1

,e;jpa murpayikg;G

murpayikg;G vd;why; vd;d>

xU ehl;L kf;fis Ml;rp GhpAk; mbg;gilahd murpay;

Kiwiaf; $WtNj me;ehl;bd; murpayikg;G MFk;. murpd;
jiyaha mq;fq;fshfpa rl;lkpaw;Wk; rig> eph;thfk;> ePjpj;Jiw
Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;J> mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;J>
nghWg;Gfisg; gFj;J> gu];guk; mtw;Wf;F ,ilNaAk;> mtw;Wld;
kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s cwTfis newpg;gLj;JtNj murpayikg;G MFk;.

murpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfs;

1. 1922y; kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,e;jpah;fSf;nfd murpay; rl;lk;

cUthf;f Ntz;Lnkd fUjpdhh;.

2. Nk 16 1946 - fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO murpay; eph;za rigia

Fwpj;J mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ.

3. 9 brk;gh; 1946 - lhf;lh;. rr;rpjhde;j; rpd;`h ,e;jpa murpay;

eph;za rigapd; jw;fhypf jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
4. 11 brk;gh; 1946 - lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; ,e;jpa murpay;
eph;za rigapd; epue;ju jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
5. ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig 13 FOf;fis mikj;jJ.

6. Njhuhakhd tiuT tp.vd;. uht; mth;fshy; jahhpf;fggl;lJ.

7. Murpayikg;G Kd;Djhuzq;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; %d;W

thpirfspy; jug;gl;l me;jg; gpd;dzp tptuq;fspy; Rkhh; mWgJ
 2

ehLfspd; murpay; rl;lq;fspd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs; njhFj;Jj;

jug;gl;bUe;jd. lhf;lh;. gp.Mh;. mk;ngj;fh; jiyikapy; murpay;
rl;l tiut[f;F xd;W 1947 Mf];l; 29Mk; njjp
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.

8. tiuTf;FO 7 cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;lJ.

jiyth;: gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh;
kw;w cWg;gpdh;fs;: Nfhghy];thkp Ia;aq;fhh;> Myb
fpU~;z];thkp Iah;> Nf.vk;. Kd;rp> iraJ KfkJ rJyh> vd;.
khjtuht;> b.b. fpU~;zkhr;rhhp.

9. 1949 etk;gh; 26Mk; Njjp murpay; eph;za rig thapyhf ,e;jpa

,iwahz;ik kf;fshl;rpf; Fbaurpd; murpayikg;ig ,e;jpa
kf;fs; ,aw;wp Vw;W nfhz;L jkf;Fj;jhNk mspj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.
murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; ,khyag; gzpia %d;W
Mz;LfSf;Fs;shfNt murpay; eph;zarig ntw;wpfukhf
epiwNtw;wptpl;lJ.

10. 1950 [dthp 26k; Njjp Kjy; nfhz;L ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %yq;fs;

%yq;fs; filgpbf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs;

1935k; Mz;L ,e;jpa murhq;f murpayikg;gpy; fpl;lj;jl;l 75%
rl;lk; ,jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. Ml;rp
mikg;gpd; mbg;gil> khepy
cwTfis newpg;gLj;JtJ>
mtru epiy gpufldk;.
Ihp~; murpay; mikg;G NewpKiw Nfl;ghLfs;. FbauR
 3

jiyth; Njh;th;> uh[;a rigapd;

epakd cWg;gpdh;fs; FbauR
jiytuhy; Njh;en; jLf;fg;gLtJ.
fdlh murpay; mikg;G $l;luR mikg;G> xd;wpa khepy
muRfSf;F ,ilNaahd cwT>
mjpfhug; gfph;T
M];jpNuypa murpay; mikg;G xd;wpa-khepyg; nghJg;gl;bay;>
xd;wpa-khepy cwT> thzpfk;>
ehlhSkd;w chpikfs;
n[h;kd; murpay; mikg;G mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ
mbg;gil chpikfis ePfF; tJ
A.v];.v. murpay; mikg;G $l;lhl;rp> ePjpj;Jiwapd;
jdpTAhpik> ePjpj;Jiwapd;
kWghprPyid> mbg;gil
chpikfs;> cah; ePjpkd;w> cr;r
ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis ePfF
; tJ
Fwpj;J
gphpl;b~; murpay; mikg;G xw;iwf;FbTAhpik> rl;lj;jpd;
Ml;rp> rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Kiw.

Kfg;Giu

nghUs;: Kfg;Giu vdg;gLtJ> ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J

itf;Fk; gFjpahFk;. NkYk; mr;rl;lj;jpd; nfhs;iffis Ghpe;J
nfhs;sTk;> rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fUj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; rl;lj;jpd;
Kfg;Giu nghpJk; cjTfpwJ.

hP ngUghhp tof;fpy; “Kfg;GiuahdJ murpayikg;gpd; xU

gFjp MfhJ” vd $wg;gl;lJ. (1960)
 4

Nfrthde;jghujp tof;fpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ngUghhp tof;fpd;

fUj;jpid kWj;J Kfg;GiuahdJ murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjpNa
MFk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. (1973)

1976k; Mz;by; 42tJ murpay; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,j;jpUj;jk; Kfg;Giuapy; %d;W nrhw;fis GFj;jp cs;sJ. mjhtJ
rkjh;knewp> rkar; rhh;gpd;ik> kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL.

