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Design of Superstructure PDF
Design of Superstructure PDF
Design of Superstructure
Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-1987, Section III:
Permissible Flexural Tensile stress, σst = 200 MPa
Permissible direct compressive stress, σco = 170 MPa
Page 1
Fig 1.BRIDGE CROSS-SECTION
Fig 1.BRIDGE CROSS-SECTION
25 % (for
( IRC class AA loading)
g)
Dead Load Bending Moment and Shear Force:
S.No. Item Width Depth Unit Wt Load / m run Distance Moment
(kN)
1 Railing/Parap Assumed 0.5 kN 1.525-0.100=
0.9 m 0.45 kN.m
et
2 Kerb (outer) 0.2 0.225 24 1.08 kN 1.525-0.100=
0.9 m 0.97 kN.m
0.15+0.175/2=
3 Kerb (inner) 0 0 24 0 kN 0.2375 m 0 kN.m
4 Wearing Coat 0.4 0.08 22 0.704 kN 0.150/2=
0. 50/ 0.075 m 0.05 kN.m
5 Slab 1 0.15 24 3.6 kN 1.525/2= 0.5 m 1.8 kN.m
1 0.075 24 1.8 kN 1.525/3= 0.3333 m 0.6 kN.m
Total 7.684 kN 3.875 kN.m
Dead load Shear force at theface of rib = 7.684 kN
Dead load Bending Moment at the face of rib = 3.875 kN.m
IRC Class A Loading IRC Class AA Track Loading IRC Class AA Wheel Loading
Fig. 2.a, 2.b & 2.c
IRC Class AA will not operate on the cantilever slab that shown in fig 2.b & 2.c above and Class A
Loading is to be considered and the load will be as shown in fig 2.a above.
Effective width of dispersion be is computed by equation
be = 1.2X+ bw
Here
X= 0.125 m
bw= 0.41 m
Hence
be= 0.56 m
IRC Class A Loading Load = 28.5 kN
Live Load per m width including impact = 76.339 kN
Maximum Moment due to live load = 9.5424 kNm
Average thickness of cantilever slab = 225 mm
Taking pedestrain load (LL) = 5.0 kN/m2
Eff ti width
Effective idth off slab
l b = 0
0.45
45 m
Cantilever length of slab = 1 m
Maximum Bending moment = 1.406 kN.m
Shear force at the face of slab = 2.250 kN
Total Design Shear Force = 86.3 kN
Total Design Bending Moment = 14.82 kN.m
Design of Section:
280
Modular Ratio, m = = 11.245
3 σ cbc
Page 2
280
3 σ cbc
m σ cbc
Neutral axis factor, k = = 0.3182
m σ cbc + σ st
Lever arm factor, j = 1 −
k = 0.8939
3
1
Moment of resistance coefficient, R = × k × j × σ st = 1.1804
2
d= M = 112.06 mm
Rb
Effective depth
p of slab,, pprovided = 254 mm > d reqO.K.
q
M
Area of steel required, Ast = = 326.42 mm2
σ st . j .d
Provide φ 10 mm bars @ 200 mm c/c, giving area of steel = = 393 mm2
> required, Ok.
Distribution Steel:
Distribution steel is to be provided for 0.3 times live load moment plus 0.2 times dead
load moment.
Moment = 4.06 kN.m
Effective depth 244 mm
M
Area of steel required, Ast = = 93.057 mm
2
σ st . j . d
A
k 2 = 0.5 + 0.25 ρ ≥ 1 (where ρ =
bd
s
)
= 0.500446 ≥ 1.00
Ad t
Adopt k 2 = 1
τ c = K1 × K 2 × 0 .4
= 0.3944 N/mm2 > τ v , Hence Safe
Page 3
2.2 Design of Interior Panels: The slab panel is designed by Pigeaud’s method.
B
C
A
Fig : 3 Bridge Plan
u/Bs
/B = 0 517
0.517
v/Ls = 0.837
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.0813
m2 = 0.0147
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 29.227 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 9.413 kN-m
Page 4
Fig: 4
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 29.227 kN-m
M2 = 9.413 kN-m
Fig: 4
c) Due to Live load: Class AA Wheeled Vehicle
Case-I: When two loads of 37.5 kN each and four loads of 62.5kN are placed such that two loads of
62.5kN lies at center line of pannel.
Tyre contact width (along short span), = 0.30 m
Tyre contact length (along long span), = 0.15 m
Disperced width along short span, u = 0.510 m
Disperced width along long span, V = 0.380 m
K = 0 44
0.44
Y
62.5kN
62.5kN
W2 W5
62.5kN
62.5kN
X X
W1 W4
37.5kN
37.5kN
W3 W6
Y
Fig: 5
Page 5
M2 = 21.628 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 1.490 m X 0.380 m
Loaded area = 0.566 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 183 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.745
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1157
m2 = 0.0944
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0
W(m1+0.15m2)
15m2) = 23 718 kN-m
23.718
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 20.412 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 23.718 kN-m
M2 = 20.412 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 0.966 kN-m
M2 = 0.608 kN-m
Bending moment due to load W3: 37.5 kN Wheel load is placed unsymmetrical wrt the X-X
Intensity of loading, q = 193.47 kN/m2
Considering loaded area 1.710 x 0.380 m
Loaded area = 0.650 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 126 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.855
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1036
m2 = 0.08325
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 14.598 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2)
W(0 15m1+m2) = 12 423 kN-m
12.423
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 14.598 kN-m
M2 = 12.423 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 0.69 m X 0.380 m
Loaded area = 0.262 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 51 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs
/B = 0 345
0.345
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1765
m2 = 0.1312
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 9.957 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2)
( ) = 8.002 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 9.957 kN-m
M2 = 8.002 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 2.321 kN-m
M2 = 2.210 kN-m
Bending moment due to load W4: 62.5 kN Wheel load is placed unsymmetrical wrt the Y-Y
Intensity of loading, q = 322.45 kN/m2
Page 6
Considering loaded area 2.780 x 0.510 m
Loaded area = 1.418 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 457 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.618
v/Ls = 0.255
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1168
m2 = 0.0648
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 57.832 kN-m
Moment along long span,
span
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 37.628 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 57.832 kN-m
M2 = 37.628 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 2.02 m X 0.510 m
Loaded area = 1.030 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 332 kN
R i k=B
Ratio, Bs/Ls
/L = 0 44
0.44
u/Bs = 0.449
v/Ls = 0.255
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1353
m2 = 0.0712
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2)
( ) = 48.480 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 30.386 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 48.480 kN-m
M2 = 30.386 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 4.676 kN-m
M2 = 3 621 kN-m
3.621
Bending moment due to load W5:
Wheel load is placed unsymmetrical wrt the Both X-X and Y-Y
For X- X Axis
W = 62.5 kN
Intensity of loading, q = 322.45 kN/m2
Considering loaded area 2.000 x 0.380 m
Loaded area = 0.760 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 245 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 1.000
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.0935
m2 = 0.0742
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 25.650 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 21.628 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 25.650 kN-m
M2 = 21.628 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 1.490 m X 0.380 m
Loaded area = 0.566 m2
Page 7
Total applied load = q x area = 183 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.745
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1157
m2 = 0.0944
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 23.718 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 20.412 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
continuity
M1 = 23.718 kN-m
M2 = 20.412 kN-m
Moment Along X-X
M1 = 0.966 kN-m
M2 = 0.608 kN-m
For Y- Y Axis
W = 62.5 kN
Intensity of loading, q = 322.45 kN/m2
Considering loaded area 2.780 x 0.510 m
Loaded area = 1.418 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 457 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.618
v/Ls = 0.255
From the Pigeaud
Pigeaud’ss curve,
m1 = 0.1168
m2 = 0.0648
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 57.832 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 37.628 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 57 832 kN-m
57.832 kN m
M2 = 37.628 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 2.020 m X 0.51 m
Loaded area = 1.030 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 332 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.449
v/Ls = 0.255
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1353
m2 = 0.0712
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 48.480 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 30.386 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 48.480 kN-m
M2 = 30.386 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 4.676 kN-m
M2 = 3.621 kN-m
Resultent Moment
M1 = 5.642 kN-m
M2 = 4.230 kN-m
Page 8
Bending moment due to load W6:
Wheel load is placed unsymmetrical wrt the Both X-X and Y-Y
For X X Axis
X-X
W = 37.5 kN
Intensity of loading, q = 193.47 kN/m2
Page 9
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 34.699 kN-m
M2 = 22.577 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 2.020 m X 0.510 m
Loaded area = 1.030 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 199 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.449
v/Ls = 0.255
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1353
m2 = 0 0712
0.0712
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 29.088 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 18.231 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 29.088 kN-m
M2 = 18.231 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 2.806 kN-m
M2 = 2.173 kN-m
Resultent Moment
M1 = 5.127
M2 = 4.383
Total Moment Due to IRC Class AA Wheeled Vechicle
Moment along short span,M1 = 32.309 kN
kN-m
m
Moment along long span,M2 = 25.539 kN-m
c) Due to Live load: Class A Loading
IRC Class A Loading: For maximum bending moment one wheel of 57kN should be placed at the
centre of span and other at 1.2 m from it as shown. Neglecting small eccentricity of 80mm.
Tyre contact length along short span, Y = 0.5 m
Tyre contact length along long span, X = 0.25 m
Imaginary load W3 = W2 is placed on the other side of W1 to make loading symmetrical.
Due to loads W2 & W3 Bending moment at center of panel will be that due to load W1 and half.
Page 10
Y
57kN
57kN
X X
W1 W2
Fig: 6
Page 11
m2 = 0.0552
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 33.081 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 17.751 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 33.081 kN-m
M2 = 17.751 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 3.798 kN-m
M2 = 2.702 kN-m
350kN 350kN
Fig 7.a
Dispertion in the direction of span, = 1.45 m
For maximum shear, load is kept such that whole dispersion is in the span. That is at 0.725 m
from the edge of beam. 0.3
Fig 7
7.b
b
Dispersion width in the direction of span = 0.900 m
Loads are placed such that outermost load is at distance of
x = 0.450 m from edge of the beam.
bw = 0.31
57kN 57kN
Page 13
Fig 7.c
Fig 7.c
Shear force due to load W1: 57 kN
Dispersion width in the direction of short span = 1.1 m
For maximum shear force, the load should be placed at distance of 0.55 m from web
of girder. In this position second load will be as shown.
x
Effective width for first wheel = αx 1 − + bw
l
Where, x= 0.55 m
bw=
bw 0.41 m
L/B= 2.3 α= 2.6
Therefore, Effective width = 1.447 m
But distance between axels is 1.2 m and hence effective width overlaps.
Average effective width / wheel = 1.32 m
Load W1 = 57.00 kN
Load per meter width of slab = 43.07 kN/m
And shear force = 32.30 kN
Shear force including impact & continuity = 32 30
32.30 kN
Design of Section:
Total Design Bending Moments,
M1 = 34.69 kN-m
M2 = 26.32 kN-m
Total Design Shear force,
S.F. = 52.23 kN
Effective depth required,
M
d= = 171 4 mm
171.4
Rb
Use 30 mm Clear cover & 12 mm dia
Effective depth available = 184 mm O.K.
Area of steel required along short span,
M
Ast = = 1055 mm2
σ st × j × d
Check for minimum area of steel:
Page 14
Min. area of steel @ 264 mm2
Provide ø 12 mm bars 100 mm c/c at both top and bottom, giving area of
steel = 1130.4 mm2 > required.
