FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

TRAINING PROGRAM

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
FOR BORED PILES
 ASPECTS COVERED
• WHAT IS PILING
• CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
• CONSTRUCTION / INSTALLATION
OF PILES
– BORED PILES

• PROBLEMS IN BORED PILING

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 FOUNDATION

• SHALLOW
- GOOD BEARING STRATUM
AVAILABLE AT SHALLOW
DEPTH.
LIGHT STRUCTURES
e.g. SPREAD FOOTING, RAFT,
STRIP
• DEEP
-GOOD BEARING STRATUM
AVAILABLE AT DEEPER
DEPTH.
(SOFT TOP SOIL / FILL)
HEAVY STRUCTURES
e.g. PILE FOUNDATION, WELL
FOUNDATION OR CAISON

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 WHAT IS A PILE?
PILE IS A CONDUIT
THROUGH WHICH
LOAD FROM THE
STRUCTURE
IS
TRANSFERRED TO SOIL
EITHER BY FRICTION
OR BY BEARING
OR BY BOTH.

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 PILE IS USED TO…
• CARRY VERTICAL
COMPRESSION LOAD Hgroup
Mgroup

• RESIST UPLIFT LOAD

• RESIST HORIZONTAL
LOAD

• RESIST INCLINED
LOAD

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES

BASED ON

CROSS SECTION MATERIAL SYSTEM OPERATION INCLINATION LOCATION LOAD TRANSFER

CIRCULAR STEEL DISLPLACEMENT BORED VERTICAL ON SHORE FRICTION

SQUARE TIMBER REPLACEMENT DRIVEN RAKER OFF SHORE END BEARING
HEXAGONAL CONCRETE FRICTION + END
OCTOGONAL

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

PILES GENERALLY USED
• STEEL PILES

• CONCRETE PILES

• BORED CAST-IN-SITU PILES

• DRIVEN CAST-IN-SITU PILES

• PRECAST DRIVEN PILES

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

SPECIAL PILING SYSTEM

• GRANULAR PILES / STONE COLUMNS

• BORED PRECAST PILES

• BORED COMPACTION PILES

• MICRO PILES

• LIME PILES

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES
BORED CAST IN SITU PILES
EQUIPMENT

ROTARY
 HYDRAULIC RIGS

 MECHANICAL RIGS

 REVERSE CIRCULATION DRILLING RIGS (RCD)

NON ROTARY
 DIRECT MUD CIRCULATION

 BAILER & CHISEL

 REVERSE MUD CIRCULATION

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 ROTARY RIGS

HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED ROTARY RIGS

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES
 ROTARY RIGS

MECHANICALLY OPERATED ROTARY RIGS

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES
 ROTARY RIG - TOOLS

AUGER BUCKET
FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES
 ROTARY RIG - TOOLS

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 ROTARY RIGS

REVERSE CIRCULATION DRILLING RIG

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES
 NON ROTARY RIGS

TRIPOD WINCHES – DMC

METHOD
FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES
 NON ROTARY RIGS

TRIPOD WINCHES – BAILER

& CHISEL METHOD
FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES
 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
• POSITIONING OF RIG
• INSTALLING CASING
• BORING / CHISELLING WITH BENTONITE or
CASING
• CONDUCT ‘SPT’ CONFIRM DEPTH
• FLUSH HOLE
• INSERT REINFORCEMENT CAGE
• LOWER TREMIE PIPE
• PLACE CONCRETE
• CHIPPING EXCESS CONCRETE

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

INSTALLATION SEQUENCE BY
ROTARY RIG

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
INSTALLATION SEQUENCE –
CONVENTIONAL BORING

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 CONVENTIONAL TRIPOD RIGS

BAILER
CHISEL

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 PILING - OFFSHORE

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 PILING BY GANTRY

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 PILING BY JACKUP BARGE

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 BORED CAST IN SITU PILE
POINTS TO BE NOTED ON UNDER WATER CONCRETING

• AT NO STAGE, SHALL CONCRETE BE DISCHARGED FREELY INTO

THE WATER OR DRILLING FLUID.
• MEASURES SHOULD BE TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT THERE IS NO
ACCUMULATION OF OTHER MATERIAL AT BASE OF BORING.
• TO ENSURE THAT THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE BENTONITE
SUSPENSION SHOULD NOT EXCEED 1.25 BEFORE CONCRETING.
• THE HOPPER AND PIPE OF THE TREMIE SHOULD BE CLEAN AND
WATER TIGHT.
• THE PIPE SHALL EXTEND TO THE BASE OF BORING AND SLIDING
PLUG WILL BE PLACED IN PIPE TO PREVENT BETWEEN THE FIRST
CHARGE OF CONCRETE IN TREMIE AND WATER OR DRILLING
FLUID

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 BORED CAST IN SITU PILE
POINTS TO BE NOTED ON UNDER WATER CONCRETING

• THE TREMIE PIPE OUTLET SHALL BE KEPT ATLEAST 1 METRE

BELOW THE SURFACE OF CONCRETE AT ALL STAGES IN DURING
PILE CONCRETING.
• PROPER SYSTEM WILL BE DEVELOPED TO CHECK THE LEVEL
CHECKS FOR THE CONCRETE AND PIPE OUTLET TO ENSURE THE
REQUIREMENT.
• SUFFICIENT QUANTITY OF CONCRETE SHALL BE MAINTAINED
WITHIN PIPE TO ENSURE THE PRESSURE FROM IT EXCEEDS FROM
WATER OR DRILLING FLUID.

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 BORED CAST IN SITU PILE

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 BENTONITE DRILLING FLUID

WHAT IS A BENTONITE ?
• IS A CLAY OF
MONTMORILLONITE HAVING
EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM
CATIONS.

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 BENTONITE DRILLING FLUID
WHY BENTONITE SLURRY REQUIRED?
1. Prevent collapse of borehole.
2. Seal the formation and form the filter cake, preventing slurry
loss to the ground.
3. Prevent sludgy unconsolidated layers from accumulating at the
bottom of the trench.
4. Carry the cutting in slurry volume, thereby preventing
sedimentation in mud circuit.
5. Ensuring free flow of concrete from tremie pipes to allow
complete displacement by fresh concrete without affecting
development of bond with soil and reinforcement.
6. Aid sedimentation in tanks and permit the separation of solids
in shaker screens or cyclones.
FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES
 BENTONITE DRILLING FLUID
BENTONITE GUAGED BY THE FOLLOWING,

 Density of bentonite slurry

 Viscosity of bentonite slurry
 Liquid Limit of Bentonite Powder
 pH value of bentonite slurry
 Gel strength of bentonite slurry
 Sand content of bentonite slurry
 Swelling Index of Bentonite powder
 Filter Cake of bentonite slurry

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 BENTONITE DRILLING FLUID
CHARACTERISTICS OF BENTONITE SUSPENSION
STAGES
READY BEFORE TEST
PROPERTY UNITS
FRESH FOR CONCRETIN EQUIPMENT
USE G
DENSITY G/ml <1.10 <1.25 <1.15 MUD BALANCE
MARSH SEC 32 TO 50 32 TO 60 32 TO 50 MARSH
VISCOSITY FUNNEL
(946 ML)

FLUID LOSS ML <30 <50 N.A FILTER PRESS

(30 MIN)

pH 7 to 11 7 to 12 N.A pH meter
SAND % N.A N.A <4 SAND
CONTENT CONTENT SET

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 BENTONITE - TESTING

DENSITY CHECK BY MUD

BALANCE

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 BENTONITE - TESTING

VISCOSITY CHECK BY MARSH

CONE VISCOMETER

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 ALTERNATE TO BENTONITE

DRILLING POLYMER

POLYMER BASED SLURRIES HAVE EMERGED IN

RECENT YEARS AS ATTRACTIVE
ALTERNATIVES TO CONVENTIONAL WATER
BASED OR OIL BASED MINERAL SLURRIES
(BENTONITE, ATTAPULGITE) FOR DRILLING.

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 ALTERNATE TO BENTONITE
ADVANTAGES OF DRILLING POLYMER
• MIXES EASILY IN BOTH FRESH AND SALTWATER.

• ALLOWS FOR FASTER DRILLING.

• NON-FERMENTING AND NONTOXIC.

• REDUCES WEAR ON PUMP AND BITS; UNLIKE

BENTONITE, POLYMER SLURRY WILL ALWAYS

WEIGH APPROXIMATELY THE SAME AS WATER,

THEREFORE REQUIRING LOWER PUMP RATE.

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 ALTERNATE TO BENTONITE
ADVANTAGES OF DRILLING POLYMER
• ELIMINATING SWELLING IN MOST CLAYS
AND SHALES.
• RAPIDLY SETTLES CUTTINGS IN BOTTOM OF
PIT.
• REDUCES FLUID LOSS.
• CAN BE READILY BROKEN DOWN FOR EASY
DISPOSAL.
• ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY.

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 BORED CAST IN SITU PILE
WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

Slump
Typical Condition
Minimum (mm) Maximum (mm)
Concrete placed into 75 125
water free shaft
Where concrete is to be 150 200
placed by tremie under
drilling fluid

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 BORED CAST IN SITU PILE
• ADVANTAGE
• ANY SIZE, LENGTH POSSIBLE
• LENGTHY PILES WITHOUT MUCH STRAIN ON COST
• SUITABLE FOR BOULDER FORMATION
• LESS COST
• LESS VIBRATION
• DISADVANTAGE
• NEEDS STRICT SUPERVISION & QUALITY CONTROL
• METHOD QUITE CUMBERSOME
• DIFFICULTY DUE TO UNDERGROUND CONDITIONS
SUCH AS ARTESIAN PRESSURE, HEAVY CURRENT OF
GROUND WATER FLOW.

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 PROBLEMS IN BORED PILING
TYPE OF DEFECT CAUSE OF DEFECT PREVENTIVE MEASURE

• Hollow on the – Over-break in – Advancing temporary casing

surface of pile shaft unstable strata ahead of auger by vibratory
with associated or rotary method.
small bulbous – Drilling techniques using
projection some bentonite in suspension.
short distance – Use of permanent casing.
beneath hollow

– Advancing temporary casing

• Discontinuity in ahead of auger by vibratory
pile shaft with – Over-break in or rotary method.
associated large unstable strata
bulbous projection – Drilling techniques using
some short distance bentonite in suspension .
beneath cavity. – Use of permanent casing.

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 PROBLEMS IN BORED PILING
TYPE OF DEFECT CAUSE OF DEFECT PREVENTATIVE MEASURE
• Coarse-grained soil •Over-break in coarse • Advancing temporary casing
or debris embedded gravel of made ground ahead of auger by vibratory or
in concrete near top near ground surface rotary method.
of pile. producing sudden loss • Drilling techniques using
of concrete when bentonite in suspension .
casing is completely
extracted. • Use of permanent casing.
• Horizontal fractures
in pile shaft or • Pre-boring or multi-liner
unseating of pile •Soil displacement as
experienced with techniques.
bases from bearing
strata (pile uplift ) driven piles
or lateral
displacement of
piles

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

 PROBLEMS IN BORED PILING
TYPE OF DEFECT CAUSE OF DEFECT PREVENTIVE MEASURE
• Local reductions in
diameter of shafts
of bored or driven • Insufficient head of – Adequate head of concrete
cast-in-situ piles concrete within steel within liner.
(waisting) without liner during
associated bulbs at extraction.
greater depths.
• Low workability – Use of high workability
• Discontinuities in
pile shaft, mainly concrete or concrete mixes.
soil inclusions premature setting of – Care should be taken in hot
concrete or weather.
excessive period of – Proper planning of supplies
time between
mixing concrete and of ready-mix concrete and/or
extraction of casing use of retarders.
• Hollow on surface
of pile shaft with or liner
associated small – Provision of permanent liner
bulbous projection • Rupture of very soft
some short distance peat layers.
beneath hollow.

FOUNDATION ENGG TRAINING PROGRAM CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

THANK YOU

CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES