4511/2 Sulit: Transfer The Information From The Text Above Into The Graphic Organizer Below

4511/2 SULIT
Chapter 1:Transport 2014
Transfer the information from the text above into the graphic organizer below.
Circulatory system
consists of
Open Closed
example
Double Single
Insects circulatory system circulatory system
example
Human Amphibians Birds Fish

consists of
Heart Blood vessel Blood
made up of
Plasma Cellular components
consists of
Red blood cell White blood cell Platelets
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Module Biology Trial paper collection
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Write the correct cell due to its function.

Cellular component Function
Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon
Erythrocytes (red blood cell)
dioxide
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and dead
Neutrophil
cells
Eosinophil Releases enzyme that combat inflammation in allergic
Granular
Leucocytes reactions.
(white blood cell) Kills parasitic worms.
Basophil Combats inflammation in allergic reactions.
Produces the immune response against foreign
Lymphocyte
substances.
Agranular
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and dead
Monocyte
cells
Platelets Involved in the process of blood clotting.
Comparison between arteries, capillaries and veins. Fill in the box with correct answer.
Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins
Carry oxygenated blood Allow rapid gaseous Carry deoxygenated
(except for the pulmonary exchange, nutrients, waste and blood (except for the
Function
artery) away from the hormones between the blood pulmonary vein)
heart and cells towards the heart
The thickness of
Thick Thinnest (one-cell thick) Thinner
the wall
No valves, except
semilunar valves in the Have valves to prevent
Valves No valves
aorta and pulmonary backflow of blood
artery
The size of lumen Small Smallest Large
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Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.
Aorta
A:Pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava B:Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Right atrium
Septum Semi-lunar valve
Tricuspid valve
The wall of left ventricle
Chorda tendinae
Aspect Marking scheme Marks

Labeling Label the diagram /Name blood vessel A and B (Popular Question)
Name artery X
Coronary artery 1 1
Drawing skill Draw a series of arrow to show the flow of oxygenated blood into the heart and out of
the heart
Showing correct arrows
1 1
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Diagram shows right side of a huamn heart 1 1

Complete the hert structure in the diagram
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Arrangement State the flow of blood form vena cava to aorta
Vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery
lungs pulmonary vein left atrium left ventricle
aorta 2 2
Function What is the funciton of structure X and Y (valve)
To prevent the backflow of blood form ventricle to atria //to enure that the blood flows
in one direction only 1 1
Difference State the difference between the walls of the left ventricle and right ventricle:
The walls of left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle 1 1
Blood vessel A has higher pressure then vessel B
Explain why 2
F-Contraction of ventricle/heart
1
E1-Generates a (high) pressure
1
E2-(to) propel/force/pump the blood flow from teh heart /ventricle to vessel A Any 2
1 2
Why is the wall of left ventricle thicker and more muscular than right ventricle?
Because the left ventricle has to pump the blood to all part of the body while the right
ventricle only has to pump the blood to the lungs 1 1
Explain the importance of the difference in (b)(i)
(the wall of left ventricle is thicker and more muscular)
P1-To with stand the high pressure 1
1 2
P2-to pump blood out of the heart o all part of the body
Predict Explain what will hapeen is valve (semi-lunar valve) does not function properly
(Effect) F-blood cannot prevent from flowing backward into left ventricle 1
E-High blood pressure cannot be maintianed in the left ventrricle 1
2
Explain the effect caused by the blockage in artery X 2
P1-Cut the supply of O2/Nutrient to the heart attack/myocardial Reject: Heart 1 1
problem
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1.2 The circulatory system humans
Cardiac Heart is an effective pump that made up mostly by strong muscle
muscle Name the type of muscle that build this organ
1 1
Cardiac muscle
The contraction of cardiac muscle need not to be stimulated by nerve impulses
Explain the above statement
1 1
The cardiac muscle is myogenic /it contract and relaxed by themsleve
The muscle tht build the heart s myogenic.What si meaning of myogenic?1
Muscle that contract and relavs without the need to receive impulses form the nervous 1 1
system
Pumping Diagram 10.5 shows a human heart.
of heart Location of Pulmonary vein
Pacemaker
Left atrium
Name the structure Z 1 1

Sinoatrial node
State the function of Z
Initiates and coordinates the contraction of the heart 1 1
Explain how the sequence of events that takes place after Z is initiated maintain the
heartbeat
P1. The SA node as the pacemaker generates electrical impulses. 1
P2. The electrical impulses spread rapidly over the walls of both atria, causing the atria to 1
contract simultaneously. The contraction of the atria helps push blood into the ventricles.
P3. The electrical impulses spread to the ventricles causing them to contact and push
1
blood out to the lungs and body
P4. The electrical impulses reach the AV node. Bundle of His fibres, bundle branches and
1 3
Purkinje fibres conduct the impulses to the apex of the heart
The pacemaker of a patient’s heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to
Replace the original pacemaker. Explain how the electronic pacemaker works.
P1 - Electronic pacemaker work as sino-atrial node (SAN) 1
P2 - It generates a wave of excitatory impulses 1
P3 - spread to atria, causing the heart to contract simultaneously. 1 3
Explain what will happen to a person if the pacemaker (sinoatrial node)is impaired4
F1-Less nerve impulse are generated form SA node to the walls of atria 1
E1-Contraction of atria are weaken causing less blood to enter the ventricles 1 46
F2-Less nerve impulse are sent to the AV node 1
E2-Thus contraction of ventricles is weaker causing less blood to b pump out of the heart 1 4
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The regulatory mechanism o blood pressure

Knowledge Diagram shows a part of circulatory system in human
What happen to the blood pressure as the blood flow from P to Q

Blood pressure increase 1 1
Adaptation Explain why is important for P to have thick wall
F-withstand high pressure of blood 1
E1-(thick wall)have muscle that can contract and relax 1
E2-Control blood flo(to cell accorsing to the body’s need) 1
Explain how nearby muscle at Q prevent the back flow of blood 1
F-Nearby muscle contract and relax//nearby muscle squeeze the vein 1
E-Push blood back toward eth heart 1 2
Explain how the structure of capillaries allow substances to pas form them to the
surrounding efficiently
F1-the walls of capillaries are only one cell thick 1
E1-Substances do not have very far to diffuse through them 1
E2-Increase TS for diffusion to occur 1 3
Other Our normal blood pressure is 120/80, Hg. Explain what is the measurement represent? 4
F1-120:refers systolic pressure 1
E1-(peak of pressure)that contracting ventricles 1
F2-80 refers to diastolic pressure 1
E2-( the lowest arteriole blood pressure )when ventricle care relaxing 1 2
Cardiovascular sisease is a disesea that related to heart and blood vessel
.More people die form this disease then cancer over the past 30 years
Based on your biological knowledge, how this disease can be prevented?
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P1-Do regular exercise 1
P2-Eat food that lack of lipids/cholesterols any 2P 1 2
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The regulatory mechanism o blood pressure

Aspect Marking Scheme
Criteria When blood flows through a vessel, it exerts pressure against the walls of the
blood vessel. This pressure is called blood pressure. Explain how blood pressure
is maintained at normal level. 10
C1: Definition of blood pressure
C2: Name of the mechanism
C3: Cardiovascular centre
C4 : The responses - if increases / decreases
F1: Blood pressure is the P1.1: higher pressure in the systole / contraction stage
force that drives blood P1.2: lower pressure in diastole / relaxation stage
through arteries and
capillaries
F2: Regulated by negative P2.1: Baroreceptors or pressure receptors located in the arch of aorta and arteries
feedback mechanism P2.2: carotid arteries, detect blood pressure flowing through them
P2.3: to the cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata
F3: If blood pressure P3.1: baroreceptors send impulses to the cardiovascular centre at a faster rate
increases P3.2 sends nerve impulses to the heart
P3.3 results in a weaker cardiac muscle contraction
P3.4 the smooth muscles of the arteries will relax
P3.5 this decreases the resistance of blood flow in the blood vessels
P3.6 by widening of blood vessels / vasodilation
P3.7 lower the blood pressure / back to the normal value.
F4: If blood pressure falls P4.1 baroreceptors are less stimulated
/decreases P4.2 send nerve impulses at a slower rate to the cardiovascular centre
P4.3 cardiovascular centre sends nerve impulses to the heart
P4.4 that results in a stronger cardiac muscle contraction.
P4.5 The smooth muscles of the arteries contract
P4.6 increases the resistance of blood flow in the blood vessels
P4.7 narrowing of blood vessels / vasoconstriction
P4.8 increase the blood pressure / back to the normal value
Any ten points
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The circulatory system in insects, fish amphibians and human

The closed Circulatory system
Fish State the type of blood circulatory system shown by organism
Organism Q:Single closed circulatory
Name one example of organism

Organism Q :Fish
Human State the type of blood circulatory system shown by organism P

Organism P: Doubled closed circulatory system
Name one example of organism P

Organism P :human /any suitable mammal /bird
Name /State two circulations. Describe each circulation.

P1 : Pulmonary circulation
Description : Blood is pumped from the heart into the lungs and back to the heart.
P2 : Systemic circulation
Description : Blood is carried between the heart and other parts of the body except the
lungs.
Explain the importance of having the blood circulatory system in organism P

F-(doubled circulated system) is more efficient
P1-The heart pumps the blood twice/ the blood flow into the heart twice in a complete
circulation
P2-Highre pressure of blood can be maintained
P3-The blood travels faster to organs
P4-The organs get sufficient amount of glucose /oxygen nutrient//the waste
product/carbon dioxide /urea can be eliminated any 3
Explain the pathway of the systemic circulatory system (human)
P1 - Oxygenated blood is carried from left ventricle (heart) to the body cells(body),
P2 - deoxygenated blood is carried from body cells (body) to the right atrium & right
ventricle (heart).
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The differences between the circulatory system of insects fish, amphibians and humans
Human Explain one difference in the structure of the heart between Organism P (human)and
& Organism Q (fish) 2
Fish F-Heart of organism P has four chambers but organism Q has two chambers
P1-Organism P has right atrium .left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle but organism 1
Q has ventricle and an atrium //QQ has one ventricle and one atrium
P2-In organism P, the heart receives both oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood while
1 2
in organism Q , the heart only receive deoxygenated blood
Diagram 10.4.2 shows the blood circulatory system in organism A and organism
Organism A Organism B
Based on Diagram 10.4.2, Describe the similarities and differences between the blood
circulatory system in organism A and organism B
Organism A Organism B
Single circulation// Blood flow only once/ Double circulation// Blood flow twice/ two
2
one time through the heart time through the heart
Heart have 2 chambers/ heart consists of 1 Heart have 4 chambers/ heart consists of 2
atrium and 1 ventricle atriums and 2 ventricles 2
Absence of septum Presence of septum 2
Oxygenated blood flow from gill to body Oxygenated blood flow from lungs to the 2
cell/ tissues body heart
Deoxygenated blood flow from the heart Deoxygenated blood flow from the heart to 2
to the gill the lungs
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The differences between the circulatory systems of insects, fish, amphibians and humans.
Organisms Insects Fish Amphibians Humans
Type of circulatory Open Closed Closed Closed
system - Single Double Double
Separation of oxygenated
- - Incomplete Complete
and deoxygenated blood
(A single
Number of chambers in blood vessel
Two Three Four
the heart forms the
heart)
1.3 The mechanism of blood clotting

No Marking scheme Marks
Knowledge Diagram shows the mechanism of blood clotting
P Q
Name vitamin s and Ion T

vitamin S: Vitamin K 1
Ion T : Ion Ca2+ 1 2
Name substances
Substances P : Prothrombin 1
Substances Q : Thrombin 1
Substances R : Fibrinogen 1 3
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Knowledge Diagram show the red blood cells are trapped by structure W
W
Name structure W
Fibrin 1 1
Blood From the diagram ,Explain the role of platelets
clotting P1-Platelets break down and release chemical released chemicals 1
mechanism
P2-To cause platelets to stick to each other 1
P3-Palatlet clump together to form a plug to prevent blood loss 1
P4-Released thrombokinase and other clotting factors 1 2
Explain how is form ESSAY
F-when there is cut in the blood vessels 1
E1-(A group )platlets clump/stick together 1
E2-to released trombokinase/thromboplastin 1
E3-(trombokinase/thromboplastin) converts prothrombin to thrombin 1
E4-(thrombin ) convert fibrinogen to fibrin/structure W(fibrin /W traps erythrocytes/red 1
blood cells)
E5-then form scab(scab dried)wound/wound is healed any 4 1 4
Explain how structure W is formed STRUCTURE
P1-When the blood vessel damage the platelets released a protein called thromboplastin
1
P2- thromboplastin with the help of calcium and vitamin K ,convert prothrombin to
thrombin 1
1 3
P3-Trombin acts as an enzyme to convert fibrinogen into structure W /fibrin
Diagram 10.3 shows a human blood component.
Erythrocyte
Leucocyte
Platelet
Diagram 10.3
1
Explain how platelets help to stop bleeding when a wound occurs.
P1 - Platelets clump together/ expose to air and produce thrombokinase// 1
thromboplastine 52
P2 - Thrombokinase/ thromboplastine converts prothrombin to thrombin (calcium ions 1
must be present)
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P3 - Thrombin converts fibrinogen (a soluble protein plasma) to fibrin (Vitamin K is 1

needed in the formation of prothrombin)
1
P4 - Fibrin forms a network to trap the erythrocytes 4
1
P5 - to form a clot// scab
Difference State a difference between fibrinogen and structure W
Fibrinogen is soluble plasma protein whereas structure W is fibrin which is insoluble 1
1
protein.
Explain one difference between fibrinogen and fibrin
P1-Fibronogen is soluble. fibrin is insoluble/not soluble 1
P2-Fibrin able to form fibres/meshwork/thread to trap blood cell, fibrinogen is not able 1 2
to do so
Importance State two importance of blood clotting
P1-to prevent serious blood loss when a person is injured
1
P2- to prevent the entry of microorganisms and foreign particles into the blood/ body
1
through the damage blood vessels
P3- to maintain normal blood pressure 1
P4- to maintain circulation of blood in a closed circulatory system 1 3
State the necessity for the formation of structure W around the wound 2
P1-To prevent serious blood loss 1
P2-to prevent the entry of microorganism and foreign particles into the blood 3.to 1
maintain normal blood pressure
P4-To maintain circulation of blood in a closed circulatory system 1 3
The structure W does not normally formed in intact blood vessels
Explain why?
F-Heparin in plasma/action of anticoagulants 1
P-Prevent clot formation by suppressing activation of the platelet 1 2
Problem
related to
blood
clotting
53
Name the part labelled P
P : Thrombus/ Cholesterol / Plaque / deposit
1 1
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Problem Explain how P is formed
related to P1- Excessive cholesterol, saturated fats and calcium are deposited on the inner lining of 1
blood the arteries.
clotting
P2- Detached deposited cholesterol on the arteries wall can stimulate the agglutination 1
of platelets which lead to the formation of blood clot / thrombus in the arteries to
1 3
obstruct the blood flow
What is the consequence in blood clot form within the unbroken blood vessel?
Trombosis 1 1
A man suffers form heart attack.This caused by blood clots in one of the coronary
arteries
What type of thrombosis occurs
Coronary thrombosis 1 1
How does the thrombosis in (b) form
P1-induced by artheriolerosis 1
P1-Deposited cholesterol and calcium on the coronary artery wall can stimulate the 1 2
agglutination of platelets which can lead to the formation of blood clot in he artery
Adam is suffered form a genetic disease.He has a problem of blood clotting, his blood
takes an abnormally long time to clot
Name the genetic disease suffered by Adam
Haemophilia 1 1
State one difference in the blood content Adam and a normal person
Lack of certain blood clotting/factor VIII in Adam ‘s blood 1 1
Haemophilia is a genetic in which the individual cannot produce clotting factor. suggest
one method to save the afflicted person form dying due to excessive bleeding
Injection with blood factor 1 1
How does the thrombosis in (b) form
P1-induced by artheriolerosis 1
P1-Deposited cholesterol and calcium on the coronary artery wall can stimulate the 1 2
agglutination of platelets which can lead to the formation of blood clot in he artery
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1.4 lymphatic system

The formation and composition of interstitial fluid
Knowledge Show the formation of from blood circulatory system
Fluid is originated form blood plasma which leaves the blood capillaries into the
intercellular spaces between the cells
1
Name fluid X
1 2
Interstitial fluid
Importance State the important of fluid X to the body cells
Supplies the cell with their cellular requirement/oxygen /nutrient/glucose/amino 1 1
acids//eliminate the excretory substances/carbon dioxide/urea from the cell
Formation Explain how fluid X is formed
P1-Blood flows from the artiries into capillaries which have a smaller diameter 1
P2-Causes high hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end( of capillaries) 1
1 3
P3-Forces some fluid out through the blood capillary wall
Explain how interstitial fluid is formed
P1-Blood flow form the arteries into the capillaries with a smaller diameter 1
P2-Results in a higher hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the capillaries 1
1
P3-the higher pressure forces some blood plasma through the capillary wall into the
spaces between the cells
1
P4-the fluid is known as interstitial fluid or tissue fluid
P5-Interstitial fluid does not contain plasma protein ,erythrocytes and platelets
1 5
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Essay Enhancement corner

1
Z
X
Y
Describe the capillary-tissue exchange at X and at Z between the tissue fluid and the cells
1
F1-At X:plasma carrying nutrient, oxygen and hormones, leaves the capillaries
E1-this occurs because the blood pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure 1
F2-At Z:Oxygen and nutrient molecule enter the cells 1
E1-This occurs by diffusion, facilitated transport 1
E2-Wastes and carbon dioxide leaves the cells 1
E3-This occurs by diffusion (along a concentration gradient) 1 4
2 Describe with example, the transfer of dissolve material form the blood to the cells of the body
P1-Dissolvd material form the red blood cells moves into the cells of the body through a 1
network of capillaries surrounding all cells of the body through a network capillary surrounding
all cells of the body
P2-In the part of the capillary, network near the arterial end, blood pressure is much higher and 1
causes some plasma to filter out of the capillaries under pressure into the tissue space to form
tissue fluid
P3-Tissue fluid acts as a medium of transport between the blood and the body cells 1
P4-Nutrient such as glucose amino acids diffuses out of the blood in the capillaries into the
tissue fluid and form there into thebody cells 1
P5-Waste products formed by the cells such as urea and carbon dioxide diffuses out into the 1
tissue fluid ,and carbon dioxide diffuses out into tissue fluid, and form there diffuses into the
blood in he capillaries
P6-As blood moves along the narrow capillaries, the blood pressure drops continuously 1
P7-At the venous end of the capillary network most of the tissue fluid is reabsorb back into the
capillaries by osmosis 1
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3 Diagram shows part of the blood circulatory system and the lymphatic system inhuman body
Explains three between the composition of fluid in P and Q
F1-fluid P is red in colour, fluid q is colourless 1
1
E1-Because fluid P has haemoglobin, fluid q does not have haemoglobin
1
F2-Fluid P contain red blood cells, fluid Q ha no red blood cell
E2-Bacause the red blood cells sre too large to diffuses move out of the blood capillary (to form
1
interstitial fluid)
F3-Fluid P contain blood cells and blood plasma,fluid Q only contain blood plasma without 1
protein plasma
E3-Bacause the protein plasma are to large to diffused out of the blood capillary 1
F4-Fluid Q contain more lymphocytes, fluid P contain less lymphocytes 1
E4-Bacaiuse as fluid Q flow through the lymphatic nodes 1 6
Any 3 pairs of F and E
The lymphatic system

Aspect Question (Marking Scheme)
Knowledge
90% of fluid X returns to blood circulatory system while the remain 10% diffuses into the lymph
vessel known as fluid Y
Name fluid Y
Lymph
State the meaning of Lymph
P1-Interstitial fluid that has not been reabsorbed into the blood sream goes into the lymph
capilarries .Once inside the lymph capillaries the fliud is known a lymph
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P2-Lymph is a transparent yellowish fluid
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Knowledge
Name R and S.
R – Lymph capillary
S – Lymph node
Differences State one difference in composition between fluid Y and blood
Fluid Y does not contain erythrocytes and large protein molecule as ( they are too large to pass
through the capillary wall
Explain one difference between the composition of interstitial fluid and lymph. 2
P1-lymph contains more / higher lymphocytes than interstitial fluid because
P2- system produces lymphocytes OR
P3- lymph contains more fatty substances because
P4-lacteals / lymph capillaries in villus transport fatty acid and glycerol / droplets of lipids / fat
soluble vitamins to the blood stream (Any 2)
Explain the differences between the composition of fluid R and fluid S
Fluid R (blood plasma) Fluid S (lymph)

1. Has less lymphocyte 1. Has a larger numbers of lymphocyte
Explain : Lymphocyte is produced by the lymph node.

2. Contain erythrocyte & plasma 2. No erythrocyte, no plasma protein /
protein / eg: fibrinogen eg: fibrinogen
Explain: RBC & plasma protein are too big molecule to pass
through
3. Has high content of 3. Has lower contents of oxygen
oxygen 58
Explain : oxygen has been used up by the cell
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Formation
Explain the formation of lymph in R. 3

P1-The high hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the capillaries
P2-Forces blood constituents except large molecules diffuse out (through capillaries) into
intercellular spaces between cells / to form tissues fluid
P3-At venous end of capillaries where hydrostatic pressure is low
P4-(90% of tissues fluid returned to circulatory system and) 10% diffused into lymph capillaries
to form lymph. OR
-Lymph originate from tissues fluid / interstitial fluid
P6-At venous end of capillaries where hydrostatic pressure is low // Hydrostatic pressure is high
in the interstitial fluid
P7-(90% of tissues fluid / interstitial fluid / X is returned to circulatory system and) 10% is
diffused into lymph capillaries to form lymph Any 3
Describe the formation of fluid Q
F-the blood /the blood capillaries has very high hydrostatic pressure
E1-forcing the blood plasma without the plasma protein/erythrocytes/platlets
E2-To diffused out into the spaces between the tissues
E3-to form interstitial fluid
E4-into the lymphatic capillaries(the vessel with blunt end
E6-Forming l\ymph/lymphatic fluid/fluid Q
E7-consists of blood plasma without protein plasma/contains glucose.water , amino acids,mineral
vitamins
Function Explain the three function of the lymphatic system 6
P1-the lymphatic system returns the excess interstitial fluid back into the blood circulatory system
E1-Excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in the space between cells results in oedema
P2-th lacteal absorbs lipids ( fats ) fat soluble vitamin A,D,E,and K
E2-these are transported by lymphatic vessel to the blood circulatory 59
P3-the lymphatic system provides immunological defences against the disease
E3-Lymph nodes produces and store lymphocytes
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Importance State two function of lymphatic system 2
P1-Return the excess interstitial fluid /fluid X back into blood circulatory system,
P2-Lymphocytes produce antibodies ( to destroy pathogen )
P3-Transport lipid, Vitamin A,D,E,K to blood circulatory system any 2
Explain the importance of lymphatic system in human.
F1-Maintain the fluid balance in the body
E1-by returning excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
OR
F2-Transport fatty acids and glycerol
E2-from lacteal to circulatory system
The role of the lymphatic system in transport
(a)
What happens of the excess interstitial fluid does not flow into lymph vessels?
P1-the excess interstial fluid will accumulated ong the cells 1
P2-Cuse swelling of the affected body tissues 1
P3-Oedem occurs any 2P 1 2
(b)
Name the disease 1

1 1 60
Oedema/tissue become swollen
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(c) Explain how the disease can be happen 2
P1-Excess interstitial fluid accumulates in the spaces between the cells 1
P2-Excess interstitial fluid is not returned to the blood circulatory system any 2 1 2
(d)
(e) State the disease when vessels R in the leg are blocked by filarial worms.
Elephantiasis / filariasis / oedema / tissue swelling 1 1
(f) Explain your answer in c (i).
P1(When R is blocked,) excess tissues fluid is not returned to the bloodstream 1
P2-The body tissues become swollen 1
P3-because of too much fluid accumulates in the space between the cells (Any 2) 1 2
(g) Essay enchament corner
(b) Based on Diagram 10.2, describe how fluid S is formed from blood plasma until it is
brought back into the blood circulatory system.
P1 - (When the blood flows from arteries into capillaries) there is higher hydrostatic 1
pressure at the arterial end of the capillaries
P2 - (This high pressure) forces some plasma to pass through the capillary walls into the
1
intercellular spaces (between the cells)
P3 - Once the fluid leaves the capillary walls, it is called interstitial/tissue fluid // The
interstitial fluid fills the spaces between the cells and constantly bathes the cells 1
P4 - 90% of the interstitial fluid diffuses back into blood capillary

P5 - 10% of the interstitial fluid that has not been reabsorbed into the bloodstream goes into 1
the lymph capillaries.(Once inside the lymph capillaries) the fluid is known as lymph / S
P7 - lymph / S passes through lymphatic vessels into the thoracic duct 1
P8 - lymph/ S eventually drains into the right subclavian vein.
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(Hence, lymph drains back into the blood) 1
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1.5 The role of the circulatory system in the defence mechanism of the body
No Marking scheme
Knowledge Blood circulatory system transport gases and nutrient to all parts of of the body .It removes
and excretes waste material through the kidneys.It also protect our body form infection of
disease. Table 1 shows the body defense mechanism
Body defence mechanism
Type of defences Lines of defences
First line defence S
Second line defence P
Third line defence Q
Name P and Q
S: Skin and mucous
P; Leucocyte/white blood cells/phagocytes/monocyte/neutrophill
Q: Lymphocytes
Line of defence Marking scheme
First Line Explain how first line defence can prevent the entry pathogens into the body.
defence The skin
P1 - Skin consist of keratin that make difficult enough to penetrate.
P2 - Sweat contain acid / pH 3-pH 5/ is not conducive for the growth of microorganism.
P3 - Sweat and sebum contain lysozyme that kills the microorganisms.
The respiratory tract //nasal cavity and trachea
P4 - mucus on the respiratory tract traps microbes/ dust/ particles
P5 - the cilia which lines the respiratory tract
The stomach
P6 - Hydrochloric acid can kill the microorganisms ( that present in the foods and drinks)
Tears and saliva
P7 - contain lysozyme protect eyes and mouth from invasion of pathogen.

Second line Explain how P plays it’s role in defence mechanism 2
defence P1-Whiete blood cell /phagocytes engulf teh pathogen
P2-By phagocytosis
P3-Hydrolytic enzyme/lysozyme digest/breakdown the pathogen (product are absorbed)
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A B
Based on the diagram a and B Name an explain how the structure play its role in defence
mechanism6
F1-Diagram A-Neutrophill
Diagram B –Monocytes/Macrophage
P1-Phagocytosis
P2-The phagocyte is attracted by the chemical produced by the bacterium
P3-The phagocyte extends its pseudopodium toward the bacterium to engulf it
P4-Indigestion of the bacterium form the phagosome
P5-The phagosome combine with a lysosome
P6-Lysosome releases lysozyme into the phagosome
P7-the bacterium inside the phagosome is destroyed by the lysozyme
P8-the phagocytes released the digested products from the cell Any 8P
Third line Name the substances produced by Q(Lymphocytes) /Name the cells that produce antibodies in
defence our body1
Antibodies / Lymphocytes
State the characteristic of the substance you stated in (b) (i) 1
Specific
In third line defence, B produces antibody, give the meaning of antibody
is protein produced by lymphocytes in response to the presence of an antigen
State one of the ways which antibodies help to defend the body
Agglutination /Neutralisation /opsonisation/precipitation
Describe briefly how a plays its role in body defences 3
P1-Phagocytes move toward antigens/pathogen using pseudopodium
P2-Phagocytes surround the antigen /pathogen
P3-Antigen /pathogen wrapped in vacuole and hydrolysed by hydrolytic enzyme
P4-Destroyed antigen /pathogen is removed from the phagocyte
max 3
Give definition of antigen and antibody .Explain briefly the mechanism used by antibody to
protect our own body against disease 4
Antigens is molecule that produced by microorganism that initiate antibody production
Antibody is protein that produced by immune system cells that bind to foreign molecule
/microorganism
P1-Antibody bind to the specific antigen binding site 63
P2-Hence , inactivates antigen by several ways
P3-Neutralisation /Lysis/Aggulutination /Opsonisation
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The various type of Immunity

Aspect Marking scheme
Definition There are two type of immunity of human to prevent infection form disease
Explain the two type of immunity 4
F1-Active immunity
P1-Means the body produces its own antibodies in response to stimulation by an antigen
F2-Passive transport
P2-Means the body receive an antibosies in response to stimulation by an outside source
Source Describe how immunity is obtained through6
(i) active immunity
P1-Active immunity can be obtained by vaccination/inoculation//artificially accuquired
P2-Vaccine is a suspension of dead or weakens bacteria/virus/pathogen
P3-Wite blood cell are stimulated to produce antibodies against the pathogen
P4-Active immunity is also obtained when an individual has recovered form a certain
disease//naturally accuquired
P5-A readymade supply of antibodies will give immunity towards that disease
(ii)Passive immunity
P1-Passive immunity can be obtained by an individual by injecting antibodies. Antiserum into
the body//artificially accuquired
P2-No antigen is put into the body, so the body does not produce its own antibodies
P3-Passive immunity can also be obtained by a baby when the antibodies form the mother’s
blood plasma diffuse into the foetus through the placenta//naturally accuquired
Artificially Active immunity
(a) Diagram show the changes of anti bodies concentration in the blood of individual X
Name the substances that are injected into the blood of individual X / 64
What is the substance injected into the blood of individual X and individual Q ?
P : vaccine //Dead or weakened bacteria / viruses / antigens 1 1
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(b) State the type of immunity / name the type of immunity obtained by individual X
P : Artificial/(acquired ) active immunity 1
The body produces its own antibodies to fight against infections by pathogens. 1 2
(c) Based on the diagram ,Explain why first and second injection are required by individual X
F1-First injection ,the concentration of antibodies is low /below immunity level/below than 50 1
arbitary unit
E1-Because the vaccine stimulate lymphocyte to produce antibodies slowly/less antibodies 1
F2-Second injection , the concentration of antibodies is above immunity level /above 50
arbitrary units
1
E2-Because vaccine stimulates the lymphocyte to produce more antibodies/exceed immunity
1 4
level
(d) Explain why a person needs a second injection to maintain the level of immunity3
F-Booster dose 1
P1-Stimulate lymphocyte to produce more antibodies 1
P2-To achieve immunity level 1
P3-that protect the person against the disease 1 3
(e) A person having measles. Explain how he get the disease
F-the first time measles virus enter the blood 1
E1-the lymphocyte takes longer time to produce antibodies 1
E2-The level of antibody is lower than the immunity level ( so he gets the measles) 1 2
(f) Table 4.1 shows a schedule of immunisation given for every new born Malaysian until the age
of two.
Age Type of immunity