Effective depth for long span = 173 mm
Area of steel required along long span,
M
Ast = = 851 mm2
σ st × j × d
Provide ø 12 mm bars 100 mm c/c at both top and bottom, giving area of
steel = 1130.4 mm2 > required.
τv = Vu 2
Nomin = 0.284 N/mm
b× d
Provided percentage area of tensile steel = 0.51 %
Permissible shear stress, Κ×τc = 1.16 x 0.313 = 0.363 N/mm2 >
O.K.
Let the over all depth of the longitudinal girder be 2000 mm, the depth of its rib will
= 1.78 m
Weight of Rib per m = 17.09 kN/m
Dead load due to deck
Dead load from each cantilever portion (refer design of cantilever slab)
= 7.68 kN/m
2
Dead load of slab & Wearing coat = 7.04 kN/m
Total Dead load per m from deck = 51.98 kN/m
This load is borne by all the three girders
Dead Load per girder due to Deck Slab = 17.33 kN/m
Fig : 8 RB
RA
Total UDL = 34.413333 kN/m
RA= RB = 449.824 kN
Bending Moment (BM)
Page 15
BM at Centre of span = 2654.707 kNm
BM at ¼ th of span = 2064.758 kNm
th
BM at 3/8 Span = 2492.474 kNm
th
BM att 1/8 Span = 1157 748 kNm
1157.748 kN
3.2 Calculation of live load moment and shear force on longitudinal girder:
W1 W1
Fig 9
Fig.
2 W1 3I
Reaction factor for Outer Girder, RA = 1 + × 2 . 4 × 0 . 35 = 0.81 W1
3 2I × (2.4 )2
W1 W1 W1 W1
Page 16
W1 W1 W1 W1
Fig. 10
RA= 4 W1 3I
1 + × 2 .4 × 0 .1 = 1.625 W2
2I × (2.4 )
2
3
4W 1
RB = [1 + 0 ] = 1.333 W2
3
If W be the axel load, then wheel load W2 = W/2
Then reaction factor, RA = 0.813 W
RB = 0.667 W
Bending
g Moment due to Live load: IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle
x
Ordinate of Bending Moment at considered section, M x = 1 − x
L
Leff= 24 m
Leff
3.6m
700 kN
5.1 6
RA RB
Fig. 11a: ILD for BM at L/ 2
3.6m
700 kN
4.5 4.95
5.63
3*Leff / 8
RA RB
Fig. 11b: ILD for BM at 3L/ 8
Bending Moment = 1855 7
1855.7
kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Outer Girder = 829.3 kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Inner Girder = 680.4 kNm
Leff
3.6m
700 kN
Page 17
Leff / 4
700 kN
3.15
Leff / 4
4.500 4.05
RA RB
Fig. 11c: ILD for BM at L/ 4
Bending Moment = 1500.1 kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Outer Girder = 670.3460 kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Inner Girder = 550.0275 kNm
3.6m
700 kN
1.050 2.400
Leff / 8 2.625
RA RB
Fig. 11d: ILD for BM at L/ 8
Bending Moment = 881.2 kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Outer Girder = 393.792 kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Inner Girder = 323.11 kNm
Bending Moment due to Live load: IRC Class A Loading
The influence line diagram for bending moment is shown in figure.
Effective span of girder, le = 24 m
Loads Values Unit Loads Values
W1 27 kN W5 68 kN
W2 27 kN W6 68 kN
W3 114 kN W7 68 kN
W4 114 kN W8 68 kN
6.00
RA RB
X= 12 Fig. 12a: ILD for BM at L/ 2
Page 18
Total Bending Moment including impact for Inner Girder = 1509.84 kN-m
5.625
RA X= 9.0 RB
Fig. 12b: ILD for BM at 3L/ 8
Load Nos
Nos. Load Values kN Position from IL Ordinate Moment Component
Maximum
W1 27 -4.30 2.938 79.31
W2 27 -3.20 3.625 97.88
W3 114 0.00 5.625 641.25
W4 114 1.20 5.175 589.95
W5 68 5.50 3.563 242.25
W6 68 8.50 2.438 165.75
W7 68 11 50
11.50 1 313
1.313 89 25
89.25
W8 68 14.50 0.188 12.75
Total = 1918.39 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Outer Girder = 1792.49 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Inner Girder = 1470.76 kN-m
X1= 1.7
4.50
RA X= 6 RB
Fig 12c: ILD for BM at L/ 4
Fig.
2.625
X= 3
RA RB
Fig. 12d: ILD for BM at L/ 8
Page 19
Fig. 12d: ILD for BM at L/ 8
Absolute Maximum BM
Calc lation of bending moment at the load point which
Calculation hich is eq
equidistance
idistance from res
resultant
ltant
Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 6m Leff= 24 m
R
W1=27kN W2=27kN W3=144kN W4=144kN W5=68kN W6=68kN W7=68kN
6
RA x= 12 RB
Fig. 12e: ILD for BM at L/ 2 / Absolute Maximum BM
Page 20
Shear Force due to Live load: IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle.
At Support
Effective span of girder, le = 24 m
Load Class AA Tracked vehicle W1= 350 kN
For maximum shear at support, load should be as near the support as possible.
The length of the load is 3.6m, the SF will be max. when the C. G. of the load is placed at a distance of 1/2*3.6=
1.8m From the support along its length, thus the load will lies between the support & the Ist Intermediate
X-girder, the width of track being 0.85m, the CG of load will thus lie at a distance of 1.2+0.85/2=1.625 m
from kerb of footpath Load act at a distance of 1.8 m from support A, B and C
L= 4.8 m C/C Distance of L Girder= 2.4 m
X= 1.8 X1= 3.0 a= 0.6 b= 1.025
C= 1.625 d= 2.05 f= 2.050 e= 0.35
g= 1.375 h= 0.675 i= 1.725
L
Loads on Girders,
kerb Line
PA= 0.573 W1
a
CL of outer L Girder RQ'
PB = 1.146 W1 A Q Q
c
b
PC = 0.281 W1
Ist X- Girder
Reaction at support,
C/C
f
RA = 0.358 W1
g
d
RQ =
irder
0.215 W1
e
B CL of inner L Girder R RR' R
-G
RB = 0.716 W1
h
mediateX
RR = 0.430 W1
C/C
C/C
RC =
Interm
0 176
0.176 W1
i
RS = 0.105 W1 RS' S
C S
CL of outer L Girder
a
kerb Line
X X1
Fig. 13
The loads on the cross girder i.e. RQ, RR & RS are to be distributed by normal Courbon's theory.
Total load, ∑W = W1 = 0.750
C.G. of loads from Q = 2.05 m
Eccentricity, e = 0.35 m
Reaction factor for outer girder,
FQ = 0.305 W1
in this case xi=2.4 m
and ∑xi2=(2.4)2+(0)2+(2.4)2= 2 x (2.4)2
Reaction factor for inner girder,
FR = 0.250 W1
in this case xi=0 m
It may be seen that the reaction FQ and FR act as load at 1/3 span of outer longitudinal girder and inner longitudinal
girder respectively. The reactions at support A and B due to those loads are
RA due to FQ = 0.24375 W1
RB due to FR = 0.200 W1 `
Total reaction on outer Girder = 0.602 W1
Total reaction on inner Girder = 0.916 W1
Max shear at support including impact for outer girder = 231.7 kN
Max shear at support including impact for inner girder = 352.7 kN
At Intermediate Section
Effective span of girder, le = 24.0 m
Ordinate of Bending SF at considered section, SF x
At Left = x
1 −
L
x
At Right = 1 − 1 −
L
Page 21
Shear at 1/8th span
Calculation of bending moment at L/8 = 3 m, when load Placed at Just Right of L/8
Ordinate of Influence line at Left = 0.875 m
O di t off Influence
Ordinate I fl line
li att Right
Ri ht = 0.125
0 125 m L ff 24
Leff= m
x= 3 a'= 0.125 a= 0.875 b= 0.725
3.6m
a' 350 kN
a b
S.F. = 280 kN
S.F. including impact for outer girder = 125.13 kN
S.F. including impact for inner girder = 102.667 kN
a b
S.F. = 236.25 kN
S.F. including impact for outer girder = 105.574 kN
S.F. including impact for inner girder = 86.625 kN
3.6m
350 kN
a'
a b
RA RB
Fig. 14c
14cILDof
ILD of SF
SFat
at 3L/ 8 of Span
S.F. = 192.5 kN
S.F. including impact for outer girder = 86.023 kN
S.F. including impact for inner girder = 70.583 kN
3.6m
a' 350 kN
a b
RA RB
Fig. 14d ILD of SF at L/ 2 of Span
Page 22
Shear Force due to Live load: IRC Class A Load.
The influence line diagram for shear force is shown in figure.
Effective span of girder, le = 24.0 m
Loads Values Loads Values
W1 27 kN W5 68 kN
W2 27 kN W6 68 kN
W3 114 kN W7 68 kN
W4 114 kN W8 68 kN
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Calculation of Shear Force at Support = 24.0 m, when load W3
Ordinate of Influence line y3= 1 Leff= 24.0 m
Y7 Y8
Y5 Y6
Y3 Y4
RA RB
Fig. 15a: ILD for SF at Support
Y7 Y8
Y5 Y6
Y3 Y4
Y3'
Y1 Y2 Y5 Y6 Y7
Y4 Y8
Y3
Y3'
Y1 Y2 Y5 Y6 Y7
Y4 Y8
Y3
Y3'
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y7
Y6
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W3 114 0 Y3= 0.500 57.00
W4 114 1.20 Y4= 0.450 51.30
W5 68 5.50 Y5= 0.271 18.42
W6 68 8.50 Y6=
Y6 0.146 9.92
W7 68 11.50 Y7= 0.021 1.42
Total = 119.49 kN
Total SF including impact for Outer Girder = 111.65 kN
Total SF including impact for Inner Girder = 91.61 kN
Design of Section:
Total Design Bending Moments and Shear Forces for Outer Girder:
Section Bending Moment (kN(kN-m)m) Shear Forces (kN)
Due to Due to LL Total Due to DL Due to LL Total
DL
X=0 0.00 0.00 0.000 437.536 355.966 793.502
X = L/8 1157.75 393.79 1551.540 334.296 280.359 614.655
X = L/4 2064.76 670.35 2735.104 218.768 234.439 453.207
X = 3L/8 2492.47 829.26 3321.735 115.528 169.733 285.261
X = L/2 2654.71 1736.11 4390.817 0.000 111.646 111.646
Total Design Bending Moments and Shear Forces for Inner Girder:
Section Bending Moment (kN-m) Shear Forces (kN)
Due to Due to LL Total Due to DL Due to LL Total
DL
X=0 0.00 0.000 0.000 437.54 352.72 790.252
X = L/8 1157.75 323.111 1480.859 334.30 230.04 564.334
X = L/4 2064.76 550.028 2614.79 218.77 192.36 411.128
X = 3L/8 2492.47 680.419 3172.89 115.53 139.27 254.796
X = L/2 2654.71 1424.50 4079.21 0.00 91.61 91.607
Design of Outer Girder:
Overall depth of beam, D = 2000 mm
Rib width, bw = 400 mm
Flange width of T-beam will be,
bf = bw + 1/5 x lo 2.5 m > 2.4 m
Therefore width of flange, bf = 2400 mm
170 mm from bottom of T-beam to the centre of gravity of rod
rod,
d= 1830
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Check for stresses:
Calculation of depth of neutral axis:
Assuming that the
effective area in of compression and tension sides about neutral axis, we get
½ × bw × xa2 + (bf – bw) × Df × (xa – Df/2) = m × Ast × (d – xa)
Solving, we get, xa = 482 mm
Let compressive stress in concrete at top of flange = σ
And compressive stress in concrete at bottom of flange = σ'
x − D
Then, σ’ = a f
× σ = 0.543 σ
xa
Position of C.G. of compressive stress in flange from top, x1
σ + 2σ ' D f
= × = 99.1 mm
σ +σ' 3
Compressive force in flange, C1 = ½ x(σ +σ ')x Bf x Df
= 407402 σ
d
Critical Neutral axis depth, nd = = 582.3 mm < xa
1 +
σ st
m σ c
Moment of resistance of the section is given by
σ +σ 1 −
Mr = bf × d f ×
× d − y = 699626722.86 σ
2
Asv × σ st × d
Spacing, S = = 181 mm c/c
Vs
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Vs
As per minimum shear reinforcement requirements, maximum spacing,
σ st × Asv
Smax = = 283 mm c/c.
0.4 × b w
Hence provide φ 12 mm, 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 100 mm c/c at support.
Design summary:
Area of steel required and provided at different sections of Outer girder are given in below:
Tension Reinforcement (Fe 415):
Section BM Area of Steel Required Area of Steel Provided
No. Dia. Area
16 32
L/2 4390.82 KNm 13420 mm2 13843 mm2
2 25
3L/8 3321.73 KNm 10153 mm2 14 32 11254 mm2
L/4 2735.10 KNm 8360 mm2 12 32 9646 mm2
L/8 1551.54 KNm 4742 mm2 10 32 8038 mm2
Support 0.00 KNm 0 mm2 10 32 8038 mm2
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4 0 Design of Cross Girder:
4.0
Dead Load
Overall Depth of cross girder = 1.5 m 2.4
Width of cross girder = 0.3 m
Self weight of cross girder= 9.216 kN/m 4.8
Fig. 19
Reaction on each longitudinal girder = 189.58 kN
Maximum B.M. occurs under the load, = 260.68 kNm
Bending moment including impact = 286.74 kNm
Dead Load Bending Moment at the section, = 1.8876 kNm
C
Cross girder
i d isi designed
d i d as T-Beam.
TB
Assuming effective depth, d = 1450.00 mm
M
Area of tension steel required = = 1113.37 mm2
σ st × j × d
Minimum area of tension steel in beam @ 0.2 % of web area =
900 mm2 < 1113.4 mm2
Hence provide 3 nos. of φ 25 mm bars + 0 nos.of φ 20
bars having area of steel = 1472 mm2 .
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D i for
Design f shear:
h
V
Nominal shear stress, τv = = 2 2
0.51 N/mm < τmax = 1.9 N/mm O.K.
B × d
Provided percentage area of tension steel, p = 0.33 %
2
Permissible shear stress, τc = 0.275 N/mm2 < 0.51 N/mm O.K.
Shear reinforcement is required. Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry
a shear force of
Vus = Vu - tc . bw . D = 139433 N
Assuming φ 10 mm 2-legged vertical stirrups having area of steel, Asv = 157 mm2
Asv × σ st × d
Spacing, S = = 327 mm c/c
Vus
As per minimum shear reinforcement requirements, maximum spa 10 mm 2 legged
0.87fy × Asv
vertical stirrups, = 472 mm
0.4 × b w
Hence provide φ 10 mm 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 150 mm c/c through out the length of
end cross girder and 10 mm 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 150 mm c/c through out the length
of intermediate cross girder.
According IRC 83-part II it is reccomended use of elastomeric bearins of size (250X400X50 ) mm embedding 5
plates of 3mm thickness and 6 mm clearance in plan G= 1 kN/mm2 For Vertical Load 793 50 kN
793.50
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