Question #1:

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of refrigeration system

The refrigerant starts as a cool vapor and it is directed towards the compressor. The compressor
is mainly the engine of the refrigeration cycle as it consumes the major power out of the system
components and forces the refrigerant through the system. In the process of being compressed
the cool, gaseous refrigerant is turned to a very hot and high-pressure vapor. After compression,
the refrigerant moves to the condenser where the refrigerant is cooled so that it turns from a
gas into a condensed liquid. This occurs when hot outdoor air is blown across the condenser
coil that is filled with hot, gaseous refrigerant. This allows heat to transfer from the refrigerant
to the cooler outdoor air, where the excess heat is rejected to the atmosphere. The condenser
coils wind through the condenser to maximize the surface area of the piping, and effectively,
the heat transfer to the air. The refrigerant turns from a vapor into a hot liquid due to the high
pressure and reduction in temperature. After this the refrigerant is now going to enter in the
expansion device as a hot, high-pressure liquid. The expansion device quickly lowers the
pressure of the refrigerant so it can boil (evaporate) more easily in the evaporator. The
expansion device has a major purpose to reduce refrigerant pressure. Because the pressure
drops so rapidly at the expansion device, the refrigerant turns into a combination of a cold
liquid and vapor. Now the refrigerant is a cold mix of liquid and gas (vapor), it begins to move
through the evaporator. The evaporator is responsible for cooling the air going to the space by
evaporating the refrigerant flowing through it. This happens when warm air is blown across
the evaporator as cold refrigerant moves through the evaporator coil. Heat transfers from the
air to the refrigerant, which cools the air directly before it is gone to the space. Like the
condenser coil, the evaporator coil also winds through the evaporator to maximize heat transfer
from the refrigerant to the air. The low-pressure liquid refrigerant is easily boiled by the warm
air blown across the evaporator and heads back to the compressor as a cool gas/vapor.
This is how a refrigeration cycle works.

Refrigerant Composition NPB Glide Tc GWP Safety

˚C K ˚C Group
R-413A R- -35 6.9 101 1300 A1/A2
134a.218/600a
R-744 CO2 -57 0.0 31 1 A1
R-1270 C3H6 -48 0.0 92 20 A3
R-290 C3H8 -42 0.0 97 20 A3
R-717 NH3 -33 0.0 133 0 B2

R-600a CH(CH3)3 -12 0.0 135 20 A3

R-407C R-32/125/134a -44 7.4 87 1700 A1/A1

A new refrigerant that is being considered is CFC’s. It is a halocarbon compound,

dichlorodifluoromethane also known as Refrigerant 12, was invented in 1930s by Thomas
Midgley.
It is a non-toxic with zero fire and explosion risk and has ideal thermodynamic properties. It is
popular as an ideal refrigerant. It has better properties than R134,R123 etc. It is also a miscible
refrigerant as Miscibility with oil was identified as one of the desirable properties of a
refrigerant.
Question #2:

Figure 2

Question #3:

Calculations for IDEAL Case:

Enthalpy at the inlet of Compressor:

𝑃1 = 280 kpa
𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡 = −1.25 oC
So, 𝑇1 = 8 − 1.25 = 6.75 oC
From table (A-13) the refrigerant is superheated against the value of 𝑃1 and 𝑇1 . The value of
Enthalpy against 𝑇1 and entropy (𝑆1) is not present in table. So we do interpolation.
Temperature (◦C) Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg K)

0 250.83 0.9362

6.75 -------------- -------------

10 259.68 0.9680
 0 − 6.75 250.83 − ℎ1
=
0 − 10 250.83 − 259.68
𝐾𝐽
ℎ1 = 256.804
𝑘𝑔

0 − 6.75 0.9362 − 𝑆1
=
0 − 10 0.9362 − 0.9680
𝐾𝐽
𝑆1 = 0.957665
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

Enthalpy at the outlet of compressor:

𝑃2 = 1000 𝑘𝑝𝑎 = 1 𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝐾𝐽
𝑆1 = 𝑆2 = 0.957665
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
From Table:

Entropy Enthalpy (KJ/kg)

0.9525 282.74
0.9577 ----------
0.9850 293.38

0.9525 − 0.9577 282.74 − ℎ2

=
0.9525 − 0.9850 282.74 − 293.38
𝐾𝐽
ℎ2 = 284.44
𝑘𝑔

At the inlet of Expansion valve:

