CHAPER 9 SECOND SUPREME COUNCIL (FEBRUARY 1893)

KKK Roman Basa - President or Supremo

ANDRES BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN Andres Bonifacio - Fiscal
Jose Turiano Santiago - Secretary
THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN Vicente Molina - Treasurer
o July 7, 1892 the Kataastaasan Kagalanggalang na Councilors:
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan was founded Briccio Pantas Restituto Javier
o Deodato Arellano, Valentin, Diaz, Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata Teodoro Gonzales
Teodoro Plata, and Ladislao Diwa. Ladislao Diwa
o In a house at No.72 Azcarraga Street (now known
as Claro M Recto Avenue) near the corner of El THIRD SUPREME COUNCIL (EARLY IN 1895)
Cano. Andres Bonifacio - President or Supremo
Triangle Method Emilio Jacinto - Fiscal
 Recruitment method Jose Turiano Santiago - Secretary
 Original member would take in 2 new members Vicente Molina - Treasurer
who did not know each other but knew only Pio Valenzuela - Physician
original member who took them in. Councilors:
Blood Compact (SANDUGUAN) Pantaleon Torres Aguedo del Rosario
 The recruit was asked to make a small cut on his Doroteo Trinidad
left forearm with a sharp knife, then sign the
Katipunan oath in his own blood. FOURTH SUPREME COUNCIL (DECEMBER 31, 1895)
One Real Fuerte (25 centavos) for entrance , Medio Andres Bonifacio - President or Supremo
Real (about 12 centavos) for monthly due. Pio Valenzuela - Fiscal and Physician
THE KATIPUNAN OBJECTIVES Emilio Jacinto - Secretary
 POLITICAL – The seperation of the Philippines from Vicente Molina - Treasurer
spain to secure the independence of the colony. Councilors:
 MORAL – Focused on the teaching of good Enrique Pacheco Pantaleon Torres
manners, hygiene and good moral character. Balbino Florentino Francisco Carreon
 CIVIC – Based on the principle of self-help and the Hermenegildo Reyes
defense of the weak and the poor.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE KATIPUNAN FIFTH SUPREME COUNCIL (AUGUST 1896)
Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian) Andres Bonifacio - Supremo
 Highest governing body of the katipunan Emilio Jacinto - Secretary of State
 Composed of president, fiscal, secretary, treasurer Teodoro Plata - Secretary of War
and comptroller or interventor Briccio Pantas - Secretary of Justice
Provincial Council (Sangguniang Bayan) Aguedo del Rosario - Secretary of Interior
 Province Enrique Pacheco - Secretary of Finance
Popular Council (Sangguniang Balangay)
 Municipality/Town KINDS OF MEMBERSHIP
Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman)  KATIPON (MEMBER)
 Court of Justice o 1st grade - 1st grade called the Katipon
 Pass judgement on any member who violated the Password: Anak ng Bayan
rules of the society o They wore black hood
 Mediate between quarreling brethren or factions o The hood had a triangle of white ribbon
Secret Chamber inside of which were the letters Z. Ll. B
 Judgement on grave matters corresponding to the Roman A. ng B.
ie. Betraying katipunan  KAWAL (SOLDIER)
 Composed of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and o 2nd grade - called kawal (soldier)
Dr. Pio Valenzuela Password : Gom-Bur-Za
FIRST SUPREME COUNCIL (1892) o They wore green hood with a triangle
Deodato Arellano - President or Supremo consisting of white liners.
Andres Bonifacio - Interventor or Comptroller o Suspended from the neck of the kawal was
Ladislao Diwa - Fiscal a green ribbon with a medal at the end,
Teodoro Plata - Secretary with the letter K in the middle.