New born Tiberculosis(B.C.G)
Hepatitis B (First dose)
1 month Hepatitis B (second dose)
3 month Triple antigen
Polio (First dose)
5 month Triple antigen
Polio (second dose)
9-24 month Germans measles
1/2
1 -2yaer Triple antigen
Polio (Third dose)
Based on table,state the type of pathogen which cause the disease 65
Virus / bacteria 1 1
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(a) Explain why there is need for second and third doses for the immunisation
F1: Immunisation is given to prevent infection from pathogens that caused diseases like 1
Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, Polio, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus. German measles ( state
at least 2 example )
F2: New born are injected with vaccines to get Artificially Active Immunity
1
F3: First dose are given to induce baby lymphocytes to produce antibodies which are specific
1
against the antigens / bacteria / virus
F4: 2nd and 3rd dose are booster dose to increase the production of antibodies at a faster rate.
1
F5: Achieved immunity level // antibodies remained in the blood for a long time and provide
permanent immunity / protect them from the next infection 1 3
(b) Aminah was shocked when a doctor told that her baby has been diagnosed with Hepatitis B.She
explained to the doctor that her baby already got her first immunization for Hepatitis B last
month .Based on your biological knowledge explain why this incident occurs6
F: able to state the immunity correctly
1
P:Able to explain why the baby has been diagnosed with Hepatitis B
1
F1-Artificially acquired active immunity
1
P1-Vaccination /vaccine injection
1
P2-It will activate the body to produce antibodies
1
P3-Result in the production of a low level of antibodies concentration
1
P4-(but) the dose does not sufficient to protect against the disease
1
P5-Second booster dose is necessary
1
P6-to increase antibody production over a level of immunity
1 6
(c) Diagram 10.1.2 is a graph showing the concentration of antibody in the blood of an individual
after receiving two injections
Immunity level
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 66
1st vaccination 2nd vaccination Time (weeks)

Explain how the individual could achieve the immunity level.
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P1 - The graph shows Artificial Active Immunity 1

P2 - The person has been injected with a vaccine 1
P3 - The vaccine contain killed or weakened antigens/ bacteria/viruses 1
P4 - antigens/bacteria stimulates lymphocyte / WBC to produce antibodies 1
P5 - 1st dose usually induces a slow production of antibody 1
(and shorter lasting)
P6 - Booster dose (2nd and 3rd ) are needed to stimulates more 1
antibody to achieve immunity level ( and larger lasting response).

1
P7 - any invasion of the pathogenic microorganisms, the body
is able to destroy them immediately
P8 - Eg of vaccination: BCG / Hepatitis / Polio / HPV (cervix cancer) 1
Naturally Passive Immunity
(a) Diagram shows a mother is breastfeeding her baby
Explain the type of immunity that the baby would acquire 3

F-Natural passive immunity 1
E1-Because breast milk contain antibody 1
E1-Antibofy destroys pathogen 1
E3-Protect the baby form disease (which the mother immune ) 1 3
(b) Explain the importance of vaccination to a new born baby

F-Vaccination contain vaccine/weak/dead pathogen 1
E1-Stimulates the lymphocytes 1
1
E2-To produce antibody
1
E3-Enchance production of antibodies until achieve the immunity level
1
E4-To protect the body against disease any 2
1 3
(c) Explain the type of immunity shown in diagram (a feotus in the placenta)
F1-Natural acquired passive immunity 1
67
E1-A foetus can receive material antibodies naturally through its mother placenta 1
1 3
E2-these antibodies protect the baby in the first few months after birth
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(d) Body immune system is important to every individual. Explain the differences between the
immune system of an infant with adult who has been suffered Chikungnya3
P1-immune system for adult is Natural Active Immunity. While /immune system for infant is 1
natural Passive Immunity
P2-Adult’s Lymphocytes activated to produce antibodies. Meanwhile ,infant get the antibodies 1
when it pass naturally from mother to foetus across the placenta/When babies breast feed
P3-Adult long lasting immunity while, infant temporary immunity 1 3
Artificially Passive immunity
(a)
State the content of the injections/What is the substance injected into the blood of individual P?
Q : antiserum //Serum containing antibodies
1 1
(b) State the type of immunity obtained by individual P and individual Q.
Q : Artificial passive immunity 1
The body receives antibodies produced from outside sources to fight against infections by 1
pathogens 2
(c) Explain the reason for your answer
P1-the antibody increase above the immunity level immediately after the injection is given 1
P2-The quantity of antibody in blood last for only two weeks/does not last long 1 2
Differences
First State the difference between the level of immunity in individual A and individual Y
injection P1-In individual X Agter the first infection the level of antibody is low which is not 1
suffieicnt to protect against the disease 2 68
P2-In individual Y after the first injection, the level of antibody is high enough to provide 1
immunity against teh disease
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First Explain the difference you state in above
injection P1-individual X ,the first injection with vaccine induces a low level of antibody 1
concentration as the body required time to make its own antibody against antigen 2
P2-In individual y ,immunity is obtained by injecting serum containing specific 1
antibodies.The body does not produce own antibodies
Second Explain the difference in the concentration of antibodies in the blood individual X and Y
injection after second injection 2
F-In X after second injection, the concentration of antibodies increases, slowly and 1
become higher than immunity level and is maintained for a long time
E1-In Y, after second injection, the concentration of antibodies reduces slowly to below 1 2
the immunity level
Why is second injection required by individual x and Y
X to booster/stimulate production /released of the antibody//to increase production of 1
antibody
Y: can go against//destroy the antigen /prevent diseases 1 2
Difference Name the type of immunity obtained by individual and individual
Compare and contrast between the type of immunity obtained by individual X and
individual Y
Individual Y Individual X
2
F1-Artificially acquired active immunity F2-Artificially acquired Passive immunity
D1-Immunity is obtained through an D4Immunity is obtained through an
injection with a vaccine injection with serum which contains 2
specific antibody
D2-Does not result in immediate D5result in immediate immunity against 2
immunity against disease disease
D3Since the body produce own D6-As the body does not produce its own 2
antibodies ,the induced immunity usually antibodies the immunity lasts only for a 8
lasts for long time short term and offers temporary
Give two differences between the types of immunity obtained by individual X and Y
i. Individual x is lasting permanent whereas individual Y is short lasting ot temporary 1
ii. Individula is slow respose but individual Y immediate response 1
1
iii. Individual x need lymphocytes to produce antibody whereas individual Y is ready Y
readymade antibody any 2 3
State the difference of the antibody concentration in the blood between individual x and
69
individual Y .Explain your answer
Individual A :immunity last longer 1
Immunity B Receive immediate immunity 1 2
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Predicting
A boy was bitten by a snake. He was unconscious and he was hospitalised.
(c) Using your biological knowledge, describe how you could save this boy.
F1: Snake venom / toxin acts as antigen to our body 1
F2: Injection of serum which contains instant antibodies /antiserum / anti-toxin must be given
to the patient. 1
F3: Antibody-antigen action occured very fast

