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Design Provisions of BS 5950 Part 1 PDF
Design Provisions of BS 5950 Part 1 PDF
Prepared : Ismael .S
Lead : Tridibesh Indu
Project : SOGT Malaysia
SAMSUNG ENGINEERING INDIA
Contents
Introduction
General Scope, References & Definitions
Limit state design General principles and design methods
Ultimate limit states
Serviceability limit states
Properties of materials Structural steel
& Section Properties Bolts and welds
Design of structural Tension members
members Compression members
Members subjected to bending
Combined moment and axial force
Continuous structures
Connections
Loading Tests
Introduction
Objective :
To study and present the provisions of BS 5950 part‐1 related to the design of tension
members, compression members and flexural members
Scope :
The BS 5950 Part‐1 gives recommendations for the design of structural steelwork using
Hot rolled steel sections, Flats, Plates, Hot finished structural hollow sections, Cold formed
structural hollow sections in buildings and allied structures.
Limit state design
General principle :
The aim of structural design should be to provide, a structure capable fulfilling its intended
function and sustaining the specified loads for its intended life with due regard to
economy .
Appropriate partial factors should be applied to provide adequate degrees of reliability for
ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states.
1. Ultimate limit states concerning the safety of the whole or part of the structure.
In checking the strength of a structure, or of any part of it, the factored loads should be
applied in the most unfavorable realistic combination for the part or effect under
consideration
The load carrying capacity of each member and connection, should be such that the factored
loads would not cause failure.
Limit state design
Load combinations (ULS):
Load combinations
In comb 1, the Notional horizontal force
1 Dead & Imposed 1.4 DL
should be applied, taken as a min of 0.5 % of
loads (gravity loads) 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL the factored vertical dead and imposed loads
2 Dead load & Wind 1.0 DL+1.4 WL
In comb 2 & 3, the horizontal component
(WL) or Earthquake 1.4 DL+1.4 WL of the factored wind load should not be
load (EL)
1.4 DL+1.4 EL taken as less than 1.0% of the factored
dead load applied horizontally
3 Dead load, Imposed 1.2 DL+1.2 LL+1.2 WL
load & WL or EL 1.2 DL+1.2 LL+1.2 EL
As the specified loads from overhead travelling cranes already include significant horizontal loads,
it is not necessary to include vertical crane loads when calculating the minimum wind load /
notional horizontal forces.
Limit state design
2. Serviceability limit states correspond to limits beyond which specified service
criteria are no longer met.
‐Deflection
‐Vibration and Oscillation
‐Durability
Load combinations
1 Dead & Imposed 1.0 DL
loads (gravity loads) 1.0 DL + 1.0 LL
2 Dead load & Wind 1.0 DL+1.0 WL Exceptional snow loads should not be
(WL) or Earthquake included in the imposed load when
1.0 DL+1.0 EL checking serviceability.
load (EL)
3 Dead load, Imposed 1.0 DL+ 1.0 LL+ 0.8 WL In case of combined LL & WL, only 80%
load & WL or EL of the full specified value need be
1.0 DL+ 1.0 LL+ 0.8 EL considered when checking serviceability
Limit state design
Stability Limit State
‐Static equilibrium Sliding, Overturning or Lift off its seating.
‐Resistance to Horizontal Force Notional Horizontal force & WL etc.
Notional horizontal force
To allow for the effects of practical imperfections such as lack of verticality, all structures should
be capable of resisting notional horizontal forces, taken as a minimum of 0.5 % of the factored
vertical dead and imposed loads applied at the same level.
The notional horizontal forces should be assumed to act in any one direction at a time and
should be applied at each roof and floor level or their equivalent. They should be taken as acting
simultaneously with the factored vertical dead and imposed loads (load combination 1).
The notional horizontal forces should not be applied
−when considering overturning & pattern loads
−with horizontal loads & temperature effects
The notional horizontal forces should not be taken to contribute to the net reactions at the
foundations.
Limit state design
‐ Sway stiffness
All structures should have sufficient sway stiffness, so that the vertical loads acting with the lateral
displacements of the structure do not induce excessive secondary forces or moments in the
members or connections.
Sway‐sensitive: Secondary forces and moments should be allowed by multiplying the sway
effects by the amplification factor “kamp”.
Where, kamp = λcr/(1.15λcr‐1.5) but kamp > 1.0
Properties of Material
‐ Structural Steel
The design strength py for commonly used grades and thicknesses of steel is specified in BS 5950‐2,
Alternatively from Table 9 of BS 5950‐1.
