles
Q2 : 50% are below or equal to the second quartile
Fractiles
Interpretations
Quartiles
Q3 : 75% are less than or equal to the third quartile
Fractiles
Interpretations
Quartiles
Deciles
D1 : 10% fall below or equal to the first decile
Fractiles
Interpretations
Quartiles
Deciles
D2 : 20% are below or equal to the second decile
Fractiles
Interpretations
Quartiles
Deciles
D5 : 50% are less than or equal to the fifth decile
Fractiles
Interpretations
Quartiles
Deciles
D9 : 90% fall below or equal to the ninth decile
Fractiles
Interpretations
Quartiles
Deciles
D9 : 90% fall below or equal to the ninth decile
D9 : 10% fall above or equal to the ninth decile
Measures of Dispersion/Variation
Find the mean and median of the sets of data below. The data
below shows the number of years the brands of laptop last.
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24

Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40
Find the mean and median of the sets of data below. The data
below shows the number of years the brands of laptop last.
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24

Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40
The mean and the median of the two data sets are x = 20 and
mdn = 20, respectively (note that n = 9).
Measures of Variation/Dispersion
I Measures of how the data are spread out or dispersed along
the scale of distribution
I Describe the extent to which the data are dispersed
I Lesser/Lower means more stable, consistent, and homogenous
I Lesser/Lower means more stable, consistent, and homogenous
Commonly Used Measures

I Range
I Interquartile Range and Quartile Deviation
I Mean Absolute Deviation/ Mean Deviation
I Variance
I Standard Deviation
I Coefficient Variation
Range
The range is the difference of the highest value and the lowest
value in the data set (ungrouped data).
Range
Estimated by subtracting the lower boundary of the lowest class
interval from the upper boundary of the highest class interval
(grouped data)
Range
(grouped data)
Measures merely how far the highest value is from the lowest value
Range
(grouped data)
Does not tell anything about the scores between these two
extreme values makes it a weak measure of variation
Range
(grouped data)
NOT stable measure of variation
Range
(grouped data)
Easiest to compute but the least satisfactory
Range
(grouped data)
Easiest to compute but the least satisfactory
Example (Number of Years the Brands of Laptop Last)
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
R = highest value − lowest value = 24 − 15 = 9
Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40
R = highest value − lowest value = 40 − 3 = 37
Interquartile Range
This is the difference of the first quartile from the third quartile.
Interquartile Range
IR = Q3 − Q1
Interquartile Range
IR = Q3 − Q1
More desirable than the range when the distribution we want to
describe is markedly truncated or skewed, or when the median is
the only measure of central tendency that is available.
Interquartile Range
IR = Q3 − Q1
Indicates the distance between the two values which determine the
middle 50% of all observations within the distribution
Interquartile Range
IR = Q3 − Q1
Indicates the distance between the two values which determine the
middle 50% of all observations within the distribution
It is necessary to verify a suspect outlier.
Examples
Interquartile Range for Ungrouped Data
Number of Years the Brands of Laptop Last

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Examples

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 18
4
Examples

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 18
4

3
Q3 = × 9 th = 6.75th = 22
4
Examples

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 18
4

3
Q3 = × 9 th = 6.75th = 22
4
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 22 − 18 = 4
Examples

Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40
Examples

Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 10
4
Examples

Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 10
4

3
Q3 = × 9 th = 6.75th = 28
4
Examples

Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 10
4

3
Q3 = × 9 th = 6.75th = 28
4
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 28 − 10 = 18
Examples
Interquartile Range for Grouped Data

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Identifying Outlier/s Using Interquartile Range
I Arrange the data in order and find Q1 and Q3 .


I Find the interquartile range.

I Multiply the IR by 1.5.

I Subtract the value obtained in step 3 from Q1 and add the
value to Q3 .