Valentin Diaz - Treasurer
  BAYANI (PATRIOT) In the last two codes, letter "a" was suppressed when
o 3rd grade - called Bayani preceded by a consonant and
Password : Rizal in lieu:
o They wore red mask and sash with green ang - 1
borders ng - 2
o The front of the mask had white borders at - 3
that formed a triangle with three K's. kung - 4
sa – 5
THE KATIPUNAN CODES
 The Katipunan members faced many dangers so THE FLAGS OF THE KATIPUNAN
precautions had to be taken to keep the society  FIRST KATIPUNAN FLAG
secret.
System of Writing
 to maintain the secrets of their communication
 make it difficult if not possible for the Spanish o this was the first official flag of the society
authorities to discover the existence of the society o made by Gregoria de Jesus and with the
help of Benita Rodriguez
FIRST KATIPUNAN CODES  SECOND KATIPUNAN FLAG
A-Z M-V
B-B N- I
C-O O-C When society was discovered and its
D-D P-P alphabetical key decoded Bonifacio, o some members of the Katipunan used
E-Q Q-E then at Balintawak August 21, 1896 other variations
F-H R-R o a red flag with the three white letters K's
G-G S-S arranged in an equilateral triangle.
H-F T-T  ANDRES BONIFACIO’S FLAG
I-Ñ U-X
J-L V-M
K-K W-W
L-J X-U
LL-N Y-Y o Personal flag of Andres Bonifacio
o This flag was first shown on Aug. 23, 1896
during the cry of Pugad Lawin
When Jacinto took command of the revolutionary army in  PIO DEL PILAR’S RISING SUNFLAG
Laguna and Bonifacio went to Cavite to mediate between
the two rival factions of the society in the province.

o consisted of an equilateral triangle with a K

at each angle, inside the triangle was a
mountain with the sun rising behind it.
 GENERAL MARIANO LLANERA’S BATTLE SKULL
FLAG

After the Tejeros Convention

held on March 22, 1897
o He used a black banner with a skull above
two cross-bones and the letter K, all in
white.
  AGUINALDO –MAGDALO’S FLAG
o Magdalo faction adopted a flag consisting
of a red rectangular banner with a white K
in a ancient Tagalog script in the center of a
sun
o the rays of the sun were limited to eight to
represent the eight provinces
 SUN OF LIBERTY FLAG
o the first official flag of the revolutionary
government of General Emilio Aguinaldo.
o consisted of a red rectangular cloth with a
white sun and rays in the middle.
o it became the first official flag of the
Filipinos.
CELEBRATION OF THE KATIPUNAN
 February 17 every year
 Prayer in memory of three Filipino priests, Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora.
 All popular councils were instructed to erect a
catafalque shrouded in black, with a torch at each
of the four corners.
 The catafalque was adorned with wreaths made of
the "makabuhay plant" symbol of immortality.
ANDRES BONIFACIO
 Born on Nov. 30, 1863 in Tondo, Manila
 Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro
 He earned a living as a craftsman and seller of
canes and fans.
 He became a clerk and agent in a company
 He was a lover of books.
 Andres’ spouses: Monica and Gregoria de Jesus
 The “Father of Revolution”
 Founder and organizer of the Katipunan
 He adopt Emilio Jacinto’s kartilla
 In 1895, they went to the interior part of Morong
to find a place to hide in case of the discovery of
the society.
 They found the caves of Makarok and Pamitinan.
 It was his insight which led him to found the
revolutionary katipunan.
EMILIO JACINTO
 Born in Tondo on December 15, 1875
 Son of Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon
 At the age of 18, he joined the Katipunan
 He wrote the Kartilla
 Became Bonifacio's trusted friend and adviser
 “BRAIN OF KATIPUNAN”
THE WOMAN ‘S CHAPTER OF THE KATIPUNAN
 In the middle of 1893 after his second marriage
 Limited membership to the wives, daughters and
sisters of the male members.
 Recruitment of new members, male or female
 Security of meetings of the male members
 Act as a front for the clandestine goingons of the
katipuneros
 Dance and sing in the sala in full view of passerby
President: Josefa Rizal
Vice President: Gregoria de Jesus
Secretary: Marina Dizon
Fiscal: Angelica Rizal-Lopez
THE KATIPUNAN NEWSPAPER
 One difficulty encountered in establishing a
printing press was the lack of sufficient funds.
 Fortunately, the two katipuneros, Candido Iban &
Francisco del Castillo, who came back from
Australia, won 1000 pesos in the lottery.
 They bought the small printing press of Bazar El
Cisne.
 The owner, Antonio Salazar, agreed to part with his
press for 400 pesos.
 The press was transferred to Andres Bonifacio's
house.
 The printing press lacked many types particularly
the letter "A".
 Jacinto was interested in the press so he borrowed
20 pesos to his mother and bought some types
from Isabelo de los Reyes.
 Some types are still lacking and inadequte so four
katipuneros employed at the establishment of the
popular daily Diario de Manila solved the problem
by stealing types from this spanish-owned
printing plant and gave them to Dr. Pio Valenzuela.
 Later on, the press was moved to Dr. Pio
Valenzuela's place of residence (San Nicolas)
 To manage the press, Valenzuela asked for the help
of Ulpiano Fernandez & Faustino Duque
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela suggested the name of the
newspaper, KALAYAAN
 To mislead the Spanish authorities, they put
Yokohama as the place of publication and Marcelo
H. Del Pilar as the editor.
 2000 copies of the first number, dated January 18,
1896 printed and was secretly distributed to
different places.
 It contained articles of Bonifacio, Jacinto &
Valenzuela
 They wrote under their pen names: Agapito
Bagumbayan for Bonifacio; Madlang-away for
Valenzuela; & Dimas-Ilaw and Pingkian for Jacinto
  After the distribution of the newspaper,
Fernandez and Duque destroyed it to prevent
the Spanish authorities from confiscating it.
THE EXPANSION OF THE KATIPUNAN
 The publication and distribution of the Kalayaan
influenced the thinking and feeling of the masses in
Central Luzon
 At the end of March 1896, when the 2000 copies
had been distributed, hundreds of people joined
the Katipunan
 The Katipunan extended to the province of
Bulakan, Batangas, Cavite, Nueva Ecija and Laguna.
 From 300 members, it increased to around 30,000
members.
CHAPTER 10
THE REVOLUTION : FIRST PHASE
RIZAL AND THE REVOLUTION
 Bonifacio, who had known Rizal the Liga days
but whom Rizal did not know personally,
wanted Rizal’s opinion on the necessity of
rising in arms against the Spaniards.
 June 1896- Dr. Pio Valenzuela immediately
proceeded to Rizal’s home in Dapitan, ride on
SS Venus, where Rizals Sister Narcisa and his
niece Angelica Rizal Lopez rode.
 He related the founding of the Katipunan and
its aims, among which was to overthrow
Spanish authority.
 Rizal pointed out that a revolution without
sufficient arms should not be started against an
armed nation.
 Rizal suggested that influential and wealthy
Filipinos be attracted to the cause of the
society in order to ensure the success of the
revolution.
 Antonio Luna must be appointed to direct all
military operations against the enemy.
 But Valenzuela pointed out the difficulty of
winning over the wealthy Filipinos to the
Katipunan side.
 Rizal’s doubt on the Revolution
o Without arms the rebels would surely be
defeated and thereby cause irreparable
damage to the innocent people.
o Any revolution would be useless unless the
rebels were at least as armed as the
enemy.
PREPARATION FOR THE STRUGGLE
 Bonifacio ordered the manufacture of bolos to be
distributed to the members of the society.
 Hope was present when the Japanese warship
Kongo, with Admiral Kanimura on board, had dropped
anchor at Manila Bay and that it might be possible for them
to seek the aid of the admiral in the struggle for national
liberation.
 Meeting between Bonifacio and Admiral Kanimura.
 The Japanese admiral refused to commit his
country to the revolutionary plan of the society.
 Bonifacio found that the best help is Self Help
 Bonifacio ordered, Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos,
who were employed in the Maestranzas (arsenal)
and ordered them to steal rifles and pistols, for the
Maestranzas was a place where the ordinance was
located. Weapons of Katipunan Increased.
SPANISH SUSPICIOUS AROUSED
 The new members were impatient and in their
impatience they met nightly, a circumstance that
aroused the suspicion of the authorities.
 Rumors about the secret gatherings and that rifles
and ammunition from Hong Kong and Yokohama
were being landed.
 Ramon Blanco, the governor-general, was reluctant
to act upon the suggestion of the friars, for he was
not exactly sympathetic to the friars.
 In spite of these reports, most of which were
exaggerated and calculated to force the governor-
general to act precipitately
 Governador General told Father Mariano Gil’s
Messenger: “Undeceive yourself, freemasonry and
filibustering are like a pit in which you put your
finger and at once you touch the bottom.”
 The friars, undaunted by their rebuff, continued to
pester the governor-general with more reports of
alleged secret meetings.
DISCOVERY OF KATIPUNAN
 Father Mariano Gil ran to the military governor
of Manila.
 General Echaluce, Military Gov. of Manila, took
precautions to make Manila safe from
disturbances
 Apolonio de la Cruz and Teodoro Patiño had a
misuderstanding and Patiño, weakling that he
was, took his revenge on Apolonio by revealing
the secrets of the society to his sister, Honoria
 Sor Teresa suggested that Teodoro Patiño tell
all he knew to Father Mariano Gil.
 Discovery of the Katipunan was immediately
followed by mass arrests of Filipino suspects.
 Searched for proofs at the printing shop
 Lithographic stone
 Policarpio Turla
 Dagger, Receipts, Rules and Documents Of
Katipunan
WEALTHY FILIPINOS IMPLICATED
 The wealthy Filipinos refused to join the Katipunan.
 A Bonifacio played a trick that should be played on
them in such a way as to make it appear that the
wealthy Filipino were deeply involved in the
Katipunan.
 Forging of Signatures, Jacinto drew a list of
Wealthy Filipinos that contains the name of Luis R.
Yangco, Francisco L. Roxas and others.
 The result of this trick was unexpected: instead of
forcing the wealthy Filipinos to join or contribute to
the society, they denounced it and denied any
knowledge of its existence.
 Francisco L. Roxas was executed, while Luis R.
Yangco and others were saved by bribing
some highly placed Spanish officials.
THE “CRY” OF PUGADLAWIN
 Bonifacio secretly instructed his runners to
summon all the leaders of the society to a general
assembly to be held on August 24.
 On August 19, Bonifacio accompanied by his
brother Procopio, Emilio Jacinto, Teodoro Plata and
Aguedo del Rosario, slipped through the cordon of
Spanish sentries and reached Balintawak before
midnight.
 Aug 21, Change the code of Katipunan
 Aug 22, Pugadlawin
 Juan A. Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino
 On Aug. 23, Bonifacio asked his men whether they
were prepared to fight to the bitter end. All those
assembled agreed to fight to the last.
 Bonifacio said, “bring out your cedulas and tear
them to pieces to symbolize our determination to
take up arms!”
 This event marked the so-called “Cry of
Balintawak” which actually happened in
Pugadlawin.
“Long Live The Philippines !!!”
THE FIRST SKIRMISHES
 It was decided that all the rebels in the surrounding
towns be notified of the general attack on Manila
on the night of August 19, 1896.
 The intended attack on Manila did not materialize,
however, probably because there were not
sufficient arms with which to carry out the plan.
 Instead, Bonifacio and Jacinto led their men in
attack on the powder magazine at San Juan del
Monte on August 30.
 Inferior arms
 Retreat
 August 24, they arrived at the yard of Melchora
 Aquino (Tandang Sora)
 August 25, Infantrymen attacked
Result
o Bonifacio and his men lost the battle and
weredriven back with heavy casualty.
o Rebels lost two men
o One enemy
o Rebels retreated (insufficient ammunition)
o Spaniards Retreated (outnumbered)
 Aug 26, Spanish Reinforcements Rebel, Balara
o Shot two innocent farmers
o -Boasted that a great fight took place
 Origin of the “Cry of Balintawak”
 Rebels- Mariquina
 August 27, Hagdang bato
 Bonifacio, Offered a manifesto
 Intended attack on manila did not materialize
 August 30, attack on powder magazine at san jose
delmonte
 Spaniards, weak and outnumbered fought until
reinforcement arrived
Result
Bonifacio and his men lost and have heavy casualties
THE REVOLUTION SPREADS
 SOUTH
 400 rebels, attacked the church of pandakan
 Kawit, Noveleta, San Francisco de Malabon, Tagig,
Pateros, Kalookan, San Pedro Makati
 Battle of Langka- Filipino lost, retreated to Balara
 The Spaniards pursued them and in the battle that
followed Bonifacio nearly lost his life when a
Spanish Bullet ripped the collar of his shirt while he
was protecting his friend Jacinto.
 North
 the rebels of San Isidro, armed with bolos and
pointed sticks, attacked the Spanish garrison on
September 2, 3 and 4. Led by Mariano Llanera and
accompanied by musikong bumbong (band with
bamboo instruments) the rebels attacked furiously
but were repulsed by heroic defense of the
Spaniards.
THE REIGN OF TERROR
 Prevent the revolts from becoming national.
 Spanish Volunteers and Corps of Vigilantes invaded
the homes of Filipinos.
 In Trozo, Capt. Carlos March of the Spanish
Volunteers found.
 Aug 30, Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco , declares State of
war/ martial law in Manila, Cavite, Laguna,
Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija.
 Blanco, however, emphasized that “those who
would surrender to the government within 48
hours after the publication of the decree would not
be turned over to military court.
 Tortures was employed
 Hundreds were arrested
 Forms of Torture  Successive defeats of the Spaniards led the friars to
o Use of electric machine agitate against Gov. Blanco
o Hanging by the hand, feet barely touching the  He was accused of dilly-dallying and of
ground. incompetence
Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago)  He was relieved by the brutal General Camilo
Execution Polavieja on December 13, 1896
o Sept 4, Four katipuneros in Luneta  He started campaigns in Cavite
o Sept 13, Thirteen men in Cavite  He ordered to massacre civilians
Los Trece Martires de Cavite  Bonifacio issued a proclamation denouncing
 Luis Aguado • José Lallana Spanish brutality.
 Eugenio Cabezas • Severino Lapidario  Spaniards captured 1/3 of cavite.
 Feliciano Cabuco • Victoriano Luciano BONIFACIO IN CAVITE
 Agapito Conchu • Francisco Osorio  December 1896 - in Cavite bonifacio and his wife
 Alfonso de Ocampo • Hugo Pérez and two brothers
 Máximo Gregorio • Antonio San Agustín  December 31, On December 31, an assembly of
 Máximo Inocencio revolutionists was held at Imus to determine
whether the katipunan should be superseded by
 December 30, 1896, Jose Rizal execution in another form of government.
Bagumbayan.  January 1897- series of reverses btween two
 January 4, 1897, twelve Bicolano rebels “Twelve factions.
Bicol Martyrs”  Magdiwang invited bonifacio to intervene, at first
 19 patriots in kalibo and capiz Bonifacio refused saying his presence in morong
KATIPUNAN IN CAVITE was necessary.
THE TWO FACTIONS  Because of insistent request of Artemio Recarte
and Mariano Alvarez, Bonifacio accepted the
invitation.
 In Zapote Emilio Aguinaldo and Edilberto
Evangelista and few other leaders wanted to meet
MAGDALO Bonifacio personally.
 Baldomero Aguinaldo  Magdalo wanted to form a new one since the
 Cavite El Viejo katipunan is no longer a secret society
 Attacked the tribunal of San Francisco de Malabon  On the other hand, the Magdiwang contended that
the katipunan should remain because it already
had a constitutions and bylaws
 The conflict was not resolved and the meeting
ended without having accomplished anything
MAGDIWANG THE TEJEROS CONVENTION
 Mariano Alvarez  On March 22, 1897, the two factions met again at
 Noveleta Tejeros.
 Attacked in Spaniards in Noveleta  Andres Bonifacio presided as the chairman
 To resolve the issue, Bonifacio prudently acceded
 Emilio Aguinaldo was able to defeat the Spaniards that a new government should be established to
under the command of General Aguirre. replace the katipunan
o From that time on Aguinaldo was called  He stated that the principle that the will of the
General Miong by the Caviteños majority should be respected and obeyed must be
 October 31, two manifestoes followed
 Gov. Gen Blanco Assaulted binakayan and noveleta  The Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed
 Before the election, Bonifacio reminded the
 Result convention that whoever should get elected to any
o Spaniards lost position should be respected
o Candido Tirona- casualty PRESIDENT : EMILIO AGUINALDO
o Creation of two position, Secretary of VICE- PRESIDENT: MARIANO TRIA
State-Jacinto Lumberas, Secretary of the CAPTAIN-GENERAL: ARTEMIO RICARTE
Interiror- Daniel Tirona DIRECTOR OF WAR: EMILIANO RIEGO DE DIOS
DIRECTOR OF THE INTERIOR : ANDRES BONIFACIO
  When Bonifacio was being proclaimed, Daniel
Tirona, a Magdalo stood up and said: “ The position
of the director of the interior is an exalted one and
it is not proper that a person without a lawyer’s
diploma should occupy it. We have in our
province”.
 Bonifacio was hurt and felt insulted and demanded
that Tirona should retract what he said.
THE SECOND MEETING AT TEJEROS
 Aguinaldo, who was at Pasong Santol, a barrio of
Dasmarinas, was notified the following day of his
election to the Presidency.
 At first, he refused to leave his men who were
preparing to fight the enemy, but his elder brother,
Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded him to take the oath
of office. Aguinaldo then acceded to his brother’s
request and proceeded to Santa Cruz del Malabon
(Now Tanza) , where he and the brothers elected
the previous day , with the exception of Bonifacio,
took their oath of office.
 Meanwhile, Bonifacio and his men , numbering
forty-five, again met at the estate-house of Tejeros
on March 23.
 They drew up a document, now called the Acta
de Tejeros.
THE NAIK MILITARY AGREEMENT
 Bonifacios anger over what he considered an
irregular election and the insult heaped on him by
Daniel Tirona
 At Naik, Bonifacio and his men drew up another
document in which they resolved to establish a
government independent, separate from what
establish in tejeros.
 Signed by Bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio Del Pilar,
and Severino de las Alas.
 An army was to be recognized “by persuasion or
force”
We who sign these presents with our true names, all
officers of the army who have met in convention headed by
the Supreme Chief [Bonifacio], on account of the critical
situation of the pueblos and the war, having discovered the
treason committed by certain officers who have been
sowing discord and conniving with the Spaniards, our
enemies, corrupting the army and being guilty of criminal
neglect in the care of the wounded, have agreed to deliver
the people from this grave danger by the means
hereinafter enumerated:
 First: All combatants shall, by persuasion of force,
be incorporated in an army corps and placed under
the command of General Pio del Pilar.
 Second: We shall recognize no one as being vested
with full power except Right in the first place, and
those courageous officers who, since the beginning
of the war and until the present moment, have
never gone back on their oath and have conducted
themselves loyally.
 Third: Any disloyal person shall be punished on the
spot, according to his desserts.
• Such is our agreement, and we swear before God
and the country of our birth that we shall keep it
unto the grave.
THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF BONIFACIO
 Bonifacio, His wife and two brothers with a handful
of loyal followers, transferred to the barrio of
Limbon, Indang.
 The Naik Military Agreement came to the
knowledge of Aguinaldo and ordered the arrest of
Bonifacio under the command of Colonel Agapito
Bonzon
 Bonzon ordered his men to surround the perimeter
of the zone of which Bonifacio’s House center.
 Bonifacio was stabbed in the larynx, Ciriaco was
killed, and Procopio was wounded
 Bonifacio was placed in a hammock and brought
back to Naik.
 On April 28,1897, Aguinaldo forwarded the case to
the Council of War to conduct the necessary trial
 Trial Lasted from April 29 to May 4
 Andres and Procopio were found guilty of treason
and sedition in spite of the fact that the evidence
was not sufficient
 On May 8, Baldomero Aguinaldo wrote Aguinaldo a
recommending approval of the council’s decision,
execution of the two brothers.
 On that same day, May 8, Aguinaldo commuted the
death sentence to banishment
 Genral Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar asked
Bonifacio to withdraw his order.
 Seconded by Clemente Jose, Dr. Anastacio
Francisco, and Gen. Mamerto Natividad, all of
whom hated Bonifacio
 Under this pressure Aguinaldo withdrew his order
and the original decision of the council was
imposed.
 On May 10, Gen. Noriel ordered Major Lazaro
Makapagal to bring out the two brothers from jail
and handed a sealed letter with orders to read it
after reaching Mount Tala
 It contained an order to execute Bonifacio and
Procopio and failure to comply would be punished
severely.
THE REVOLUTION CONTINUES
 General Camilo de Polavieja asked for his relief as
governor and was granted on April 15, 1897
 He was replaced by former Governor-General of
the Philippines, Primo de Rivera
 He arrived in Manila on April 23 and marched to
Cavite to take personal charge of the military
operations
  Issued a decree up to May 17, that rebels should
give up their arms and surrender to the
Government.
 Launched a spirited campaign against the rebel,
forcing Aguinaldo and his men to retreat to
batangas.
 Issued again a decree extending the benefit of the
pardon beyond May 17.
 Meanwhile, Aguinaldo in Talisay, Batangas
established his headquarters.
 Enemy surrounded the area hoping to capture him
but Aguinaldo slipped away with his men and
proceed to the fully region of Morong (Rizal).
 After a well earned rest, Aguinaldo and his men
proceeded to Biyak na Bato Del Mayumo, in
Bulakan where he established his headquarters.
THE GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL LUZON
 Aguinaldo’s arrival reached the town of central
Luzon.
 Aguinaldo and his men joined forces with General
Mariano Llanera of Nueva Ecija and harassed the
Spanish soldiers garrisoned in the cental Luzon
provinces.
 With the coming of rainy season, Primo De Rivera’s
campaign were temporarily halted.
 Meanwhile at Puray, the rebels met in the camp
of General Licerio Geronimo.
 Departmental Government of Luzon composed of
Manila, Morong, Bulakan, Nueva Ecija, Bataan,
Tarlac, and Pangasinan.
Father Pedro Dandan President
Anastacio Francisco Vice- President
Paciano Rizal Secretary of Treasury
Cipriano Pacheco Secretary of War
Teodoro Gonzales Secretary of interior
Feliciano Jocson Secretary of welfare
BIYAK NA BATO REPUBLIC
 Filipinos did not give-up their arms
 Primo de Rivera issued a decree on July 2 1897,
villages and towns.
 The effect of a decree was contrary the governers
expectation, all Filipinos continue fighting
 From his Hideout, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation
in July entitled “To the brave sons of the
Philippines”,
 In which enlisted all Aguinaldos revolutionary
demands,namely
1. The expulsion of the friars and the
return to the Filipinos of the lands they
appropriated for themselves.
2. Representation in the Spanish cortes
3. Freedom of the press to tolerance of all
religious sect.
4. Equal treatment and pay the
Peninsulares and Insulares civil servants.
5. Abolition of the power of the
government to banish citizens.
6. Legal quality for all persons.
 Aguinaldo’s proclamation showed that he was still
willing to return to Spanish fold provided that
those demands were met in spite of the fact that
he and his men had already established the Biak-
na-Bato Republic
 The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato republic was
prepared by Felix Ferre and Isabelo Artacho, who
copied almost word for word, the Cuban
Constitution of Jimaguayu.
 The constitution was signed on November 1, 1897.
THE TRUCE OF BIYAK NA BATO
 A mestizo, Pedro Paterno became the mediator
between the Filipinos and Spaniards
 From August to December, he negotiated with
Aguinaldo and De Rivera on the conditions that he
thought would be satisfactory to both
 November 18, the first document known as “The
Truce of Biyak na bato” wa signed by Paterno and
Primo de Vera . Others where threshed out by
Paterno and on December 14, the second
document known as “Programme” was signed by
Paterno and Rivera.
 December 15, the third and last document of the
truce was signed by Paterno and Primo de Revera.
The truce provides
1. Aguinaldo and his companion would go
into voluntary exile abroad
2. That Primo de Rivera would pay the sum
of P800,000 to the rebels in three installments
P400,000 to Aguinaldo upon his
departure from Biyak na Bato
P200,000 when the arms
surrendered by the revolutionists exceeded
700
The remaining P200,000 when the
Te Deum was sung and general amnesty
proclaimed by the governor
3. That Primo de Rivera would pay the
additional P900,000 to the families of the non-
combatant Filipinos who suffered during the armed
conflict.
GEN. EMILIO AGUINALDO
PADRE PATERNO
MIGUEL PRIMO DE RIVERA Y ORBANEJA,
MARQUES DE ESTELLA
 To make sure that the Spanish was sincere the
rebels demanded for two Spanish Generals to
remain at Biyak na Bato as hostages.
 December 23, two Spanish generals, Celestino
Tejeiro and Ricardo Monet arrived at Biak-na-Bato
and became hostages of the rebels
  Colonel Miguel Primo de Rivera accompanied the
exiles to Hongkong.
 Same day, Aguinaldo and his men including Pedro
and Maximo Paterno boarded a sailed to Kalumpit,
train to dagupan then the Carromatas for the Port
of Sual, Pangasinan.
 The group sailed to Hongkong on December 27,
with in possession of a check for P400,000.

FAILURE OF THE TRUCE

 January 1898, A month of colorful of festive in
Manila.
 The Spaniards are happy that their lives had been
spared during the hectic battles
 January 23,Te Deum was song at the manila
cathedral.
 Meanwhile, The Filipino Generals left at Biyak na
Bato did everything in their power to surrender the
arms given up by the rebels.
 Filipinos were suspicious to Spanish aims and
continue to hold on to their weapons they
expected continuation armed conflict and prepared
their selves and their men for the emergency.
 The clashes started mid-February and continued
until Spanish power was destroyed by the
combined forces of Filipino- American forces a few
months later.
 General Makubulos, established the Central
Executive Committee.
 This rebel government had a constitution, The
“Constitution of Makubulos” which provided for an
executive committee composed of President, Vice
President, Secretary of the Interior, War, and
Treasury
 It is clear that the Filipino were not disposed to
follow the letter of the Truce.
 Rebels use the money given to them by Primo de
Rivera to purchase arms and weapons.
 Some Spanish Offcial arrested and imprisoned
many Filipino whom they suspect of having been
involved in the rebellion.
 Such acts of Spanish led to to the Feeling of the
Filipino that the Truce was just a Mask to cover up
Spanish Bad Faith