The design strength py should be taken as
1.0Ys but not greater than Us /1.2
Ys ‐ the minimum yield strength
Us ‐ the minimum tensile strength
Properties of Material
‐ Structural Bolts
Strength of bolts (MPa)
Bolt grade Shear ps Bearing pbb Tension pt
4.6 160 460 240
8.8 375 1000 560
10.9 400 1300 700
General grade HSFG < M24 400 1000 590
to BS 4395 > M27 350 900 515
Higher grade HSFG to BS 4395‐‐2 400 1300 700
Other grades (Ub < 1000 MPa) 0.4 Ub 0.7 (Ub+Yb) 0.7Ub but< Yb
Ub is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt.
Yb is the specified minimum yield strength of the bolt.
Section properties
Case 2. Staggered bolt holes, the net area is the smaller of
Holes Staggered C an = ag – n (Dt)+ (n‐1) (s2/4g)
Holes in line A an = ag – n (Dt)
Number of staggers
Where, ag ‐ gross area
n ‐ number of holes
D ‐ dia of hole
t ‐ thickness of holed material
ae < ag
Effective net area : ae = Kean Effective net area coefficient for Steel grade
ae < 1.2 an
S 275 : Ke = 1.2
S 355 : Ke = 1.1 Us – min tensile strength
S 460 : Ke = 1.0
other : Ke = (Us/1.2)py
Design of Tension members
Simplified method Exact method
If plastic or compact section If doubly‐symmetric c/s
Tension Capacity
Cl. 4.8.2.2 Cl. 4.8.2.3
z1 z2
⎛ Mx ⎞ ⎛M ⎞
Mx < Mrx & My < Mry ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ x ⎟⎟ ≤ 1
⎝ M rx ⎠ ⎝ M rx ⎠
Mrx & Mry are reduced plastic
moment capacities (Ref. cl. I2)
Pt = py Ae tension capacity
Ft M x My without considering eccentricity
+ + ≤1
Reduced tension Tension members
Pt M cx M cy Mcx & Mcy are moment capacities
(Ref. cl. 4.2.5)
capacity method with moments
Pt = py Ae
Cl. 4.6.3 Cl. 4.8.2
Pt = py (Ae‐0.5a2)
welded bolted
No Eccentric Yes
Pt = py ∑ae
Connected ?
Cl. 4.6.3.1
a2 = Ag – a1 Pt = py (Ag‐0.3a2)
∑ae = Sum of effective net areas a1 = Gross area of
Cl. 4.6.3.2
of all elements of the cross‐section connected leg
Pt = py (Ae‐0.25a2)
bolted
welded
Connected to both sides of gusset
& components are interconnected Pt = py (Ag‐0.15a2)
within their length.
Classification of cross section
Classification of cross sections helps to determine whether local buckling influences capacity, without C
calculating local buckling resistance.
Supported edge
Local buckling : buckling of the individual cross‐sectional elements
(webs, flanges, angle legs, etc.). x
a b T
Stability of these elements can be analyzed in
the context of thin plate theory.
C
Nx
For a long rectangular thin plate y
Free edge
subjected to edge compressive loading
2
T
2 ⎛a⎞ ⎛n⎞
⎡ 22
⎛m⎞ ⎤
2
Critical buckling load N cr = π D⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ n ⎠ ⎣⎢⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠ ⎦⎥
t bt number of buckling waves in
(take m=1 & divide by
the x‐ and y‐directions.
kπ 2 E ⎛ t ⎞
2
plate thickness ‘t’)
pcr = ⎜ ⎟
( )
12 1 −ν 2 ⎝ b ⎠
Et 3
Plate slenderness ⎛b⎞ kπ 2 E Plate rigidity D =
⎜ ⎟=
⎝t⎠ (
12 1 −ν 2 pcr ) (
12 1 −ν 2 )
K ‐ Buckling coefficient
pcr
py
(b/t)lim b/t
Classification of cross section
Flange outstand element k = 0.425 (Case ‐ E)
At py =275 MPa (b/t) =16.9 (b/t) =15ε From table 11
Web element k = 23.9
At design strength (b/t) =126.9 (b/t) =120ε From table 11
py =275 MPa Buckling coefficient ‘k’ For
compression and bending
Slender (S): Cross‐sections which buckle before the stress at the extreme
P
compression fibre reach design strength Mp
M = py S
C
Semi‐compact (SC): Cross‐sections in which the stress at the
My
extreme compression fibre can reach the design strength. SC
Compact (C): Cross‐sections with plastic moment capacity.