I Subtract the value obtained in step 3 from Q1 and add the
value to Q3 .
I Check the data set for any data value that is smaller than
Q1 − 1.5(IR) or larger than Q3 + 1.5(IR).
Examples
Step 1: Arrange and find Q1 and Q3
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Q1 = 18,
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Q1 = 18, Q3 = 22
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Q1 = 18, Q3 = 22
Step 2: Find the interquartile range
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Q1 = 18, Q3 = 22
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 22 − 18 = 4
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Q1 = 18, Q3 = 22
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 22 − 18 = 4
Step 3: Multiply the IR by 1.5.
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Q1 = 18, Q3 = 22
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 22 − 18 = 4
1.5IR = 1.5(4) = 6.
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Q1 = 18, Q3 = 22
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 22 − 18 = 4
1.5IR = 1.5(4) = 6.
Step 4: Subtract 1.5IR from Q1 and add 1.5IR to Q3
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Q1 = 18, Q3 = 22
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 22 − 18 = 4
1.5IR = 1.5(4) = 6.
Q1 − 1.5IR = 17 − 6 = 11
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Q1 = 18, Q3 = 22
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 22 − 18 = 4
1.5IR = 1.5(4) = 6.
Q1 − 1.5IR = 17 − 6 = 11
Q3 + 1.5IR = 22 + 6 = 28
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Q1 = 18, Q3 = 22
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 22 − 18 = 4
1.5IR = 1.5(4) = 6.
Q1 − 1.5IR = 17 − 6 = 11
Q3 + 1.5IR = 22 + 6 = 28
Step 5: Check if there are data values less than Q1 − 1.5IR or
greater than Q3 + 1.5IR.
Examples
Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Q1 = 18, Q3 = 22
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 22 − 18 = 4
1.5IR = 1.5(4) = 6.
Q1 − 1.5IR = 17 − 6 = 11
Q3 + 1.5IR = 22 + 6 = 28
Step 5: Check if there are data values less than Q1 − 1.5IR or
greater than Q3 + 1.5IR.
Since there are no values less than 11 or greater than 28, then
there is no outlier in the data set.
Examples
Checking for Outliers for Grouped Data

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Quartile Deviation or Semi-Interquartile Range
This is one-half of the interquartile range.

Quartile Deviation or Semi-Interquartile Range
This is one-half of the interquartile range.

IR Q3 − Q1
QD = =
2 2
Examples
Quartile Deviation for Ungrouped Data

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Examples

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 18
4
Examples

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 18
4

3
Q3 = × 9 th = 6.75th = 22
4
Examples

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 18
4

3
Q3 = × 9 th = 6.75th = 22
4
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 22 − 18 = 4
Examples

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 18
4

3
Q3 = × 9 th = 6.75th = 22
4
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 22 − 18 = 4
IR 4
QD = = = 2
2 2
Examples

Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40
Examples

Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 7
4
Examples

Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 7
4

3
Q3 = × 9 th = 6.75th = 28
4
Examples

Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 7
4

3
Q3 = × 9 th = 6.75th = 28
4
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 28 − 10 = 18
Examples

Brand B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40

1
Q1 = × 9 th = 2.25th = 7
4

3
Q3 = × 9 th = 6.75th = 28
4
IR = Q3 − Q1 = 28 − 10 = 18
IR 18
QD = = = 9
2 2
Examples
Interquartile Range for Grouped Data

T C B CM F CM·F CF
LL UL L U <
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 44 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 162 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 288 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 370 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 504 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 329 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 208 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 N = 50 SUM=1905
Mean Absolute Deviation/Mean Deviation

I Deviations of individual data from an average


I A measure of variation that takes into consideration the
deviation of the individual scores from an average

I Is generally considered MORE accurate and reliable than those
determined by only two values like the range and the quartile
deviation

I Is generally considered MORE accurate and reliable than those
determined by only two values like the range and the quartile
deviation
I an average deviation
Average Deviation
Average Deviation
The average of the absolute deviations of the individual scores of a

set of data from any measure of central tendency is generally
referred to as an average deviation.
Average Deviation
The average of the absolute deviations of the individual scores of a

set of data from any measure of central tendency is generally
referred to as an average deviation.
P
|x − average |
ad =
n
where average is any of the measures of central tendency.
Mean Deviation for Ungrouped Data

Quotient of the summation of |xn − mean| and n
Sample
P
|xn − x|
md =
n
Population
P
|xn − µ|
MD =
N
Example (Number of Years the Brands of Laptops Last)

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Example
Recall that the mean is 20.
x x− mean |xn − mean|
15 −5 5
17 −3 3
18 −2 2
19 −1 1
20 0 0
22 2 2
22 2 2
23 3 3
24 4 4
P
n=9 |xn − mean| = 22
Example
Recall that the mean is 20.
x x− mean |xn − mean|
15 −5 5
17 −3 3
18 −2 2
19 −1 1
20 0 0
22 2 2
22 2 2
23 3 3
24 4 4
P
n=9 |xn − mean| = 22
22
md = = 2.44
9
Mean Deviation for Grouped Data
Steps in Calculating the Mean Deviation for Grouped Data

1. Compute for the mean.
2. Subtract the mean from each class mark and record the
absolute value of the result in a column.
3. Multiply each value obtained in the previous step by the
corresponding frequency and enter the product in another
column.
4. Get the summation of the products.
5. Divide the summation by the total number of observations N .
Formula for Sample

P
f |CM − x|
md =
n
Formula for Population

P
F |CM − µ|
MD =
N
Scores of 50 Students in a Math Test (µ = 38.1, N = 50, c0 = 5)

LL UL LTCB UTCB CM F CM·F CM−µ |CM−µ| F |CM−µ|
20 24 19.5 24.5 22 2 44 −16.1 16.1 32.2
25 29 24.5 29.5 27 6 162 −11.1 11.1 66.6
30 34 29.5 34.5 32 9 288 −6.1 6.1 54.9
35 39 34.5 39.5 37 10 370 1.1 1.1 11.0
40 44 39.5 44.5 42 12 504 3.9 3.9 46.8
45 49 44.5 49.5 47 7 329 8.9 8.9 62.3
50 54 49.5 54.5 52 4 208 13.9 13.9 55.6
1905 329.4

LL UL LTCB UTCB CM F CM·F CM−µ |CM−µ| F |CM−µ|
20 24 19.5 24.5 22 2 44 −16.1 16.1 32.2
25 29 24.5 29.5 27 6 162 −11.1 11.1 66.6
30 34 29.5 34.5 32 9 288 −6.1 6.1 54.9
35 39 34.5 39.5 37 10 370 1.1 1.1 11.0
40 44 39.5 44.5 42 12 504 3.9 3.9 46.8
45 49 44.5 49.5 47 7 329 8.9 8.9 62.3
50 54 49.5 54.5 52 4 208 13.9 13.9 55.6
1905 329.4
329.4
MD = = 6.59
50
Variance (s2 or σ 2 )
The standard Deviation Squared
Considers the position of each observation relative to the mean
Average of the square of the distance that each value is from the
mean
mean
Variance for Ungrouped Data
Population σ 2
(x − µ)2
P
2
σ =
N
mean
Population σ 2
(x − µ)2
P
2
σ =
N
Sample s2
(x − x)2
P
2
s =
n−1
mean
Population σ 2
(x − µ)2
P
2
σ =
N
Sample s2
(x − x)2
P
2
s =
n−1
Remark: In the formula for the sample, n − 1 is used to remove

the ”bias” normally associated with s2 whenever it is used as an
estimator of σ 2
Example: Population Variance for Ungrouped Data

Recall that the mean is µ = 20.
x x−µ (x − µ)2
15 −5 25
17 −3 9
18 −2 4
19 −1 1
20 0 0
22 2 4
22 2 4
23 3 9
24 4 16
(x − µ)2 = 72
P
N =9
Example: Population Variance for Ungrouped Data

Recall that the mean is µ = 20.
x x−µ (x − µ)2
15 −5 25
17 −3 9
18 −2 4
19 −1 1
20 0 0
22 2 4
22 2 4
23 3 9
24 4 16
(x − µ)2 = 72
P
N =9
72
σ2 = = 8
9
Example: Sample Variance for Ungrouped Data

Recall that the mean is x = 20.
x x−x (x − x)2
15 −5 25
17 −3 9
18 −2 4
19 −1 1
20 0 0
22 2 4
22 2 4
23 3 9
24 4 16
(x − x)2 = 72
P
n=9
Example: Sample Variance for Ungrouped Data

x x−x (x − x)2
15 −5 25
17 −3 9
18 −2 4
19 −1 1
20 0 0
22 2 4
22 2 4
23 3 9
24 4 16
(x − x)2 = 72
P
n=9
(x − x)2
P
2 72
s = = = 9
n−1 9−1
Variance for Ungrouped Data Using Raw Score Formula
Population
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 N
σ =
N2
Variance for Ungrouped Data Using Raw Score Formula
Population
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 N
σ =
N2
Sample
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 n
s =
n(n − 1)
Example