,e;jpah kw;Wk; mjd; vy;iyfs;: gFjp 1 ~uj;J xd;wpypUe;J

ehd;F tiu

FbThpik - gFjp 2 ~uj;J Ie;J Kjy; gjpndhd;W tiu

FbThpik rl;lk; 1955y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. NkYk; 1986k; Mz;L

,r;rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.

mbg;gil chpikfs; (~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjp-

gFjp-3)

mbg;gil chpikfspd; tifg;ghL:

1. rkj;Jt chpik (~uj;Jfs; 14-18)

2. Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 19-22)
3. Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd chpik (~uj;Jfs; 23-24)
4. rka Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 25-28)
5. fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; chpikfs; (~uj;Jfs; 29-30)
6. murpayikg;G jPht; opfs; ngw chpik (~uj;Jfs; 32-35)

Nkw;gb mbg;gil chpikfspy; nrhj;Jhpik ePff

; g;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjdhy; ~uj;J 19(i) (f) k; ~uj;J 31k; murpay; mikg;gpypUe;J
vL;fg;gl;L ~uj;J 300A = apy; NrHf;ff;gl;Ls;sJ.
 5

,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; mbg;gil chpikfs;

mikf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fNk rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp eilngw Ntz;Lk;.

rpWghd;ikNahh; eyd; ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ mbg;gil
chpikfspd; kw;nwhU Nehf;fkhFk;. muR kw;Wk; muR rk;ge;jg;gl;l
Jiwfs; jiyapLk;NghJjhd;> mbg;gil chpikfspd; Njitg;ghL
vOk;. MjhtJ mbg;gil chpikfis muRf;F vjpuhfj; jhd;
vOg;g KbAk;. jdp kdpj nray;fSf;F vjpuhf mbg;gil
chpikfisf; Nfhu KbahJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy;> ePjpKiw kWrPuha;T mjpfhuk; gw;wp 13>
32> 226 Nghd;w ~uj;Jfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

~uj;J 14 “rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkj;Jtk;” kw;Wk; “rl;lq;fspd; %yk;
rk ghJfhg;G” vd;w ,U nrhw;nwhlh;fSk;> ePjpapd; Ml;rpiaAk;
rkePjpiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. “rl;lj;jpd;Kd; rkj;Jtk;” vd;gjpy;
xUikapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s “rl;lk;” vd;gJ> ilrp vd;gth;
Fwpg;gpl;l ePjpapd; Ml;rp my;yJ rl;lf; Nfhl;ghL my;yJ ePjpf;
Nfhl;ghL vd;gijNa Fwpf;Fk;.

~uj;J 15 rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy;> gpwg;gpl NtWghLfspdhy;
ghugl;rk; fhl;lhik.

~uj;J 16 rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy;> tk;rhtop> gpwg;gpl> ,Ug;gpl
NtWghLfspdhy; kl;Lk; muRg;gjtpia my;yJ Ntiyiag; ngwj;
jFjp ,y;iy vd;W ve;jf; FbkfDf;Fk; ghugl;rk; fhl;lf;$lhJ.

1992k; Mz;L etk;gh; 16k; Njjp kz;ly; fkp~d; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb
r%fhPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; gpd;jq;fpa gphptpdUf;F 27
tpOf;fhL ,lxJf;fL P nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

~uj;J 17 jPzl
; hik xopg;G - jPzl
; hikr; rl;lk; 1955> gpd;dh;
,jidNa ‘rptpy; chpikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;’ vd 1976y;
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 6

~uj;J 18 ‘gl;lq;fs; xopg;G’ vdpDk; uhZtj;jpYk; fy;tpj;

JiwapYk; rhjid GhpNthUf;Fg; gl;lq;fs; toq;Ftjw;F
tpjptpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

~uj;J 19 Rje;jpu chpik

19 (1)
a. Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L Rje;jpuk;
b. MAjq;fs; ,y;yhky; mikjpahff; $l;lk; $Ltjw;Fr;
Rje;jpuk;
c. rq;fq;fs; mikg;gjw;Fr; Rje;jpuk;
d. ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gFjpf;Fs; vy;yh ,lq;fSf;Fk; Ngha;
tUtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
e. ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; trpf;fTk;
FbapUg;gjw;Fk; Rje;jpuk;
g. ve;jj; njhopiyNah> tpahghuj;ijNah> thzpfj;ijNah
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;

1978Mk; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;l 44tJ murpay; rl;l

jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;G nrhj;JhpikahdJ ~uj;J 31d; fPo; xU
mbg;gil chpikahf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; rpf;fy;fs; gy vOe;jjhy;>
44tJ murpay; rl;l jpUj;jkhdJ nfhz;Ltug;gl;L> mbg;gil
chpikahf ,Ue;j nrhj;Jhpik> ~uj;J 300d; fPo; rhjhuz
chpikahf;fg;gl;lJ. ~uj;J 31 ePff
; k; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Fw;wq;fSf;Fj; jz;lidaspg;gJ Fwpj;j ghJfhg;G: ~uj;J 20
,e;jg; gphpT kpf Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; mtru
epiyapd; NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j
chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ vd;W murpayikg;gpd; 42tJ
jpUj;jr; rl;lk; $WfpwJ.