S py Z < M < py S
M = py Zeff
Φ
Classification of cross section
Members subject to bending
Structural members subjected to Flexure, either fail due to
Yielding ‐ the cross section reaches full section capacity Full lateral restraint provided
Full lateral restraint may be assumed to exist if the frictional or positive connection to the compression flange
of the member is capable of resisting a lateral force > 2.5 % of the maximum force in it.
To avoid irreversible deformation under serviceability loads,
Mc < 1.5pyZ generally
< 1.2pyZ in the case of a simply supported beam or a cantilever
Lateral Torsional Buckling ‐
The compression flange of beam acts like a strut, being free to move in
sideways it buckle dragging the reluctant tension flange behind, this
results the twist of cross‐section.
Distorted shape of one half of SS beam
Web shear buckling
High shear
Low shear
Plastic & compact :Mc = py S
Yes No ρ= [2(Fv/Pv) – 1]2
Semi‐compact :Mc = py Z Fv < 60%(Pv) Mc = py (Z – ρSv/1.5) :Semi ‐ compact
Slender :Mc = py Zeff Mc = py (Zeff – ρSv/1.5) :Slender Shear capacity
Pv = 0.6pyAv
Lateral‐ torsional
Elastic critical stress pE = π2E/λLT2 ΦLT = [py + (ηLT + 1) pE] / 2 buckling factor
M < Mb/ mLT
LTB Resistance Mb = pbS :Plastic & compact M < Mc
moment (Mb) Mb = pbZ :Semi ‐ compact M : Factored moments
mLT : Equivalent uniform moment factor = 1
Compression Members
P
Structural members subjected to compressive loads, either fail due to
Yielding ‐ Compressive stress exceeding the yield strength Initial imperfections
Buckling ‐ Lateral deflection approximated with a sine curve.
In real columns, always some initial imperfections exist prior to loading.
The formula for compressive strength in the BS standard
pc = [(pE * py)/ Φ+(Φ2‐pE * py)0.5] yo y
is based on the Perry Robertson formula
derived from the expression for the maximum stress in an axially loaded initially curved column
Compressive strength factor Φ = [py + (η + 1) pE]/2
The Perry factor (For flexural
η = a(λ – λ0)/1000 Robertson performed many tests on
buckling under axial force) struts to arrive at a suitable value for
the initial imperfections ‘η’
Based on this BS5950 provides four values
P
of ‘a’ that may be used in design
a = 2.0 ‐ strut curve (a)
a = 3.5 ‐ strut curve (b)
a = 5.5 ‐ strut curve (c)
a = 8.0 ‐ strut curve (d)
Depending on types of steel section & axis
about which buckling may occur.
As can be seen, the higher the value of a, more initial imperfection is accounted for
and the compressive strength reduces as a result.
Compression Members
Compression resistance Pc
Limiting slenderness λ0 = 0.2(π2E/py)0.5
Lateral‐ torsional
Elastic critical stress pE = π2E/λ2 Φ = [py + (η + 1) pE] / 2 buckling factor
For cross section capacity
Fc M M
Ref. Cl. 4.8.3.2 + x + y ≤1
Ag p y M cx M cy
For member Buckling Resistance
Fc m x M x m y M y
+ + ≤1
Simplified method
Pc pyZ x pyZ y
Ref. Cl. 4.8.3.3.1
Fc m LT M LT m y M y
+ + ≤1
Pcy Mb pyZ y
Fc m x M x ⎛ F ⎞ m M
+ ⎜⎜1 + 0.5 c ⎟⎟ + 0.5 yx y ≤ 1 For major axis buckling
Exact method Pcx M cx ⎝ Pcx ⎠ M cy
Ref. Cl. 4.8.3.3.2 ⎛ ⎞
Fc m LT M LT m y M y ⎜1 + F c ⎟ ≤ 1
+ + For lateral ‐ torsional buckling
Pcy Mb M cy ⎜ Pcy ⎟⎠
⎝
3. Bulson, P.S. The Stability of Flat Plates, Elsevier, New York, 1969.
5. Gaylord E. H. et al, ‘Design of Steel Structures’, McGraw Hill.