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Unit 1. Back to school

Grammar

Simple present

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I like I don't like Do I like...?

You like You don't like Do you like...?

He/she/it likes He/she/it doesn't like Does he/she/it like...?

We like We don't like Do we like...?

You like You don't like Do you like...?

They like They don't like Do they like...?

3rd person

We add -s We add -es when the verb We add -ies when the verb
ends in -sh,-ch,-ss or -o. ends in consonant + -y

walk → walks wash → washes study → studies

love → loves watch → watches carry → carries
kiss→ kisses
go→ goes

Expressions with the simple present

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Grammar

Present continuous

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am studying I am not studying Am I studying?

You are studying You aren't studying Are you studying?

He /she / it is studying He / she / it isn't studying Is he / she / it studying?

We are studying We aren't studying Are we studying?

You are studying You aren't studying Are you studying?

They are studying They aren't studying Are they studying?

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Unit 2. Simply the best

Grammar

Past simple: verb to be

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I was I wasn't Was I?

You were You weren't Were you?

He/she/it was He/she/it wasn't Was he/she/it?

We were We weren't Were we?

You were You weren't Were you?

They were They weren't Were they?

Comparative adjectives

We use the structure adjective + -er than with:

We add -er:
one-syllable adjectives
tall → taller than

one-syllable adjectives ending with a We double the consonant and add -er :
single consonant with a vowel before it big → bigger than

We add -r:
one-syllable adjectives ending in -e
large → larger than

We change the -y for -i and we add -er:

two-syllable adjectives ending with -y
happy → happier than

We use the structure more + adjective than with:

most two-syllable adjectives pleasant → more pleasant than

adjectives with three or more syllables generous → more generous than

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Exceptions

There are some irregular adjectives. Here are some of the most common:

• good → better
• bad → worse
• far → farther
• little → less
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Grammar

Comparative adjectives

We use the structure -est with:

We add -est:
one-syllable adjectives
tall → the tallest

one-syllable adjectives ending with a We double the consonant and add -est :
single consonant with a vowel before it big → the biggest

We add -st:
one-syllable adjectives ending in -e
large → the largest

We change the -y for -i and we add -est:

two-syllable adjectives ending with -y
happy → happiest than

We use the structure the most + adjective with:

most two-syllable adjectives pleasant → the most pleasant

adjectives with three or more syllables intelligent → the most intelligent

Exceptions

There are some irregular adjectives. Here are some of the most common:

• good → the best

• bad → the worst
• far → the farthest
• little → the least
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Grammar

Past simple: regular verbs and some irregular verbs

We add -d:
Regular verbs ending in a silent e
close → closed
We add -ed :
Regular verbs ending in a vowel + y
play → played

We add -ied
Regular verbs ending in a consonant + y (the y becomes an i followed by -ed):
marry → married

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I played I didn't play Did I play?

You played You didn't play Did you play?

He/she/it played He/she/it didn't play Did he/she/it play?

We played We didn't play Did we play?

You played You didn't play Did you play?

They played They didn't play Did they play?

The simple past of irregular verbs

• begin → began
• can → could
• get → got
• go → went
• have → had
• say → said
• take → took
• tell → told
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Unit 3. Going shopping

Grammar

Countable and uncountable nouns

A countable noun is something you can count such as apples, books, cars, etc
An uncountable noun is something you can’t count such as information, health,
time ...

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

a We use a with objects we can count ___

if they begin with a consonant.
Example: a book

We use an with objects we can count

if they begin with a vowel.
Example: an orange

some We use some with plural countable We also use some with objects we
nouns in positive sentences. can’t count.
Example: some clothes Example: some water
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much ___ We use much with uncountable

nouns.
Example: There isn’t much milk.

many We use many for plural countable ___

nouns.
Example: There aren’t many apples.

Negative

Countable Uncountable

For negative sentences we use any.

I don’t have any apples.

I don’t have any sugar.

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Grammar

Questions

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

How many books do you have? How much juice is there?

How much juice do we have?
How much sugar do you put in your tea?

Asking about the price:

How much does the book cost?

How much is it?
How much are they?

Remember:

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

We use (a) few and many to talk We use (a) little and much to talk about
about quantities with plural countable quantities with uncountable nouns.
nouns.
Examples:
Examples:

a few carrots a little honey

many carrots much honey

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We use a lot (of) with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Examples:

a lot of potatoes

a lot of butter
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Unit 4. At the doctor’s

Grammar

To be going to + verb

We use to be going to + verb:

• For plans or decisions made before speaking.
I’m going to watch TV in a minute when I finish my homework.
• To make predictions about the future based on present evidence.
Oh, no! Look at the sky. It’s going to rain.

Affirmative Negative Questions

I am going to... I am not going to... Am I going to...?

You are going to... You are not going to... Are you going to...?
He, she, it is going to... He, she, it is not going to... Is he, she, it going to...?
We are going to... We are not going to... Are we going to...?
You are going to... You are not going to... Are you going to...?
They are going to... They are not going to... Are they going to...?

Use of have to

We use to have to + verb when we express a strong obligation. The obligation is

because of external circumstances.
Example: I have to do my homework. (Because the teacher said so.)

How often?
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Grammar

Need and have to

We use have to do something when we express a strong obligation because an

external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.
I have to do my homework. (Because the teacher said so)
I don’t have to do my homework today. (Because I’m on holiday)

We use need to when it is necessary to do something.

I need to do my homework. (Because I want to learn)
I don’t need to do my homework today. (Because I did it yesterday).
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Unit 5. What do they do?

Grammar

There is / there are

There is a book. There are five books.

The past is formed with the past of the verb to be.

There was There were

In 1999 there was a market here. There were many shops.

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Modal verbs

Can is a modal verb.

Modal verbs don’t use auxiliaries like do, don’t, does, doesn’t, did or didn’t. They
don’t need the –s for the third singular person in the present.

Can / Could

The verb can is the present tense form:

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I can I can’t Can I...?

You can You can’t Can you...?
He, she, it can He, she, it can’t Can he, she, it...?
We can We can’t Can we...?
You can You can’t Can you...?
They can They can’t Can they...?

The verb could is the past tense form:

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I could I couldn’t Could I...?

You could You couldn’t Could you...?
He, she, it could He, she, it couldn’t Could he, she, it...?
We could We couldn’t Could we...?
You could You couldn’t Could you...?
They could They couldn’t Could they...?
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Ability
We use can and could to talk about a skill or ability.

Present Past

He can ride a bike. Granny could do gymnastics when she was

younger.

I can’t drive a car. I couldn’t swim when I was a baby.

Can you ride a horse? Could you speak English when you were a
child?

Permission
We can use can or could to ask for and give permission. Could is more polite
than can.
Can I use your pencil? Yes, you can.
Could you help me, please?

Prohibition
We also use can’t to say something is not allowed.
You can’t speak here. This is a library.
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May and might

May and might are modal verbs. We use them to ask for permission and to
express something is possible.

Ask for permission

May Might

We use may to ask for permission in a We use might to ask for permission.
very polite way.
Might I borrow your pen?
May I borrow your pen?
May we think about it? Attention: this is rather formal and not
used very often in modern spoken English.
May I go now?

More natural: Can / could I borrow your pen?

Suggest something is possible

May Might

It may rain today. Might suggests a small possibility than

may.
I may not have time to play the piano.
Ellie might be at home playing.
It might snow this afternoon.
Might is more usual than may in spoken
English.
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Must

Must is another modal verb.

We use it to express:

Certainty, when we are sure about This must be the right address!
something.

Necessity, when you need to do Students must study really hard to

something to accomplish something else. become pilots.

Strong recommendation You must take some medicine for that

cough.

Prohibition Jenny, you must mot play in the street!

Remember the modal verbs:

Can May Might Must

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Unit 6. School trip

Grammar

Past continuous

We form the past continuous with the simple past of to be + verb –ing.
I was listening.
We use the past continuous to talk about a progressive action in the past. This
action can be interrupted by another:

When my mother called I was studying.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I was watching I wasn’t watching Was I watching?

You were watching You weren’t watching Were you watching?

She was watching She wasn’t watching Was she watching?

He was watching He wasn’t watching Was he watching?

It was watching It wasn’t watching Was it watching?

We were watching We weren’t watching Were we watching?

You were watching You weren’t watching Were you watching?

They were watching They weren’t watching Were they watching?

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Remember

The present continuous The past continuous

Remember that we use the present
continuous to talk about the things we are
doing now.
I’m studying Literature at the moment.
We use time phrases or words such as at
the moment, right now, now, etc.
We use the past continuous when to talk
and action which was happening in the
past.
I was studying Literature yesterday.
We use time phrases or words such as
yesterday, at that moment, at that time,
five minutes ago, two days ago, etc.

Present Perfect
We use the present perfect to talk about our experience in life:
I have been to Rome.

PRESENT PERFECT: have + past participle

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I have played I haven’t played Have I played?

You have played You haven’t played Have you played?

She has played She hasn’t played Has she played?

He has played He hasn’t played Has he played?

It has played It hasn’t played Has it played?

We have played We haven’t played Have we played?

You have played You haven’t played Have you played?

They have played They haven’t played Have they played?

Regular verbs Irregular verbs

If it’s a regular verb, the past participle is It it’s an irregular verb, you will have to
the same as the simple past: memorise the past participle.

played = played (verb to play)

simple past past participle
jumped = jumped (verb to jump)
simple past past participle
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Here is a list of some very common irregular verbs.

Irregular Verb Past Simple Past Participle

Be Was/Were Been

Break Broke Broken

Bring Brought Brought

Buy Bought Bought

Choose Chose Chosen

Do Did Done

Drink Drank Drunk

Eat Ate Eaten

Find Found Found

Fly Flew Flown

Forget Forgot Forgotten

Got(UK)
Get Got Gotten(USA)

Give Gave Given

Have Had Had

Hear Heard Heard

Know Knew Known

Leave Left Left

Lose Lost Lost

Make Made Made

Meet Met Met

Pay Paid Paid

Put Put Put

Read Read Read

Run Ran Run

Say Said Said

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Irregular Verb Past Simple Past Participle

See Saw Seen

Sleep Slept Slept

Take Took Taken

Teach Taught Taught

Understand Understood Understood

Wake Woke Woken

Write Wrote Written

Ever and never

• We use ever to refer to at any time and it is used in questions.

Have you ever seen a lion crying?
• We use never when we have not had an experience about something.
I have never been to China.

Attention:

If you give information about when the experience was or extra informations, use
the past simple:
I’ve been to Greece. I went there in 2012.
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Future plans

Present continous be going to

We can use the present continuous We use going to to express the future when
to talk about specific plans for the we intend to do something or have decided to
future. These are fixed plans. do something but did not arrange it. It is just an
intention.
Example:
Example:
I’m doing my homework this
evening. The windows are dirty. I’m going to clean
them later.
Molly is meeting John at
seven o’clock this evening in a We also use going to to make predictions.
restaurant.
Example:
Be careful! You are going to break the
glass.
It’s so cloudy. I think it’s going to rain.

The future tense

We use the future tense to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
about the future.
The future is formed with will (or ‘ll ) + verb.
I will be here at 2 o’clock.
I’m sure he’ll pass the exam.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I will / I’ll play I won’t play Will I play?

You will / You’ll play You won’t play Will you play?

He will / He’ll play He won’t play Will he play?

She will / She’ll play She won’t play Will she play?

It will / It’ll play It won’t play Will it play?

We will / We’ll play We won’t play Will we play?

You will / You’ll play You won’t play Will you play?

They will / They’ll play They won’t play Will they play?
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If we are not so certain about the future, we use will with expressions such as
probably, possibly, I think, I hope.

I hope you’ll visit me soon.

It’ll probably be a great holiday.
He’ll possibly come but he didn’t say anything.