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Example

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
For Population
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 N
σ =
N2
Example

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
For Population
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 N 648
σ = = =
N2 81
Example

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
For Population
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 N 648
σ = = =8
N2 81
Example

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
For Population
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 N 648
σ = = =8
N2 81
For Sample
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 n
s =
n(n − 1)
Example

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
For Population
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 N 648
σ = = =8
N2 81
For Sample
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 n 648
s = =
n(n − 1) 9(8)
Example

Brand A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
For Population
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 N 648
σ = = =8
N2 81
For Sample
x2 − ( x)2
P P
2 n 648
s = = =9
n(n − 1) 9(8)
Variance of Grouped Data Applying the Concept of Mean

Deviation

Deviation
Population
F (CM − µ)2
P
2
σ =
N

Deviation
Population
F (CM − µ)2
P
2
σ =
N
Sample
f (CM − X)2
P
2
s =
n−1
Population Variance for Grouped Data

Applying the Concept of the Mean Deviation

LL UL CM F CM·F CM−µ |CM−µ| F |CM−µ|2
20 24 22 2 44 −16.1 16.1 518.42
25 29 27 6 162 −11.1 11.1 739.26
30 34 32 9 288 −6.1 6.1 334.89
35 39 37 10 370 1.1 1.1 12.10
40 44 42 12 504 3.9 3.9 182.52
45 49 47 7 329 8.9 8.9 554.47
50 54 52 4 208 13.9 13.9 772.84
1905 3114.50
Population Variance for Grouped Data


20 24 22 2 44 −16.1 16.1 518.42
25 29 27 6 162 −11.1 11.1 739.26
30 34 32 9 288 −6.1 6.1 334.89
35 39 37 10 370 1.1 1.1 12.10
40 44 42 12 504 3.9 3.9 182.52
45 49 47 7 329 8.9 8.9 554.47
50 54 52 4 208 13.9 13.9 772.84
1905 3114.50
F (CM − µ)2
P
3114.50
σ2 = = = 62.29
N 50
Sample Variance for Grouped Data

Scores of 50 Students in a Math Test (x = 38.1, n = 50, c0 = 5)

LL UL CM f CM·F CM−x |CM−x| F |CM−x|2
20 24 22 2 44 −16.1 16.1 518.42
25 29 27 6 162 −11.1 11.1 739.26
30 34 32 9 288 −6.1 6.1 334.89
35 39 37 10 370 1.1 1.1 12.10
40 44 42 12 504 3.9 3.9 182.52
45 49 47 7 329 8.9 8.9 554.47
50 54 52 4 208 13.9 13.9 772.84
1905 3114.50
Sample Variance for Grouped Data


20 24 22 2 44 −16.1 16.1 518.42
25 29 27 6 162 −11.1 11.1 739.26
30 34 32 9 288 −6.1 6.1 334.89
35 39 37 10 370 1.1 1.1 12.10
40 44 42 12 504 3.9 3.9 182.52
45 49 47 7 329 8.9 8.9 554.47
50 54 52 4 208 13.9 13.9 772.84
1905 3114.50
f (CM − x)2
P
3114.50
s2 = = = 63.56
n−1 50 − 1
Standard Deviation σ or s
Best measure of variation
Important as a measure of heterogeniety or unevenness within a set
of observations
of observations
Used when comparing 2 or more sets of data having the same units
of measurement
of observations
Used when comparing 2 or more sets of data having the same units
of measurement
Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data
Population rP
(x − µ)2
σ=
N
Sample s
(x − X)2
P
s=
n−1
Example: Population Standard Deviation for Ungrouped

Data
x x−µ (x − µ)2
15 −5 25
17 −3 9
18 −2 4
19 −1 1
20 0 0
22 2 4
22 2 4
23 3 9
24 4 16
(x − µ)2 = 72
P
µ = 20 N =9
Example: Population Standard Deviation for Ungrouped

Data
x x−µ (x − µ)2
15 −5 25
17 −3 9
18 −2 4
19 −1 1
20 0 0
22 2 4
22 2 4
23 3 9
24 4 16
(x − µ)2 = 72
P
µ = 20 N =9
r
72
σ= = 2.83
9
Example: Sample Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data

x x−x (x − x)2
15 −5 25
17 −3 9
18 −2 4
19 −1 1
20 0 0
22 2 4
22 2 4
23 3 9
24 4 16
(x − x)2 = 72
P
n=9
Example: Sample Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data

x x−x (x − x)2
15 −5 25
17 −3 9
18 −2 4
19 −1 1
20 0 0
22 2 4
22 2 4
23 3 9
24 4 16
(x − x)2 = 72
P
n=9
pP r
2 (x − x)2 n − 1 72
s = = 3
= 9−1
Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data using Raw Score

Formula
Population
r
x2 − ( x)2
P P
N
σ=
N2
Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data using Raw Score

Formula
Population
r
x2 − ( x)2
P P
N
σ=
N2
Sample
s P
n x2 − ( x)2
P
s=
n(n − 1)
Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data Using Raw Score

Formula
15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24

Formula
15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Population
r
x2 − ( x)2
P P
N
σ=
N2

Formula
15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Population
r r
x2 − ( x)2
P P
N 648
σ= =
N2 81

Formula
15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Population
r r
x2 − ( x)2
P P
N 648
σ= = = 2.83
N2 81

Formula
15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Population
r r
x2 − ( x)2
P P
N 648
σ= = = 2.83
N2 81
Sample
s P
n x2 − ( x)2
P
s=
n(n − 1)

Formula
15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Population
r r
x2 − ( x)2
P P
N 648
σ= = = 2.83
N2 81
Sample
s P s
n x2 − ( x)2
P
648
s= =
n(n − 1) 9(8)

Formula
15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Population
r r
x2 − ( x)2
P P
N 648
σ= = = 2.83
N2 81
Sample
s P s
n x2 − ( x)2
P
648
s= = = 3
n(n − 1) 9(8)
Standard Deviation of Grouped Data Applying the Concept

of Mean Deviation

of Mean Deviation
Population
rP
F (CM − µ)2
σ=
N

of Mean Deviation
Population
rP
F (CM − µ)2
σ=
N
Sample
s
f (CM − X)2
P
s=
n−1
Population Standard Deviation for Grouped Data


20 24 22 2 44 −16.1 16.1 518.42
25 29 27 6 162 −11.1 11.1 739.26
30 34 32 9 288 −6.1 6.1 334.89
35 39 37 10 370 1.1 1.1 12.10
40 44 42 12 504 3.9 3.9 182.52
45 49 47 7 329 8.9 8.9 554.47
50 54 52 4 208 13.9 13.9 772.84
1905 3114.50
Population Standard Deviation for Grouped Data


20 24 22 2 44 −16.1 16.1 518.42
25 29 27 6 162 −11.1 11.1 739.26
30 34 32 9 288 −6.1 6.1 334.89
35 39 37 10 370 1.1 1.1 12.10
40 44 42 12 504 3.9 3.9 182.52
45 49 47 7 329 8.9 8.9 554.47
50 54 52 4 208 13.9 13.9 772.84
1905 3114.50
rP r
F (CM − µ)2 3114.50
σ= = = 7.89
N 50
Sample Standard Deviation for Grouped Data


20 24 22 2 44 −16.1 16.1 518.42
25 29 27 6 162 −11.1 11.1 739.26
30 34 32 9 288 −6.1 6.1 334.89
35 39 37 10 370 1.1 1.1 12.10
40 44 42 12 504 3.9 3.9 182.52
45 49 47 7 329 8.9 8.9 554.47
50 54 52 4 208 13.9 13.9 772.84
1905 3114.50
Sample Standard Deviation for Grouped Data


20 24 22 2 44 −16.1 16.1 518.42
25 29 27 6 162 −11.1 11.1 739.26
30 34 32 9 288 −6.1 6.1 334.89
35 39 37 10 370 1.1 1.1 12.10
40 44 42 12 504 3.9 3.9 182.52
45 49 47 7 329 8.9 8.9 554.47
50 54 52 4 208 13.9 13.9 772.84
1905 3114.50
rP r
f (CM − x)2 3114.50
s= = = 7.97
n−1 50 − 1
Application of Standard Deviation
Chebyshev’s Theorem
For any set of values and any constant k greater than 1, at least
1 − k12 of the values must lie within k standard deviations of the
mean.
Application of Standard Deviation
Chebyshev’s Theorem
For any set of values and any constant k greater than 1, at least
1 − k12 of the values must lie within k standard deviations of the
mean.
Example
For any set of data and for k = 2, at least three-fourths, or 75%,
of all the data values fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean
of the data set.
Coefficient of Variation (CV)
This is used to compare the variability of 2 or more sets of data

even if the observations are expressed in different units of
measurement.
Coefficient of Variation (CV)
This is used to compare the variability of 2 or more sets of data

even if the observations are expressed in different units of
measurement.
Formula
Population
σ
CV = × 100%
µ
Sample
s
cv = × 100%
x
Coefficient of Variation
Example
Sales of Automobiles
The mean of the number of sales of cars over a three-month
period is 87, and the standard deviation is 5. The mean of the
commissions is $5225, and the standard deviation is $773.
Compare the variations of the two.
Example
Solution
s
cv = × 100%
x
Example
Solution
s 5
cv = × 100% = × 100
x 87
Example
Solution
s 5
cv = × 100% = × 100 = 5.7%
x 87
Example
Solution
s 5
cv = × 100% = × 100 = 5.7%
x 87
s
cv = × 100%
x
Example
Solution
s 5
cv = × 100% = × 100 = 5.7%
x 87
s 773
cv = × 100% = × 100
x 5225
Example
Solution
s 5
cv = × 100% = × 100 = 5.7%
x 87
s 773
cv = × 100% = × 100 = 14.8%
x 5225
Example
Solution
s 5
cv = × 100% = × 100 = 5.7%
x 87
s 773
× 100% =
cv = × 100 = 14.8%
x 5225
Since the coefficient of variation is larger for commissions, the
commissions are more variable than the sales.
Seatwork
The data below shows the scores of 15 students enrolled in
MTHS002 N1 for the first semester of SY 2018-2019. Find the ...
I ... range.
I ... interquartile range.
I ... quartile deviation.
I ... mean deviation.
I ... variance.
I ... standard deviation.
I ... coefficient of variation.
19, 15, 19, 19, 23, 22, 16, 8, 17, 21, 17, 16, 16, 20, 21
Measures of Skewness
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students must:

I differentiate normal distribution, positively-skewed distribution
and negatively-skewed distribution;
I determine clearly how to differentiate these data from one
another; and
I solve for skewness of a given set of data.
Recall
Frequency Curve
A smoothed frequency polygon obtained by increasing the number
of class intervals and consequently decreasing the interval size.
Recall
Frequency Curve
Types of Curves
I Bell-shaped curve
Recall
Frequency Curve
Types of Curves
I Bell-shaped curve
I Skewed Curve
Recall
Frequency Curve
Types of Curves
I Bell-shaped curve
I Skewed Curve
I Positively-skewed Curve
Recall
Frequency Curve
Types of Curves
I Bell-shaped curve
I Skewed Curve
I Positively-skewed Curve
I Negatively-Skewed Curve
Recall
Bell-Shaped Curve
This shows normal distribution.
Recall
Bell-Shaped Curve
Positively-skewed Curve
The frequencies of the smaller class intervals are higher than those
of the class intervals at the other end of the distribution, the curve
will tail off to the right and we have positively-skewed distribution.
Recall
Bell-Shaped Curve
Positively-skewed Curve
The frequencies of the smaller class intervals are higher than those
of the class intervals at the other end of the distribution, the curve
will tail off to the right and we have positively-skewed distribution.
Negatively-skewed Distribution
The frequencies of the larger class intervals are higher than those
of the smaller classes, the curve will tail off to the left and we have
a negatively-skewed distribution.
Formula
Population
3(µ − M dn)
Sk =
σ
Formula
Population
3(µ − M dn)
Sk =
σ
Sample
3(X − mdn)
Sk =
s
Normal Distribution (Sk = 0)
I Median is the score point

which bisects the total
area. Half of the area
would fall to the left and
half to the right.
with the highest frequency

I Median is the score point (the point on the x-axis
which bisects the total which corresponds to the
area. Half of the area tallest point in the curve).
would fall to the left and
half to the right.
I Mode is the score point
with the highest frequency

I Median is the score point (the point on the x-axis
which bisects the total which corresponds to the
area. Half of the area tallest point in the curve).
would fall to the left and I Mean is the score point on
half to the right. the x-axis that corresponds
I Mode is the score point to the point of balance.
Positively-skewed Distribution (Sk > 0)

I Bump on the left indicates that

the mode corresponds to a LOW
value.
extreme scores and will have a

I Bump on the left indicates that high value.
the mode corresponds to a LOW
value.
I Tail extending to the right
means that the Mean will be
pulled in the direction of the

the mode corresponds to a LOW I Mean is greater than the mode.
value.
I Tail extending to the right
means that the Mean will be
pulled in the direction of the

the mode corresponds to a LOW I Mean is greater than the mode.
value.
I Tail extending to the right I Median will have a value
means that the Mean will be between the mode and the
pulled in the direction of the median.
Negatively-skewed Distribution (Sk < 0)

I Bump usually occurs at the

right indicating that the mode
has a high numerical value.
I Bump usually occurs at the

right indicating that the mode
has a high numerical value.
I Tail extending to the left means
that the Mean will be pulled in
the direction of the extreme
scores and will have a low value.
I Mean will have a lower

I Bump usually occurs at the numerical value than the median
right indicating that the mode because the extremely low scores
has a high numerical value. will pull the mean to the left.
that the Mean will be pulled in
the direction of the extreme
scores and will have a low value.
I Mean will have a lower

I Bump usually occurs at the numerical value than the median
right indicating that the mode because the extremely low scores
has a high numerical value. will pull the mean to the left.
that the Mean will be pulled in I Median will have a value
the direction of the extreme between the mode and the
scores and will have a low value. median.
Try this!
LL UL LTCB UTCB CM F <CF
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 µ = 38.1 σ = 7.89 N = 50
Try this!
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 µ = 38.1 σ = 7.89 N = 50
3(µ − M dn)
Sk =
σ
Try this!
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 µ = 38.1 σ = 7.89 N = 50
3(µ − M dn) 3(38.1 − 38.5)

Sk = =
σ 7.89
Try this!
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 22 2 2 (1-2)
25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 27 6 8 (3-8)
30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 32 9 17 (9-17)
35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 37 10 27 (18-27)
40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 42 12 39 (28-39)
45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7 46 (40-46)
50 - 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 4 50 (47-50)
c0 = 5 µ = 38.1 σ = 7.89 N = 50
3(µ − M dn) 3(38.1 − 38.5)

Sk = = = -0.15
σ 7.89

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Numerical Descriptive Measures

Numerical Descriptive Measures

Rogel John O. Naval

September 25, 2019

At the end of the discussion, the students are expected to

Measures of Central Tendency

Median (mdn or Mdn)

Median (mdn or Mdn)

The Median (mdn or Mdn)

The Median (mdn or Mdn)

The Median (mdn or Mdn)

The Median (mdn or Mdn)

The Median (mdn or Mdn)

The Median (mdn or Mdn)

The Mode (mo or Mo)

The Mode (mo or Mo)

The Mode (mo or Mo)

The Mode (mo or Mo)

The Mode (mo or Mo)

The Mode (mo or Mo)

The Mode (mo or Mo)

The Mode (mo or Mo)

Formulas for the Population Mean, Median, and Mode of

Population Median Mdn

Formulas for the Sample Mean, Median, and Mode of

Sample Median mdn

{8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21, 75}

{8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21, 75}

{8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21}

For the mean

For the mean

For the median

For the mean

For the median

For the mean

For the median

For the mean

For the median

For the mode

Formulas for the Population Mean, Median, and Mode of

Population Median Mdn

Formulas for the Sample Mean, Median, and Mode of

Sample Median mdn

Solving for the Mean of Grouped Data

Scores of 30 Students in Math Class

Solving for the Mean of Grouped Data

Scores of 30 Students in Math Class

Solving for the Median of Grouped Data

Solving for the Median of Grouped Data

Solving for the Median of Grouped Data

Solving for the Median of Grouped Data

Solving for the Mode of Grouped Data

Solving for the Mode of Grouped Data

Solving for the Mode of Grouped Data

Solving for the Mode of Grouped Data

This data set is about the number of outreach activities of 50

Create a grouped frequency distribution of the data below. Then,

Scores of 45 Students of MTHS002 N1 (S1 SY2018-2019) in the

Due date: Wednesday, July 23, 2018

{8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21, 22}

The weighted mean of a variable X is found by multiplying each

The weighted mean of a variable X is found by multiplying each

The weighted mean of a variable X is found by multiplying each