𝑃3 = 1000 𝑘𝑝𝑎 = 1 𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡 = 39.37 oC
𝑇3= = 39.37 − 3 = 36.37 oC
 Temperature (oC) Enthalpy (KJ/kg)
36 102.33
36.37 ----------
38 105.29

36 − 36.37 102.33 − ℎ3
=
36 − 38 102.33 − 105.29
𝐾𝐽
ℎ3 = 102.878
𝑘𝑔
To Find 𝑆3 :
36 − 36.37 0.37609 − 𝑆3
=
36 − 38 0.37609 − 0.38548

𝐾𝐽
𝑆3 = 0.3778
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

At the outlet of Expansion valve:

𝑃4 = 280 𝑘𝑝𝑎 = 0.28 𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝐾𝐽
ℎ3 = ℎ4 = 102.878
𝑘𝑔
From table A12 @ 𝑃 = 280 𝑘𝑝𝑎:
ℎ4 − ℎ𝑓4
𝑋=
ℎ𝑔4 − ℎ𝑓4
102.878 − 50.18
𝑋=
249.72 − 50.18

𝑋 = 0.264

𝑆4 = 𝑆𝑓4 + 𝑋 ∗ 𝑆𝑓𝑔

𝑆4 = 0.19829 + 0.2641 ∗ (0.73381)

𝐾𝐽
𝑆4 = 0.3921
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
This is ideal case and there is no heat added or removed from expansion valve.
T-S Diagram:

Figure 3

P-h Diagram:

Figure 4
h-s Diagram:

Figure 5

For unit Mass Flow Rate (ideal):

Heat absorbed at the evaporator:

Q̇ = 𝑚̇ Δh

Q̇ = 𝑚̇ (h1 – h4)

Q̇ = 1(256.804 – 102.878)
𝑘𝐽
Q̇ = 153.926 𝑠

Heat necessary mechanical power input for compressor:

𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇ Δ h
̇ = 𝑚̇ (h2 – h1)
𝑊𝑖𝑛

𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = 1(284.44 – 256.804)

̇ = 27.636 kW
𝑊𝑖𝑛
The rate of heat rejected at condenser:

Q̇ = 𝑚̇ Δ h
 Q̇ = 𝑚̇ (h2-h3)

Q̇ = 1(284.44 – 102.878)
𝐾𝐽
Q̇ = 181.562
𝑠

Question #4:

At inlet of compressor:

∆𝑃 = 20 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑃 = 280 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑃1 = 280 − 20 = 260 𝑘𝑝𝑎

For temperature we have to do interpolation between 𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡@0.24𝑚𝑝𝑎 and 𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡@0.28𝑚𝑝𝑎 :

Pressure (Mpa) Temperature (𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡 oc)

0.24 -5.38
0.26 --------
0.28 -1.25

0.24 − 0.26 −5.38 − 𝑇1

=
0.24 − 0.28 −5.38 + 1.25
 𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡 = −3.315 oC
So,
𝑇1 = 8 − 3.315
𝑇1 = 4.685 oC

For Enthalpy:
Enthalpy at 4.685 o C and 0.24 Mpa

Temperature Enthalpy
0 251.97
4.685 ----------
10 260.65

0 − 4.685 251.97 − ℎ@0.24𝑚𝑝𝑎

=
0 − 10 251.97 − 260.65
𝐾𝐽
ℎ@0.24𝑚𝑝𝑎 = 256.037
𝑘𝑔
Now h1 at 4.685 oC and 0.28 Mpa:

Temperature Enthalpy
 0 250.83
4.685 -------
10 259.68

0 − 4.685 250.83 − ℎ@0.28𝑚𝑝𝑎

=
0 − 10 250.83 − 259.68
𝐾𝐽
ℎ@0.28𝑚𝑝𝑎 = 254.976
𝑠

Now h1 at 4.685 oC and 0.26 MPa by interpolating:

Temperature Enthalpy
0.24 256.037
0.26 ------------
0.28 254.976

0.24 − 0.26 256.037 − ℎ1

=
0.24 − 0.28 256.037 − 254.976

𝐾𝐽
ℎ1 = 255.507
𝑠

For 𝑆1 :