~uj;J 21 capUf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; ghJfhg;G:
rl;lj;jpdhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwg;gb my;yhky; ve;j xU
 7

eghpd; capiuAk; jdpr; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; gwpf;f KbahJ vd;W

murpayikg;gpd; 21MtJ gphpT cj;juthjkspf;fpwJ. ,JTk;
mtru epiyapd;NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j
chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ.

~uj;J 22 ifJ nra;ag;gLtjw;Fk;> fhtypy; itf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;
vjpuhd ghJfhg;G.

~uj;J 22 (1) jLg;Gf;fhty; rl;lk;. MNyhridf;FO NghJkhd
fhuzk; ,Ug;gjhff; $wpdhy; xopa ve;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gbAk; jLg;G
%d;W khjq;fSf;F Nky; Nghf mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ. mj;Jld;>
jLg;Gf; fhtYf;F tifnra;Ak; ve;jr; rl;lkhdhYk;> mjpfgl;rk;
vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;Fj; jLg;Gf; fhtypy; itf;fyhk; vd;gijAk;
fz;bg;ghff; $wpahf Ntz;Lk;.

~uj;J 23 Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G. rl;ltpNuhjkhf
kdpjh;fis tpahghuk; nra;tJ> ‘ngfh;’ eph;gg
; e;jg;gLj;jp Ntiy
thq;FtJ Nghd;w Ruz;ly;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ.

~uj;J 24 14 taJf;F cl;gl;l rpWth;fisj;
njhopw;rhiyfspNyh> Ruq;fq;fspNyh> gpw mghafukhd
njhopy;fspNyh Ntiyf;F mkh;jJ
; tijj; jil nra;fpwJ.

~uj;J 25. Fbkf;fs;> vt;tpjf; fl;Lg;ghLk; ,d;wp ve;jr;
rkaj;ijAk; Vw;fTk;> gpd;gw;wTk; gug;gTk; midtUf;Fk; Rje;jpuk;
cz;L.

~uj;J 26. vy;yh rkaj;jtUf;Fk;> rkag; gphptpdUf;Fk;> rka
kw;Wk; mwepiya mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpg; guhkhpf;f> rkak;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp~aq;fisj; jhNk eph;tfpj;Jf;nfhs;s>
nrhj;Jf;fis thq;fp eph;tfpf;fj; Njitahd mbg;gil
chpikia mspf;fpwJ.

~uj;J 27. ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l rkaj;jpd; tsh;rr
; pf;fhfTk;>
guhkhpg;gpw;fhfTk; MFk; nryTfSf;fhf thp nrYj;JkhW ve;j
xU egiuAk; fl;lhag;gLj;j KbahJ.
 8

~uj;J 28. Kw;wpYk; murhq;f epjpapy; nray;gLk; fy;tp

epWtdq;fspy; rka Nghjid $lhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.

~uj;J 29. ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapNyDk; trpf;fpd;w
Fbkf;fspd; ve;j xU gphptpdUk; jkf;nfd;W gpuj;Nafkhd
nkhopiaNah> vOj;J tbtj;ijNah> gz;ghl;ilNah
nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwg; Ngzpf;fhf;Fk; chpik
mth;fSf;F cz;L.

~uj;J 30. rpWghd;ikapdh; midtUk; - mth;fs; rkar;
rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; nkhopr; rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; - mth;fs;
tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g> fy;tp epWtdq;fis cUthf;fp eph;tfpg;gjw;F
chpikAz;L.

~uj;J 32. 1. ePjpg;Nguhiz Ntz;Lk; kDit cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
jhf;fy; nra;ahky;> xU egh; Neubahf cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpYk;
jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;. 2. murpayikg;gpd; 3tJ gFjpapy;
cj;jputhjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil chpikfs; kPwg;gLk; nghOJ>
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nguhiz ntspapl mjpfhuk; gilj;Js;sJ.

1. Ml;nfhzh;tpf;Fk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd

Kiwapy; rpiwg;gpbj;J itf;fg;gl;ltiu tpLtpf;fr; nra;a
,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.
2. nraYWj;Jk; ePjpNguhiz: nghJf;flikahd xU nraiy Xh;
mjpfhhp my;yJ $l;likg;G my;yJ fPo; ePjpkd;wk; nra;aj;
jtwpdhy; mf;flikiar; nra;a ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.
3. jilAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: fPo; ePjpkd;wNkh> Ml;rp
mjpfhhpNah jk; mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp my;yJ rl;l Kuzhf
VNjDk; eltbf;if vLj;jhy;> mij Nkw;nfhz;L elj;jhky;
nra;a> ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.
4. newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: ePjpKiw rhh;ej
;
mYty;fisr; nra;Ak; jPHg;ghaq;fs;> mjpfhhpfs;> jk; mjpfhu
tuk;ig kPwp nray;gl;lhNyh mwKiwf;F khwhf eltbf;if
 9

vLj;jhNyh mtw;iw kW Ma;T nra;J ePff ; k; nra;tjw;nfd

mit rk;ge;jkhd Mtzq;fisj; jkf;F mDg;GkhW
ePjpkd;wk; MizapLtJjhd; newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz
MFk;.
5. jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: nghJ mjpfhug; gjtpapy;
cs;stiu mth; vj;jFjpapy; mg;gjtp tfpf;fpwhh; vd;w
tpdtp> gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; Mizjhd; jFjpKiw tpdTk;
ePjpg;Nguhiz MFk;.

mbg;gilf; flikfs;

1976Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; (42tJ jpUj;jk;)

rl;lkhdJ> ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fSf;F gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfspd;
njhFg;gpid mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sJ. ,jw;fhf 51- 51-A vDk; xU
~uj;ijf; nfhz;l gFjp Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy;
gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfs;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;~uj;jpd; fPo; mg;gj;
gpd;tUkhW $wg;gLfpwJ.

gj;J Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j

~uj;jpd; fPo; mg;gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfs; gpd;tUkhW
$wg;gLfpwJ.

1. murpayikg;gpidg; gpd;gw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;>

mikg;Gfs;> Njrpaf;nfhb kw;Wk; ,tw;wpw;F khpahij
nrYj;J; jy;;
2. ekJ ehl;L tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij J}z;ba cah;ej ;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis gpd;gw;Wjy; kw;Wk; Nghw;wp tsh;jj; y;
 10

3. ,e;jpahtpd; xw;Wik> ,iwik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il

epiyepWj;jy; kw;Wk; ghJfhj;jy;
4. ehl;bidg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; nghOJ Njrpag;
gzpGhpjy;
5. rkak;> nkhop kw;Wk; tl;lhuk; my;yJ gphpT NtWghLfisf;
fle;J ,e;jpa kf;fSf;Fs; nghJ rNfhjuj;Jt czh;T kw;Wk;
,zf;fj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;; ngz;fspd; Nkd;ikiaj;
jho;jJ; fpd;w gof;fq;fisj; Jwj;jy;.
6. ekJ gy;tifahd fyhr;rhuj;jpd; cah;ej ; ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;F
kjpg;G mspj;jy; kw;Wk; NgZjy;
7. fhLfs;> Vhpfs;> MWfs; kw;Wk; td tho;fi ; f cs;spl;l
,aw;if Rw;Wg;Gw #oiy ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
kw;Wk; thOk; caphpdq;fSf;fhf ,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy;
8. Ma;twpT tpisT epiy> kdpj eyk; kw;Wk; tprhuiz czh;T
kw;Wk; rPhj
; pUj;jq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
9. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;F ghJfhg;G mspj;jy;;
10. vy;yhj; JiwfspYk;> jdpkdpjd; kw;Wk; $l;Lr; nray;ghLfspd;
Kjd;ik epiyia Nehf;fp KaYjy; kw;Wk; ,jdhy;> ehL
Kaw;rpapd; cah;gb epiy rhjidfis Nehf;fp epiyahf
caUfpwJ.

,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;

~uj;J 52. ,e;jpahtpw;F xU FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;

vd;Wk; ,th; ,e;jpa murpd; jiytuhf tpsq;Ffpwhh; vd;Wk;
murhq;fj;jpd; nrayhl;rp mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiythplk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdTk;> ,th; mt;tjpfhuj;ij ,e;jpa murpay;
mikg;Gf;Fl;gl;L NeubahfNth> jdJ fPOs;s mjpfhhpfs;
%ykhfNth nraYWj;jyhk; vd;W $WfpwJ.

jFjpfs;
 11

1. xU ,e;jpa FbkfdhfTk;
2. 35 taJ epuk;gpatuhfTk;
3. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kf;fs; rigf;Fg; Nghl;baplj; jFjp
ngw;wtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpNyh my;yJ VjhtnjhU khepy
murhq;fj;jpNyh my;yJ Nkw;fz;l murhq;fq;fspd; fPo;
,aq;Fk; VjhtnjhU tl;lhu my;yJ gpw mjpfhu mikg;gpNyh
Mjha mbg;gilapy; mike;j ve;j xU gjtpiaAk;
tfpg;gtuhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.

Cjpak;

khjr;rk;gsk; - &.1>50>000

NkYk; thlif juhky; murhq;f FbapUg;ig gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s

chpikAz;L.

Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gLk; Kiw

kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. khwhf> mth; xU

Njh;jy; FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,j;Njh;jy;
FO (m) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gl;l
cWg;gpdh;fisAk; (M) khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fPoitahd
rl;lg;Nguitapd; Njh;eJ
; vLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ,t;thW ~uj;J 54 $WfpwJ. ,j;Njh;jy;
FOtpduhy; FbauRj; jiytiuj; Njh;en ; jLf;Fk; NghJ tpfpjg;
gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLk;. cWg;gpdh;fs; mspf;Fk; Xl;L>
xw;iwkhw;W Xl;L MFk;.
 12

,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;> jhk; gjtp Vw;w jpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J 5

Mz;Lfs; njhlh;eJ; gjtp tfpf;fyhk;. xUth; vj;jid Kiw
Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpj; Njh;jYf;Fg; Nghl;baplyhk;.

“FbauRj; jiyth; kPJ gopr;rhw;WtJ” njhlh;ghd

eilKiwfis ~uj;J 61 $WfpwJ. FbauRj; jiyth; jhkhfNt
jdJ gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk;. my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
VjhtJ xU mitapy; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ehd;fpy; xU gq;F
cWg;gpdh;fSf;Ff; Fiwahj cWg;gpdh;fs; ifnahg;gkpl;l xU
jPhk
; hdj;jpd; thapyhf> FbauRj; jiyth; kPJ Fw;wQ;rhl;lyhk;.
Fw;wr;rhl;L jPhk
; hdj;jpd; efy; FbauRj; jiytUf;F mJ
njhlq;fg;gLk; 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd;ghfNt nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpwF
mj;jhP k
; hdk; rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L
gq;Ff;Ff; Fiwahj cWg;gpdh;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fis gw;wp ~uj;J 109 $WfpwJ

1. nrayhl;rpj; Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - cr;r kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;w

ePjpgjpfs; khepyq;fspd; MSeh;fs;> ml;lhh;dp n[duy;>
jzpf;ifj; jiyth;> nghJg; gzpf;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdh;fs;. jho;jj
; g;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
goq;Fbapdh;fSf;Fz;lhd jdp mYtyh;fs;> jho;jj
; g;gl;l
gFjpapd; tptuj;ij jahh; nra;Ak; FO gpw;gl;Nlhh; epiyia
MAk; FO kw;Wk; nkhop thhp rpWghd;ikapNdhUf;F jdp
mYtyh; ,th;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij FbauR jiyth;
ngw;Ws;shh;.
2. ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs;
3. J}jhz;ik mjpfhuq;fs;
4. rl;lkd;wj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mitf;
$l;lq;fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy; mitfisf; $l;Lk;
 13

mjpfhuKk;> xj;jpitf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; FbauRj; jiythplk;

cs;sJ. kf;fsitiaf; fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuKk;
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkyitahd> khepyq;fsitiaf; (uh[;a
rig) fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F
nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. NkYk;> FbauR
jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rigfspy; ciu epfo;jj ; Tk;> my;yJ
,U rigfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; ciu epfo;jj ; Tk; chpikg;
ngw;W cs;shh;. rigfSf;Fr; nra;jp mDg;Gk; chpikiaAk;
,th; ngw;Ws;shh;. (~uj;J 86) Nkyitahd khepyq;fsitf;f
12 cWg;gpdh;fisAk;> fPoitahd kf;fsitf;F 2 Mq;fpNyh
,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fisAk; epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk;
ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;.

FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh

Fwpj;J jdJ ,irtpid mspf;fyhk;. (~uj;J 111) my;yJ epWj;jp
itf;fyhk;> my;yJ gz kNrhjh jtpu rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fspy; jhk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tpguk; Fwpj;J kPzL
; k; kW ghprPyid nra;tjw;fhf
mk;kNrhjhit mitf;Nf jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;. mk;kNrhjh FbauRj;
jiythpd; Nahridg;gb jpUj;jg;gl;Nlh my;yJ jpUj;jg;glhkNyh
kPzL
; k; mtUila ,irtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhy;> FbauRj; jiyth;
jd;Dila ,irtpid mspf;f> kWf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; epjp
kNrhjhf;fisf; FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; nra;a
KbahJ.

XU rhjhuz kNrhjh Fwpj;J> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U

mitfSf;F ,ilNa Kuz;ghL vONkahapd;> mjidj; jPhj ; J
;
itf;f> ,U mitfspd; $l;L $l;lj;jpw;F Vw;ghL nra;a FbauRj;
jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L (~uj;J 108).

,;ej
; pa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh;
wpQh;
 14

murhq;fj; jpw;F rl;l rk;ge;jkhd tp~aq;fspy; MNyhrid

toq;fTk; rl;l rk;ge;jkhf ,lg;gLg; gpw gzpfis nra;aTk;
cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp Mf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfis cila
xUtiu ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQuhf FbauRj; jiytuhy;
epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. (~uj;J 76) FbauRj; jiyth; tpUk;Gk;tiu
muRj;jiyik tof;fwpQh; gjtp tfpg;ghh;. vdpDk; murhq;fj;jpd;
MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa mth; epakpf;fg;gLtjhy; Ml;rp khwpaTld;
ml;lh;dp-n[duYk; gjtp tpyFtJ xU kughf cUthfptpl;lJ.

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs; midj;jpYk; Kjypy;

jd;Dila fUj;ijf; Nfl;FkhW $Wk; chpik mtUf;F cz;L.
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mitfspYNk $l;lj;njhlhpd;
eltbf;iffspy; gq;F nfhz;L NgRfpd;w chpikAk; mtUf;F cz;L
vdpDk; jPhk
; hdq;fspd;kJ
P thf;fspf;Fk; chpik fpilahJ.
 15

ehlhSkd;wk;

FbauRj;jiyth;>; khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit vd;w ,uz;L

mitfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk;
mike;Js;sJ.

FbauRj;jiyth;:

ehlhSkd;wj;jp;y; ,uz;L mitfspd; $l;lj;njhlh;

eilngwhjNghJ> FbauRj; jiyth; cldbahfr; nray;glNtz;ba
mtrpakhd #o;epiy ,Ug;gjhf mth; jpUg;jpaile;jhy;>
ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lj;ijg; NghyNt nray;tr P R
; ila
mtrur; rl;lj;ij FbauRj;jiyth; gpwg;gp;ff
; yhk;.

khepyq;fsit:
sit

xd;wpaj;jp;d; gy;NtW mq;fq;fshfpa khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; xd;wpa

Neub Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; cs;s kf;fsp;d; kiwKf gpujpepjpj;Jt
mikg;ghf khepyq;fsit jpfo;fpwJ. kf;fs;njhif mjpfKs;s
cj;jug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J kpf mjpfgl;rkhf 34
cWg;gpdh;fSk;> kzpg;G+h;> kpN[huk;> rpf;fpk;> jphpGuh Nghd;w rpwpa
khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J jyh xU cWg;gpdUk; khepyq;fsitf;Fj;
Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. murpayikg;gpd;gb khepyq;fsitapy; 250;
- f;Fk; kpfhj cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ug;gh;. ,th;fspy; 12 Ngh;
FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;. 238 Ngh; khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;>
Neub Ml;rpg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Njh;en; jLf;fg;gLth;.

kf;fsit :

kf;fshy; Neubahfj; Njh;en

; jLg;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf;
nfhz;lJ. 18 taJ epuk;gpa ,e;jpaf; Fbkfd; xt;nthUtUk;>
 16

rl;lj;jpd;gb jFjpapog;Gr; nra;ag;glhj gl;rj;jpy;> kf;fsitj;

Njh;jypy; thf;fspf;Fk; chpik ngw;wtuhthh;. khepyq;fspy; cs;s
njhFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nehpilahfj; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs;
530 - f;F kpfhkYk;> Neub Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nehpilahfj;
Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; 20 - f;F kpfhkYk; nfhz;ljhf
kf;fsit ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W murpayikg;Gf; $WfpwJ.
NkYk;> Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa rKjhaj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; ,uz;L
cWg;gpdh;fisf; FbauRj; jiyth; kf;fsitf;F epakdk;
nra;ayhk;. ,t;thwhf> kf;fsitapy; mjpfgl;rkhf 552
cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.

ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs

jFjpfs;:;

,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khepyq;fsitf;F

cWg;gpduhf Ntz;Lkhdhy; 30 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; kf;fsitf;F
cWg;gpduhfj; Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl 25 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

kf;fsitf;Fk; khepyq;fsitf;Fk; jitth; xUtUk;,

Jizj;jiyth; xUtUk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd murpayikg;Gf;
$WfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; FbauRj; Jizj;jiytNu khepyq;fsitapd;
jiytUk; Mthh;. khepyq;fsitapd; Jizj;jiytuhf
jkf;Fs;NsNa xUtiu me;j mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;en ; jLj;Jf;
nfhs;th;. kf;fsitapd; jiytiuAk; (rghehafh;)
Jizj;jiytiuAk; (Jiz rghehafh;)> jkf;Fs;NsNa me;j
mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fNs Njh;en ; jLg;gh;.

kf;fsitj;jiytUk;> Jizj;jiytUk;> kf;fsitapd;

cWg;gpdh;fshf ePbf;f Kbahj epiyapy; gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;.
 17

,Uthpy; vtNuDk; gjtp tpyf vz;zpdhy; kw;wtUf;Fj; jkJ

gjtptpyfy; fbjj;ij mDg;g Ntz;Lk;. mth;fisg; gjtp ePff; k;
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> 14 ehl;fs; Kd;dwptpg;Gf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L
kf;fsitapd; ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdh;fsp;d; MjuNthL xU
jPhk
; hdj;ij epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. khepyq;fsitj;Jizj;
jiytiug; gjtp ePff ; k; nra;tjw;fhd ,Nj Nghd;w Vw;ghL gphpT 90-
y; nrhy;yg;gl;L cs;sJ. kf;fsitj; jiyth; njhlh;eJ ; gjtpapy;
,Ug;ghh;.

XU $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU $l;lj; njhlUf;Fk; ,ilNa

MWkhj fhy ,ilntsp ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. nghJthf xt;Nthuhz;Lk;
%d;W ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;lq;fs; eilngWk; mit 1. gl;n[l;
$l;lj;njhlh; (gpg;uthp>Nk) 2. kiof;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlh;
([{iy>nrg;lk;gh;) 3. Fsph;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlh; (etk;gh;>brk;gh;).
Mdhy; khepyq;fsitapd; gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlh; kl;Lk; %d;W-ehd;F
thufhy ,ilntspAld; ,uz;L gFjpfshf eilngw;W> xuhz;by;
ehd;F $l;lj;njhlh;fshf eilngWk;.

ve;j Xh; mitahdhYk;> mjid elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F mitapd;

nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; gj;jpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fl;lhak;
M[uhfp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gz kNrhjhf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida epjp kNrhjhf;fs; jtpu NtW

ve;j kNrhjhthdhYk; mjid VNjDk; Xh; mitapy; Kjypy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;. mt;thW mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; kNrhjh> FbauRj;
jiythpd; xg;GjYf;F mDg;gg;gLk; Kd;dh;> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L
mitfspYk;> jpUj;jq;fs; VJkpd;wpNah> ,uz;L mitfSk;
xg;Gf;nfhz;l jpUj;jq;fSlNdh> Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gz
kNrhjhitj; jtpu> VNjDk; xU kNrhjh rk;ge;jkhf ,uz;L
mitfSf;Fk; ,Wjpahff; fUj;J NtWghLfs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
 18

mtw;iwj; jPhg ; g
; jw;fhff; FbauRj; jiyth; ,uz;L mitfspd;
$l;Lf; $l;lj;ij miof;fyhk;.

gz kNrhjh:-
kNrhjh:-

xU kNrhjh> gzkNrhjhth vd;w Iak; Njhd;wpdhy;> mjpy;

kf;fsitj; jiythpd; jPhg ; N
; g ,WjpahdJ. gzkNrhjhitf; FbauR
jiythpd; xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;Gk;NghJ> mJ xU gzkNrhjh vd;W
kf;fsit jiyth; rhd;wspf;f Ntz;Lk;. gzkNrhjhitf;
FbauRj;jiythpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy;> kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk
mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;. kf;fsitapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;dh;
khepyq;fsitf;F mDg;gg;gLk; gzkNrhjhtpd; kPJ VNjDk;
jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iw 14
ehl;fSf;Fs; khepyq;fsit my;yJ VNjDk; xU jpUj;jj;ijNah>
jpUj;jq;fs; midj;ijANkh epuhfhpj;Jtplyhk;. jpUj;jq;fis
kf;fsit Vw;Wf; nfhz;lgbNa ,uz;L mitfSk; me;j kNrhjhit
Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhff; fUjg;gLk;. khepyq;fsitapy; ,Ue;J 14
ehl;fSf;Fs; me;j kNrhjh jpUg;gp mDg;gg;glhtpl;lhYk;> kf;fsit
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l tbtj;jpNyNa me;j kNrhjh ,uz;L mitfspYk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;.

Xh; cWg;gpdh; NgrpaJ Fwpj;Njh> thf;fspj;J Fwpj;Njh>

ehlhSkd;wj;ijj; jtpu NtW ve;j mjpfhu mikg;gpNyh my;yJ
ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh ve;jtpjkhd eltbf;ifAk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ
vd;W murpay; rl;lk; tpjpj;Js;sJ.

ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs; Xh; cWg;gpdh; Ngrpa Ngr;R ePjpkd;wj;ij

mtkjpg;gjhf ,Ue;jhYk;$l> ve;j xU ePjpkd;wKk; mth; kPJ
eltbf;if vLf;f KbahJ.
 19

ePjpgjpfisg; gjtp ePff

; k; nra;tjw;fhd jPhk; hdj;jpd; kPJ
NgRk;NghJ jtpu kw;w rkaq;fspy;> mth;fspd; elj;ijia tpkh;rpf;f
$lhJ.

fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk;:-

ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; gjtpapy; ,Ue;Jk;> khepyr; rl;lNguit

cWg;gpdh; gjtpapy; ,Ue;Jk; ,lj;ijf; fhypnra;tJ rk;ge;jkhf
Ik;gj;jpuz;lhtJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1985> murpayikg;gpd; 101> 102> 190>
191 Mfpa gphpTfisj; jpUj;jpaJld;> Gjpa ml;ltiz xd;iwAk;
(gj;jhtJ ml;ltiz) Nrh;jj; J. fl;rpj;jhty; fhuzkhf
cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtpapog;gJ rk;ge;jkhd rpy tifAiufs; ,e;jj;
jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; Nrh;ff
; g;gl;ld.

ePjpj;Jiw

(~uj;J 124-147 kw;Wk; 214-237)

cr;r ePjpkd;wk;:-

jiyik ePjpgjp xUtUk;> gpw ePjpgjpfs; vOtiuAk;

nfhz;ljhf cr;rePjpkd;wk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
murpay; rl;lj;jpd; 124tJ gpHpT $WfpwJ. vdpDk; Vida
ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk; mfpfhpf;f
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1986Mk; Mz;L
,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd;gb> jiyik ePjpgjpiaj; jtpu
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; kw;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 25 Mf
eph;zapf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk;
cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjpfs; Nghd;Nwhiuf; fye;jhNyhrpj;J cr;rePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfisf; FbauRj;jiyth; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. jiyik ePjpgjp
 20

epakdk; jtpu kw;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; NghJ fl;lhakhfj;

jiyik ePjpgjpiaf; fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xt;nthUtUk; 65 taJtiu gjtpapy;

,Uf;fyhk;. FbauRj; jiythpd; Mizapd; NghpNyNa cr;rePjpkd;w
ePjp;gjp xUtiug; gjtpapypUe;J ePff ; KbAk;. FbauRj;jiyth;
mj;jifa Miziag; gpwg;gpf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; rk;ge;jgl;l
ePjpgjpf;Fj; jpwik ,y;iy vd;Nwh> mth; KiwNflhf
ele;Jnfhz;lhh; vd;Nwh fhuzk; fhl;b> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L
mitfspYk; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; M[uhfp
thf;fspj;Jg; ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld;> jdpj;jdpahf xU jPhk ; hdj;ij
epiwNtw;w> mjid ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; me;jf; $l;l njhlhpNyNa
FbauRj;jiythplk; rkh;gg ; pf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpahf gjtptfpj;j xUth;>

,e;jpahtpw;Fs; ve;j xU ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; tof;FiuQuhfj; njhopy;
Ghpaf; $lhJ vd;W murpay; mikg;Gj;jil tpjpj;Js;sJ.

jw;NghJ cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F> khjnkhd;Wf;F

(&gha; 1>00>000) Vida ePjpgjpfSf;F 90>000 &ghAk;> Cjpakhf
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Cjpak; jtpu Vida gbfs;> ,ytrf; FbapUg;G>
ehLKOtJk; gazk; nra;agazr; nryTfs;> Xa;T+jpak; Nghd;w gpw
rYiffSk; mth;fSf;F cz;L.

VNjDk; xU rkaj;jpy; cr;rePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa ePjpgjpfs; ,y;iy vd;why;> ePjpkd;w
eltbf;iffisj; njhlh;eJ
; elj;Jtjw;fhf> cah;ej
P pkd;w
ePjpgjpfspilNa cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakdk; ngWk;
jFjpAilath;fisj; Njitahd fhyj;jpw;Fj; jw;fhypf ePjpgjpfshf
epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F cz;L. vdpDk;>
rk;ge;jg;gl;l cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpiaf; fye;jhNyhrpj;j
 21

gpd;dUk;> FbauRj;jiythpd; Kd; mDkjpiag; ngw;w gpd;dUNk

,j;jifa jw;fhypf epakdq;fisr; nra;ayhk;.

cr;rePjpkd;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptuk;Gk;:

 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; %y ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 131

 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nky;KiwaPlL
; ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 132
 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; MNyhrid $Wk; ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 143
 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; kWrPuha;T mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J 137
 cr;rePjpkd;wk; xU gjpT nra;Jnfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk;. ~uj;J 129

cah;ej
P pkd;wk;:

xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; Xh; cah;ej

P pkd;wk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd
murpayikg;G tpjpf;fpwJ. vdpDk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk;> ,uz;L
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ; khepyq;fSf;F nghJthdjhfTk; my;yJ
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;Fk; xU Neub Ml;rpg;
gFjpf;Fk; nghJthdjhfTk;> Xh; cah;ej P pkd;wj;ij ehlhSkd;wk;
cUthf;fyhk;.

cr;rePjpkd;wj;ijg; NghyNt xt;Nthh; cah;ej P pkd;wKk; Xh;

Mtz ePjpkd;wkhfj; jpfo;tJld;> %ytprhuiz tuk;G>
Nky;KiwaPlL ; tprhuiz tuk;G Mfpatw;Wld;> ePjpkd;w
mtkjpg;Gf;fhfj; jz;lid mspf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; cilajhfj;
jpfo;fpwJ.

cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy

MSeiuAk; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfisf;
FbauRj; jiyth; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. cah;ejP pkd;wj;jpd; jiyik
ePjpgjpiaj; jtpu kw;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk;NghJ> cah;ej P pkd;w
 22

jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk;> FbauRj;jiyth; fye;jhNyhrpj;J

KbntLg;ghh;.

62 tajhFk; tiu cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjpahfg; gjtpapy;

,Uf;fyhk;. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpiag; gjtp;efP f
; k; nra;tjw;fhd
eilKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yNk cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjpiaAk;
gjtpePff
; k; nra;aKbAk;.

khjr;rk;gsk; : njhd;D}W Mwhapuk; &gha;

cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpiaf; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> Xh;

cah;ejP p kd;wj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhh; cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpw;F ePjpgjpfisf;
FbauRj; jiyth; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ayhk; vdpDk; cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjp
xUtiu mtUila xg;Gjy; ,d;wp ,lkhw;wk; nra;af;$lhJ vd;W
cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPhg
; ;gspj;jpUf;fpwJ.

FbauRj;jiythpd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;W> Xa;Tngw;w ePjpgjp

xUtiu cah;ej P pkd;wj;jpy; nghWg;G ePjpgjpahf cah;ej
P pkd;wj;
jiyik ePjpgjp epakpf;fyhk;.

Xt;nthh; cah;ej P pkd;wj;jpw;Fk; jd;Dila mYtyh;fs; kPJ

KOikahd fl;Lg;ghL ,Uf;Fk;. ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; Vida
mYtyh;fspy; CjpaKk; kw;wgbfSk;> me;je;j khepyj;jpd;
xUq;fpizg;G epjpaj;jpypUe;J toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
P pkd;wj;jpd; ePjptuk;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;
cah;ej fs;

 gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk;. ~uj;J 215

 vy;yh ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; Nkw;ghh;itapLk; mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J
227
 23

 tof;Ffisj; jhNd vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J

228
 rpy ePjpg;Nguhizfis ntspapLk; mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J 226
 nghJ ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 225
 mjpfhhpfisAk; Copah;fisAk; epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;

Ml;rpnkhop

kj;jpa murpd; Ml;rpnkhop Njtehfhp vOj;JUtpYs;s ,e;jp

Mf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> kj;jpa murpy; mYty; Kiw
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba vz;fspd; tbtk;> ,e;jpa
vz;fspd; gd;dhl;L tbtkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ~uj;J 343
(1) $WfpwJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;G njhlq;fpa 15 Mz;L fhy msTf;F

mj;jifa njhlf;fj;ij xl;b Kd;G Mq;fpy nkhop> kj;jpa murpd;
ve;j mYty; Kiw Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jNjh
me;j mYty; Kiw Nehf;fq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; ,J njhlh;eJ ;
gad;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mdhy; Nkw;nrhd;d fhy mstpd; NghJ> kj;jpa murpd;

mYty;Kiw Nehf;fq;fspy; vjw;fhfNtDk; Mq;fpy nkhopNahLk; $l
Njtehfhp tbt vz;fisAk; (,e;jp nkhop vz;fs;) gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
FbauRj; jiyth; Miz thapyhf mjpfhukspf;fyhk; vd ~uj;J
343 (2) $WfpwJ.
24