1
F4: Antitoxin/ antibody reacts with toxin / snake venom/ antigen and neutralize it / he is saved.
1 4
Ali was bitten by snake and become unconscious. Explain how you can save Ali
P1-Injected by antiserum containing antibody/antibody through artificial passive immunity 1
P2-Readymade antibody will destroy/nuetralise antigen /venom 1 2
AIDS (acquired Immunodeficiency)

Affect The rate of human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection continues to increase rapidly all over the
world7
(i)Explain how the HIV affects and cripples the body’s immune system
P1: HIV infects helper T cells (T-lymphocytes)
P2: Decrease in the number
P3: The body becomes weak and defences against pathogen s
P4: The patient dies from other secondary infections e.g. pneumonia,Kaposi sarcoma
Explain how HIV affect the body’s immune system 4
F-HIV weaken the immune system
E1-By attacking T –Lymphocytes which coordinate the immune system
E2-Decrease in the function of nervous system
E3-the patient can expose himself to secondary infection
Diagram 10.6 shows the structure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The virus
causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) that infects the human immune
system.
70
Describe the effect of HIV on the body’s defence mechanism

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F - HIV reproduce inside the lymphocyte

P1 - less antibody is produced // destruction of immune system
P2 - it take 8 -10 years for the symptoms of disease to appear.
P3 - the body prone to various infections
P4 - immune system collapses and victim dies.
Way to prevent Suggest ways to prevent the spread of HIV

P5: refraining form promiscuous behavior and use of condom
P6: Sticky screening of donated blood
P7: Use of sterile needles and syringes
P8: Carry out awareness campaigns to make the public aware of dangers HIV and how it
spreads Any 3 P
1.6 Apreciatting a healthy cardiovascular system

Adaptation Heart is very important in the human transport system
Explain the adaption of muscle tissue in order for the heart to function efficiently2
E1-Cardiac muscle require energy to contract and relax
E2-Mitochondria released energy (through cell respiration )
F1-Muscle tissue is myogenic
E1-Which contract and relax without stimulation by nerve impulse
E1-Excess cholesterol deposited on inner walls of arteries E2-Rsluts in atherosclerosis ( Lumen of
arteries become smaller
E3-Blood flow is reduced causing the heart to pump faster
E4-Hogh pressure is exerted on the cigarette smoke reduce supply of oxygen to the heart
E6-Nicotine I the cigarette hardens the wall of arteries
E7-Reduce the elasticity of blood vessels
E8-Causing high blood pressure /causing heart attack
71
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Effect Mr Suhardi who is 42 years old is an editor for a famous magazine. Recently he is confirmed to be
suffering form cardiovascular disease. He has a few bad habits such as smoking 20 cigarettes a day,
taking fast food meal and lacking of exercise 10
Able to explain the reason of cardiovascular disease because of smoking 20 cigarettes a day
F1-In the cigarette/tobacco smoke,there is carbon monoxide,tar and nicotine that cause
cardiovascular disease
P1-Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen supply to the heart and body cells causing arteriosclerosis
P3-Nicotine stimulate the production of adrenaline hormone, which increase the heart rate and
blood pressure
P4-Nicotine encourages blood clotting in the narrow artery causing cardiovascular diseases
P5-Tarin the tobacco smoke is carcinogenic/cause cancer/cause mutation
Able to explain the reason of cardiovascular disease because of constantly taking fast food meal
F2-Fast food contain a lot of unsaturated fat nad choilestrol
P6-Fat and cholesterol deposit on the arterial walls
P7-The lumen becomes small , and its wall hardens
P8-Less blood flow /blood flow blocked
P9-Causes atherosclerosis
P10-Blood clots can be formed in the artery causing thrombosis
F2+any 2Ps
Able to explain the reason of cardiovascular disease because of Lacking of exercise
F3-Exercise reduce fat level in the blood
P11-reuduce the risk of arteriosclerosis because there is less at deposits on the blood vessel walls
P2-Increase cardiovascular durability
P13-Blood circulatory system becomes more efficient and smooth
P14-Increase the heart strength
F3+any2Ps
Explain the effect of taking excess fatty food in the long term to our blood circulatory system /
human healthy life.
P1 - Fatty food contain high cholesterol level in blood
P2 - Our body has better ability to store fats rather than use it ( release energy)
P3 - Cholesterol deposited (in inner wall) of artery cause arteriosclerosis
P4 - Lumen of artery become smaller / narrow cause high blood pressure
P5 - If coronary artery is blocked, cause angina / heart attack
(no oxygen and nutrient to the heart is supplied) 72
P6 - If artery to the brain is blocked, cause stroke
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Ablood test shows that a man’s erythrocytes count is below normal. Explain the possible
consequences of this condition on his health.
P1- Less red blood cells(RBC / erythrocyte)/ haemoglobin to combine with oxygen
P2- to form oxyhaemoglobin
P3 - less oxygen transported to body cells/ tissues// less oxygen diffuses into the body tissue
P4 - for cellular respiration
P5 - less energy is produced
P6 - resulting in tiredness/ breathlessness/ weakness// fatigue
P7- Pale looking appearance // anaemia.
Reduce risk Explain how a healthy lifestyle leads to a healthy cardiovascular system 10
of Criteria:
cardiovascul
ar disease C1 What are cardiovascular diseases
C2 Factors contribute to cardiovascular disease
C2 Ways to ensure a healthy cardiovascular system
(F1: What are cardiovascular diseases)
P1.1 Cardiovascular diseases are disorders of the heart / the blood circulatory system
P1.2: Examples - coronary thrombosis/atherosclerosis / heart attack/hypertension/embolism /
angina
(F2: Factors – due to )
P2: genetic / family history /age
P2.1: the type of food we eat / bad eating habits
P2.2: diet high in fats/ cholesterol and low in fibre
P2.3: deficiencies in antioxidant vitamins and minerals
P2.4: sedentary lifestyle / lack of exercise
P2.5: stress / cigarette smoking
P2.6: obesity / diabetes
(F3: Ways to ensure a healthy cardiovascular system)
P3.1: A healthy lifestyle - regular exercise and a proper balanced diet
P3.2: Avoid / minimize-excess sugar - high in calories
P3.3 Avoid / minimize processed foods - harmful artificial substances
P3.4: Avoid /r minimize foods that contain hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated fats and trans
fatty acids
P3.5: Consumption of such foods will cause cardiovascular diseases
P3.6: Do not cook meat or fat at high temperatures
P3.7: (Such practice will) avoid fat and cholesterol oxidation
73
P3.8 ( responsible for) build up of arterial plaque / injury to arterial cells
P3.9: Eat less - only when hungry / do not overeat
P3.10: Adequate fiber intake help prevent cardiovascular diseases (heart and stroke)Any ten points
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1.7 The transport of substances in plants

Knowledge
A B
What is the structure shown in diagram 1
A: root
1 2
B: stem
State one reason for your answer for A
Presences of root hair
Drawing Draw and label the observation of the root and stem cut across.
Skill
Phloem
Xylem
3
Vascular Tissues
Knowledge The stem of the plant is cut across at XY and viewed under a microscope.
A cross section of the stem is shown in Diagram 4.2.
State/Name what tissue X and Y are. 1

X : Phloem 1 2
Y : Xylem
Function State the function of tissue X.
P1: Transport dissolved organic solutes // organic substances
1
P2 : From the leaves to the storage organs ( e.g roots) [2 marks]
1 2
State the function of tissue X. 74
P1: Transport water and mineral salt
1
P2 : Which absorbed by the roots up the stems to the leaves [2 marks]
1 2
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Experiment Diagram 4.1 shows the apparatus set up in an experiment to study the role of the
vascular tissue in the transport of water in plants.
State the function of the eosin solution 1 1

To stain the xylem (vessels) (with red dye)
Differences State the differences between the arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem and
vascular tissues in the root of dicotyledonous plant and a monocotyledonous plant
dicotyledonous plant Monocotyledonousp plant
Stem Vascular bundles arranged in a Vascular bundles scattered
ring throughout the stem 1
root Xylem radiates from teh centre Xylem tissue alternates with
in the form of star and Phloem phloem tissue in the form of ring 1
fills the area between the xylem 2
tissue
Strcuture Marking scheme Marks
Structure of Tissue Y (Xylem) is formed from the specialization of a cell. During cell
Xylem in specialization, the plant is unable to produce lignin.
relation to Explain the effect of this on the function of tissue Y. (xylem)
transport
F1 : Lignin is important to make tissue Y strong // increase its mechanical strength 1
E1 : Without lignin, tissue Y will collapse 1
E2 : Therefore, it cannot form a continuous hollow tube 1
E3 : To allow water (molecules) to flow upwards continuosly 1
F2 : Lignin makes the tissue become impermeable 1
E4 : Materials cannot pass into the xylem cells 1
E5 : Causes the tissue to become hollww 1
E6 : Allows continuous flow of water [6 marks] 1 8
Notes : (F1 + any 2 E1 / E2 / E3) and (F2 + any 2 E4 / E5 / E6)
Explain how the xylem vessel is adapted to carry out its function
F -The end walls of the xylem vessel are open 1 75
E1- So that the cell are joined end to end to form a long continous tube 1
E2-This arrangement allows water to flow upward continuously from one cell to the 1 3
next
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Importance Discuss the importance of transportation of water in plants
F-It is necessity/need .important ( for water transport in plant to survive) 1
E1-Water is a medium to transport minerals 1
E2-As the medium of biochemical reaction (in cells) 1
E3-Tranpiration creates a transpirational pull/pull water form roots 1
E4-Evaporation of water (during transpiration keeps the plants cool 1
E5-Water provides turgor pressure for support 1
E6-Water /are needed in guard cells in the opening of stomata any 5 correct 1 5
Structure of
Phloem in
relation to
transport
State the type of transport involved in Diagram 4.3. 1 1

Translocation
Explain why does the part above the ring become swollen after two week
F : The products of photosynthesis cannot be transported to the parts below the ring
1
P : as tissue M / phloem is removed
1 2
Explain why have the leaves not wilted after two weeks.
F : Water can still be transported to the leaves
1
P : as tissue K / xylem is not removed from the stem
1 2
Based on the observation above, explain the role of phloem in the transport system in
plants
F1-Transport the organic substances produced form photosynthesis to various part of
plant 1
P1-Organic substances cannot be transported to the part below because there is no 1
phloem
P2-the substances accumulate in the part above ring part, cause it to be swollen 1
P3-Swollen show the transport of organic substances is continuous transport
1 3
Based on Diagram , explain what happens to the tree after one month.
P1 - Phloem is removed
1
P2 - glucose / organic substance cannot be transported to the root/
1 76
below the ring / downwards
P3 - so, glucose accumulate at this part (upper part of the ring) 1
P4 - Upper part of the ring swells / become bigger 1 3
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Adaptation Phloem are important structure in plant transport system
Explain how Phloem in the leaf help in plant transport 1
P1-Phloem tissue composed of sieved tubes 1
P2-With the end walls of each cell are perforated by pores to from sieves plates 1
P3-Which allow substances to pass from one cell to another 1 3
Importance State two important of translocation in plants
F1-For growth and respiration 1
F2-Excess organic substance e.g. glucose transported to be store as starch 1 2
Predicting R(companion) play an important role in helping s in the plant transportation
Predict what will happen to the plant if structure r is not presence?
P1-The plant will dye 1
P2-(Without R/companion cell) no energy will be provided to the sieve tube 1
P3-Hence dissolve organic substances sucrose/cannot be transported (from leaves to 1
the storage organ other part of plant) any 2 1 2
Predict the effect of removing the ring bark form teh branch
Explain your answer.
P1-The branch will be die 1
P2-Owing to a lack of organic substances in the parts below the rings 1 2
1.8 the movement of water form root to leaves
Diagram shows some cells involved in the loss of water from part of a leaf
Name the tissue labeled X and Y 1

X:Xylem tissue
1 2
Y:Spongy mesophyll
On the diagram ,use arrows ( ) to indicate the movement of water hat results in the loss of
water through transpiration 1
1 1
The bigger the size of the leaves, the higher the rate of transpiration
Explain the above statement2 77
F-More water will diffuses out form the leaf 1
E1-Surface area that exposed to surrounding is bigger/larger 1
3
E2-Munber of stomata is higher/more stomata 1
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The external condition that affect the rate of transpiration

Knowledge Transpiration is the loss water form a living plant due to evaporation
State two external conditions affecting the rate of transpiration 2 1
P1-Light intensity 1
P2-Temperature
1
P3-humidity
1 4
P4-air movement
Essay Enhancement corner
Explain the importance of transpiration .Describe the effect of external condition on transpiration

Definition F-Transpiration is the loss of water vapour through evapouration from the leaves of 1
plants
P1-the loss of water is replaced by the absorption of water from the soil 1
P2-Transpiration help in the absorption and transportation water and mineral ions 1
of from the soil
External F1-External factor such as light intensity, temperature, humidity and air movement 1
factor affect transpiration rate
Light F1-An increase in light intensity increases the rate of transpiration 1
intensity E1-Light stimulate the opening of stomata, As a result more water vapour evaporate 1
and diffuse out of the stomata
Temperature F1-Higher temperature increase the rate of evaporation of film of water on mesophyll 1
surface
E1-The rate of diffusion of water out of the stomata also increase 1
Air F1-Accumulated water vapour on the leaf surface will remove by faster air movement 1
movement E1-Air movement increases the concentration gradient between the water vapour in 1
the leaves and the atmosphere outside
Humidity F1-High humidity surrounding the leaves reduces the evaporations water through 1
stomata
E1-cause evaporation to slow down 1 10
Explain how the factors affect the rate of transpiration?
Explain how the factors that affect the rate of transpiration
Temperature F1-Environmental temperature increases ,the rate of evaporation of water from the 1
surface of leaves increases 78
E1-Hence the rate of transpiration increases as high temperature/ decreases at low 1
temperature
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Light F2- The light intensity increases, it will speed up the rate of transpiration 1
intensity E2-When light intensity is high, the stomata open, Cause the rate of transpiration 1
increases
E4-When light intensity is low ,stomata close, cause rate of transpiration decreases 1
Air F3-when air movement is fast, it increase therate of evaporation and cause the rate of 1
movement transpiration increase 6
F4When there is no air movement 1
The movement of water from soil to leaves
Diagram shows the pathway of water transport in three different part L,M and N of a plant

Explain how the rate of water transport through L, M and N is affects on a windy day 8
F1-Rate of water transport through L, M and N is higher on a windy day 1
F2-When the air movement increase/wind , more water vapuor will evaporate form the 1
surface of the meosphyll cells into the air spaces
Part L/ E2-the moving air will move more water vapour away form the stomata 1
Leaves E3-incraeses the concentration gradient between the water vapour in the leaf and the outside 1
of the leaf
E4-The lost of water form mesophyll cell makes the cell hypertonic to an adjacent cells 1
/xylem
E5-More water from the (adjacent cells /xylem vessels) diffuses in to mesophyll cell by 1
osmosis
E6-Increase the transpirational pull 1
Part N/ E7-Presence of cohesive/water and molecule bind together//adhesive /water molecule and 1
stem xylem wall /capillary action
E8-Causes the water to moves continuously upward 1
Part M/ E9-the transpirational pull drawn more water from the xylem in the leaves and stem and 1
root: eventually from the xylem in the root 79
E10-Soil is hypertonic compared to the root hair//vice versa 1
E11-More water for the soil diffuses into the root hair by osmosis
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Movement of water through stem

R and s are vascular tissue. Explain how R and S are involved in the movement of substances in
plants
F1-S are P2-Xylem /S are well adapted for water transport which are long/narrow/continous 1
xylem tubes
(vessels) P3-Which transport water in plants 1
P5-By capillary action
1
P5-Due to the force between water molecule /cohesion force,and the force between
1
water molecule and wall of xylem /S/adhesion force
OR
P4-By root pressure 1
P5-Water enters xylem bu osmosis 1
OR
P4-By transpirational pull 1
P5-Water is pulled out of xylem (during transpiration ) 1
F2-Phloem P1-R are phloem /sieve tubes and companion cells 1
P2-Which transport organic compound/glucose/product of photosynthesis 1
P3-By translocation any 2 1 6
The regulation of transpiration by stomata
An experiment on a plant is carried out to study the rate of water loss from 0500 to 0300 the next day.
Graph 6.1 shows the result of the experiment and diagram 6.2 shows the structure of a stoma and the
cells found in the epidermal layer of a leaf.
80
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4511/2 SULIT

(a) Based on the graph, explain how light intensity and the structure in diagram 6.2 affect the rate
of water loss 10
F1 : From 0500 to 0170, the rate of water loss increases 1
1
E1: Light intensity increases
1
E2 : stimulates photosynthesis in the guard cells./ (The guard cells) start producing glucose 1
E3 : This makes energy available for potassium to move into guard cells 1
E4 : by active transport 1
E5 : (The guard cells) become hypertonic (compared to the cell sap) of the epidermal cells. 1
E6 : Water molecules from the epidermal cells diffuse into the guard cells by osmosis 1
E7 : Causing the guard cells to bend outwards 1
1
E8 : the stoma opens (to allow water to escape to the atmosphere through it)
1
F2 : From 0170 to 0300, the rate of water loss decreases
E9 : Light intensity decreases / causes the rate of photosynthesis to decrease / soon stop. 1
E10 : The guard cells become flaccid 1
E11 : and bend inwards 1
E12: The stoma closes and this prevent water molecules to escape through it. 1 10
Notes : (F1 + any 5 Es) + (F2 + 3 Es)
(b) Diagram shows cell Q during day time
Explain how light intensity affect the opening of structure R 3

F1-High light intensity stimulates photosynthesis in guard cells /cell 1
E1-Gruard cells producing glucose //Potassium ions (K+) diffuses /moves into guard cells by 1
active transport 81
E2-The guard ells become hypertonic compare to neighboring cell
1
E3-Water moves into/diffuses by osmosis 1
E4-Guard cells/Cell Q become turgid(Stoma open) 4
1
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(a) The size of pore T is controlled by two guard cells
Explain the process which occurs in the opening of pore T 1
F1-During the day//the presence of sunlight 1
F2-Gurad cells carry out photosynthesis//glucose is produce
1
E1-active transport of potassium ions into the guard cells increases
1
E2-Osmotic pressure in the guard cells increases
1
E3-Water enter the guard cells increases
E4-Water enter the guard cells by osmosis 1
E5-Hydrstatic pressure in the guard cells increases 1
E6-the guard cells become turgid any 4 correct 1 4
(b) diagram shows the opening of stomata during the midday
Describe the change that take place in guard cells which caused the above situation
F-Large amount/higher concentration of glucose in guard cells produced by the photosynthesis 1
1
E1-K+ ions area actively pumped from surrounding epidermal cells into the guard cell
E2-It causes osmotic pressure in guard cells increase//the guard cell become more concentrated 1
than neighbor cells/adjacent cells
E3-Water form neighbor cells move in the guard cells by osmosis 1
E4-the guard cells become turgid and curve out ward and stomata open 1 3
(c) Explain the movement of water molecule form air space through pore T 2
F-the lost of water (molecule) form a plant into the atmosphere 1
E1-in the form of water vapor//evaporation of water 1
E2-Occurs when the water content in the atmosphere is lower than ( in the sub-syamayal air
1
space ) in leaves(Accept the difference in any suitable physical condition between these two
2
regions) any2
(d) The plant is grown in an area which is exposed to hot weather during day
Explain the adaptation of plant in order to survive in the environment
 Leaves /(young) stem are covered with thick cuticle /waxy 1
 Have sunkened stomata//stomata are in grooves 1
 More stomata on the lower epidermis (compared to the upper epidermis) 1
 the stomata are closed during the day //absorption of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis 1
occurs during the night 82
 the young leaves roll /to reduces the surface area
1
 these are to reduce the rate of transpiration /lost of water from the plant
1 4
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State two adaptation of the in regulating the rate of transpiration in plant. Explain how these
adaptations help in the rate of transpiration
F1-Guard cell P1-During the day time sunlight stimulates photosynthesis in the guard cell 1
contain chloroplast P2-Glucose produced during photosynthesis generates the energy required for 1
the active transport of potassium ions(k+) form adjacent cells into guard cells
P3-Guard cell become hypertonic,water form adjacent cells diffuses into guard 1
cell by osmosis
P4-The guard cell swell up become turgid
1
P5-The turgid guard cells bend outward,cause stomata to open for transpiration
1
P6-At night when no photosynthesis carry out potassium ions exit the guard cell
1
P7-Water diffuses from the hypotonic guard cells to adjacent cells by osmosis
1
P8-Guard cells become flaccid and thus the stoma closes to lower the rate of
1
transpiration
F2-Guard cell P1-Guard cell become turgid .the thinner outer cell wall stretches more than the 1
have cell wall of thicker inner cell wall
uneven thickness. P2-Thus guard cell bend outward and the stoma opens for transpiration 1
the inner wall is
P3-When Guard cells become flaccid, The thinner outer cell wall does not 1 10
thicker than the
stretch thus stomata straighten to close the stoma
outer layer
Identify this phenomena (guttation ) and compare the two phenomena transpiration and guttation
F-The phenomenon shown is guttation 1
Similarity:
Both transpiration and guttation involve the loss of water form plants 1
Differences:
Guttation Transpiration
D1-Water loss in form of liquid Water loss in form of water vapour
1
D2-Occurs through a pores known as Water mainly loss through stomata
1
hydathodes
D3-Rate of guttation is high at night or Transpiration occur during day time only
1 4
during cool humid morning
83
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4511/2 SULIT

Chapter 1:Transport 2014

Human Amphibians Birds Fish

Heart Blood vessel Blood

Plasma Cellular components

Red blood cell White blood cell Platelets

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Write the correct cell due to its function.

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Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.

Aspect Marking scheme Marks

Diagram shows right side of a huamn heart 1 1

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Name the structure Z 1 1

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What happen to the blood pressure as the blood flow from P to Q

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The regulatory mechanism o blood pressure

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Name one example of organism

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Name one example of organism P

Name /State two circulations. Describe each circulation.

Explain the importance of having the blood circulatory system in organism P

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Name vitamin s and Ion T

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Aspect Marking scheme Marks

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Essay Enhancement corner

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Explain : Lymphocyte is produced by the lymph node.

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Explain the formation of lymph in R. 3

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Name the disease 1

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