Entropy at 4.685 oC and 0.24 MPa

 Temperature Enthalpy
0 0.9519
4.685 ---------
10 0.9831

0 − 4.685 0.9519 − 𝑆@0.24𝑚𝑝𝑎

=
0 − 10 0.9519 − 0.9831
𝐾𝐽
𝑆@0.24𝑚𝑝𝑎 = 0.9665
𝑘𝑔

Entropy at 4.685 o C and 0.28 MPa

Temperature Entropy
0 0.9362
4.685 ---------
10 0.9680

0 − 4.685 0.9362 − 𝑆@0.28𝑚𝑝𝑎

=
0 − 10 0.9362 − 0.9680
𝐾𝐽
𝑆@0.28𝑚𝑝𝑎 = 0.9511
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

**For 𝑺𝟏 :
Pressure (MPa) Entropy
0.24 0.9665
0.26 ---------
0.28 0.9511
 0.24 − 0.26 0.9665 − 𝑆1
=
0.24 − 0.28 0.9665 − 0.9511
𝐾𝐽
𝑆1 = 0.9588
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

At outlet of Compressor:

𝑃2 = 1000 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝐾𝐽
𝑆2𝑠 = 𝑆1𝑠 = 0.9588
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
Isentropic Efficiency = 75% ∗ (1.04) = 78%

From Table it is shown that refrigerant is superheated.

For entropy:
Entropy Enthalpy
0.9525 282.74
0.9588 ---------
0.9850 293.38

0.9525 − 0.9588 282.74 − ℎ2𝑠

=
0.9525 − 0.9850 282.74 − 293.38
𝐾𝐽
ℎ2𝑠 = 284.803
𝑘𝑔

For Actual Enthalpy:

 ℎ2𝑠 − ℎ1
η =
ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ1
284.803 − 255.507
0.78 =
ℎ2𝑎 − 255.507
𝐾𝐽
h2a = 293.066 𝐾𝑔

At inlet of Expansion valve:

∆𝑃 = 10 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑃3 = 990 𝑘𝑝𝑎 = 0.99 𝑀𝑝𝑎
For 𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡 at (𝑃3 ):
Pressure ( Mpa ) 𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡
0.95 37.48
0.99 --------
1 39.37

0.95 − 0.99 37.48 − 𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡@0.99𝑚𝑝𝑎

=
0.95 − 1 39.37 − 37.48
𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡@0.99𝑚𝑝𝑎 = 38.992 oC

So,
At 990 kPa, the saturation temperature is 38.992 hence, at point 3, the temperature is:

𝑇3 = 38.992 − 3 = 35.992 oC

For Enthalpy:
Temperature Enthalpy
34 99.40
35.992 -------
36 102.33

34 − 35.992 99.40 − ℎ3
=
34 − 36 99.40 − 102.33
𝐾𝐽
ℎ3 = 102.318 𝐾𝑔

At outlet of Expansion valve:

𝐾𝐽
𝑃4 = 280 𝑘𝑝𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ3 = ℎ4 = 102.318
𝐾𝑔

The enthalpy can be considered at this point as there is no heat added or removed from
the system.

T-s Diagram:
Figure 6

P-h Diagram:
Figure 7

h-s Diagram:

Figure 8

For unit mass flow rate (real):

Heat absorbed at evaporator:

Q̇ 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚̇ Δh

Q̇ 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚̇ (ℎ1 – ℎ4 )

Q̇ 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 1(255.506 – 102.318)

𝐾𝐽
Q̇ 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 153.188 𝑠

The necessary mechanical power input for compressors:

𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇ Δh

𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇ (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = 1(293.066 – 255.506)

𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = 37.56 KW
The rate of heat rejection of condenser:
Q̇ 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚̇ Δh

Q̇ 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚̇ (h2 – h3)

Q̇ 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 1(293.066 – 102.318)

𝐾𝐽
Q̇ 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 191.748 𝑆

Comparing IDEAL and REAL VALUES:

IDEAL REAL
Q̇ 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 153.926 153.188
𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 27.636 37.56
Q̇ 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 181.562 191.748

This shows that heat absorbed in evaporator in almost same because pressure drop is 20 KPa.
Heat rejected in condenser in real case is more the ideal due to decrease in isentropic efficiency.

Question #5: