A Minor Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING)

To

ARYABHATTA KNOWLEDGE UNIVERSITY

Submitted by

NAME ROLL No. REGISTRATION No.

ALOK KUMAR 164011 15103103344
ABHISHEK KUMAR 164012 15101103017
SANDEEP KUMAR 164013 15103103345
PRINCE KUMAR 164018 15103103347
NIKITA KUMARI 164027 16103103348
Under the supervision of

Dr. Jyotirmayee Dalei

H.O.D

NSIT Bihta Patna

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

NETAJI SUBHAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

BIHTA, PATNA-801118
 CERTIFICATE

It is to certify that work embodies in this report entitled “POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS”
submitted by Alok Kumar (164011), Abhishek Kumar (164012), Sandeep Kumar
Suman(164013), Prince Kumar Neeraj(164018), Nikita Kumari (164027 ),in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of “Bachelor of Technology in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering” to Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Bihta,Patna
during the academic year 2016-2020.According to best of our knowledge is a record of
bonafide piece of work, carried out by then under my guidance in Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology,Bihta,Patna. To the best of
my knowledge this work has not been submitted to any other university or institution for
award of any degree.

Supervisor HOD
Dr. Jyotirmayee Dalei Dr. Jyotirmayee Dalei
Associate Professor &
Associate Professor & Head
Head
Dept. of EEE Dept. of EEE
N.S.I.T, Bihta N.S.I.T, Bihta
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with a feeling of immense gratitude and regard that we thank our guide, Dr.
Jyotirmayee Dalei (H.O.D.) Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, for her
valuable and expert guidance which she has provided us within the course of this project. We
are indebted to her valuable suggestions and highly productive discussions from time to time
that have been instrumental in giving direction to this project and without which this project
could never have been completed.

We specially thank our Head of Department, Dr. Jyotirmayee Dalei, without whose
permission, this project could not have materialized. We are sincerely thankful to her for
providing us with such sophisticated laboratories and equipment’s wherein we could carry
out the experiments related to the project.

We wish to express our heartfelt thanks to the faculty and staff members of the Department of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering, N.S.I.T, who despite being busy with their own
assignments, gave us time and provided us with all the help we needed. We would also like to
express gratitude to the lab in-charge and technicians who helped us throughout the duration
in carrying out experiments related to the project.

We are highly indebted to the Library Department of our institute which provided us with an
excellent collection of reference books, research journals and articles that helped us in
completing this project. Along with this we would like to thank the IT Department of our
institute for the internet facility that they provided.

We hope this project work will serve as a reference for further research work that may be
carried out in this project.

Student Name Roll No.

1. ALOK KUMAR 164011
2. ABHISHEK KUMAR 164012
3. SANDEEP KUMAR SUMAN 164013
4. PRINCE KUMAR NEERAJ 164018
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We Alok Kumar (164011), Abhishek Kumar (164012), Sandeep Kumar Suman

(164013),Prince Kumar Neeraj(164018), Nikita Kumari (164027), students of Bachelor of
Technology (Electrical & Electronics Engineering) at Netaji Subhas Institute of
Technology, Bihta, Patna, declare that the work presented in this minor project titled
“POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS ”, submitted to Aryabhatta Knowledge University,
Patna during academic year (2016-2020) for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering, is our original work. All work done in this minor
project is entirely our own except for the reference quoted. To the best of our knowledge this
work has not been submitted to any other university or institution for award of any degree.

Date: NAME ROLL No. Sign.

Place: NSIT, Bihta 1.Alok Kumar 164011

2. Abhishek Kumar 164012

3. Sandeep Kumar Suman 164013
4. Prince Kumar Neeraj 164018
5. Nikita Kumari 164027
 APPROVAL

This project entitled “POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS” submitted by

SL. No. NAME ROLL No.

1. ALOK KUMAR 164011
2. ABHISHEK KUMAR 164012
3. SANDEEP KUMAR SUMAN 164013
4. PRINCE KUMAR NEERAJ 164018
5. NIKITA KUMARI 164027

is approved for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ABSTRACT

The extensive use of solid-state power electronics technology in industrial, commercial and
residential equipment causes degradation of quality of electric power with the deterioration of
the supply voltage. The disturbances results in degradation of the efficiency, decaying the life
span of the equipment, increase in the losses, electromagnetic interference, the malfunctions of
equipment and other harmful fallout. Generally, the power quality is the measurement of an
ideal power supply. More over the power quality is the continuity and characteristics of the
supply voltage in terms of frequency, magnitude and symmetry. The mitigation of power
quality (PQ) disturbances requires detection of the source and causes of disturbances. The
DEEP LEARNING is a suitable method for forecasting of further occurrence of disturbance.
However proper and quick detection and localization of the disturbances plays a crucial role in
the power quality environment. Hence, in this project, a fast detection technique has been
proposed along with the Deep Learning method. During the course of the research, it is found
that suitable programs for mathematical equations are required for the characterization of the
disturbances for smooth mitigation of the distortions. These classification techniques are fast
and able to analyze large number of disturbances. In this thesis, large numbers of signals are
synthesized both in noisy and noise free environment. This leads to increase in the overall
efficiency of the combination of the detection and classification .In recent times, with the
advancement of renewable source requires better quality of power. The overall findings of the
thesis could be useful for the industrial and domestic applications. Since the detection methods
are simple and faster, they could be useful for power industry and other applications such as
medical science etc. Similarly, the classification can be used for application such as stock
exchange, medical science etc.
CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1Power Quality Disturbances
1.2 Causes
1.3 Types Of PQDs
1.4 Organisation Of Chapter

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Organisation Of Chapter
2.2Introduction
2.3 Techniques Implemented For The Signal Analysis
2.4Objective Of Research

3. PROPOSED WORK
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Problem Formulation
3.3 PQDs Waveform
3.4 Mathematical Equations
3.5 Conclusion
4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Convolutional Neural Network
4.3 Expected Outcomes
4.4 Conclusion

5. REFERNCES
 CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES
The continuous growth in the application of the microprocessor-based control and the power
electronic devices and the adjustable-speed motor drives increases emphasis on the quality of
power as these are more sensitive to power quality variations than the traditional equipments.
Hence, the term “power quality” has become a prolific buzzword in the power industry since
the late 1980s. Moreover, the power quality (PQ) is like an umbrella which covers various
disturbances of the voltage and the current such as the voltage sag, the swell, the harmonics
and the oscillatory transients which cause mal-function of the sophisticated equipments. In
other words the “power quality” is a nonstop dynamic variation both in time and space. The
concern over quality of power has been increasing rapidly as the present life requires a
continuous supply of electrical energy[1]. Similarly, the continuous increase of load demand
both in the public sectors as well as the industries has made the PQ a serious issue. The
presence of disturbances in the loads is responsible for the deviation of the voltage and the
current from the ideal waveform. This declines the performance and the lifespan of
equipments and also creates instability in the system. Hence, the healthy power system
operation requires continues supervision, proper monitoring and the optimum control in terms
of power quality improvement. Moreover, the quality of electricity has become an important
issue for both the utilities and the end users. The increased use of non-linear loads has made
the PQ a pressing issue for the power system engineers unlike some years ago when the loads
were linear. Hence, the issue of PQ has become more and more important with each passing
day. The proper assessment of the active power, the apparent power and the reactive power is
a significant issue in many applications such as the industry, the project, public sector etc.
Hence, the improvement of PQ requires proper detection and localization of sources and the
cause of disturbances. However, it is aimed at improving PQ with a fast detection and
classification technology.

The power quality is the interaction of the electrical power with the electrical equipments. In
other words, the power quality issue can be defined as “Any power problem manifested in
voltage, current or frequency deviations that results in failure or maloperation of the customer
equipment”[2] . However, a disturbance in voltage very often causes a disturbance in current.
Hence, PQ includes two aspects such as the quality of voltage and the quality of current. As
there is no control over the current that particular loads draw, the power supply can only
control the quality of the voltage. However, PQ term used to describe the electric power
which drives the electrical load and the loads ability to function properly. The insufficiency of
the proper power leads either to malfunction or permanent failure of the electrical
equipments. The poor quality power also reduces the life span of the electrical equipments.
There are many factors which causes the poor power quality.

1.2 Main causes of Power Quality Disturbances

There are many factors responsible for creation of poor quality of power. The power quality
issues are the consequences of

• Increasing use of solid state switching devices,

• Nonlinear and power electronically switched loads,

• Lighting control,

• Unbalanced power systems,

• Computer and data processing equipments,

• Industrial loads and domestic equipments.

1.3 Types Of PQDs

1.3.1 On The Basis Of Single Types

 Sag

 Swell

 Interruption

 Harmonics

 Impulsive Transients
  Flicker

 Oscillatory Transients

 Notch

 Spikes

1.3.2 On The Basis Of Mutiple Types

 Sag with harmonics

 Swell with harmonics

 Interruption with harmonics

 Flicker with harmonics

 Flicker with sags

 Flicker with swell

1.3.1. SAG

A voltage sag (U.S. English) or voltage dip (British English) is a short duration reduction in
rms voltage which can be caused by a short circuit, overload or starting of electric motors[3].
A voltage sag happens when the rms voltage decreases between 10 and 90 percent of nominal
voltage for one-half cycle to 1minute.

Causes

 Since electric motors draw more current when they are starting than when they are
running at their rated speed, starting an electric motor can be a reason of a voltage
sag.
 When a line-to-ground fault occurs, there will be a voltage sag until the protective
switch gear operates.
  Some accidents in power lines such as lightning or a falling object can be a cause of
line-to-ground fault and a voltage sag as a result.
 Sudden load changes or excessive loads can cause a voltage sag.
 Depending on the transformer connections, transformers energizing could be another
reason for voltage sags happening.
 Voltage sags can arrive from the utility but most are caused by in-building equipment.
In residential homes, voltage sags are sometimes seen when refrigerators, air-
conditioners, or furnace fans start up.

1.3.2 SWELL

 Voltage Swell is defined by IEEE 1159 as the increase in the RMS voltage level to
110% - 180% of nominal, at the power frequency for durations of ½ cycle to one
minute[4].
 Voltage swells are usually associated with system fault conditions - just like voltage
sags but are much less common. This is particularly true for ungrounded or floating
delta systems, where the sudden change in ground reference result in a voltage rise on
the ungrounded phases. In the case of a voltage swell due to a single line-to-ground
(SLG) fault on the system, the result is a temporary voltage rise on the unfaulted
phases, which last for the duration of the fault.

Causes

 Start and stop of heavy loads.

 Poorly regulated transformers.
1.3.3 INTERRUPTION

An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or load current decreases to less than 0.1 pu
for a period of time not exceeding 1 min.

Causes

 Interruptions can be the result of power system faults, equipment failures, and control
malfunctions.
 Storms and objects (trees, cars, etc.) striking lines and poles, fire.
 Insulation failure , lightening and Human error.

1.3.4 HARMONICS

Harmonics is defined as the content of the signal whose frequency is an integer multiple of
the system's fundamental frequency. The presence of harmonics distorts the waveform shape
of the voltage and current, increases the current level, and changes power factor supply,
which in turn creates many disturbances.

Causes

 Electromagnetic Interference from applications, machines, radio and TV broadcasts.

 A non-linear load is any load which draws current which is not proportional to the
voltage applied, such as:
 Variable Frequency Drives
 Controls for arc welders, furnaces, ovens
 Any AC to DC rectifiers
 Un-interruptible power supplies

1.3.5 SPIKES

 A spike or Voltage Spike is a sudden increase in voltage that lasts for less than 3
nanoseconds. Voltage spikes may be longitudinal (common) mode or metallic
(normal or differential) mode. Some equipment damage from surges and spikes can
 be prevented by use of surge protection equipment. Each type of spike requires
selective use of protective equipment.

Causes

 Thunderstorms can cause voltage spikes and surges when lightning hits the wires
that provide power to your electronic components.
 Static electricity can also cause spikes and surges. For example, if you touch a
piece of electronic equipment after walking around on carpet for a while, you
might feel or see a spark come from your finger to your equipment. This spark is
like mini lightning that causes a spike or surge of voltage to your equipment.
 Another source of voltage spikes and surges are magnets or anything that creates a
magnetic field. This magnetic field can increase the voltage of nearby wires thus
creating a surge or spike.

1.3.6. FLICKER

 Power-line flicker is a visible change in brightness of a lamp due to rapid

fluctuations in the voltage of the power supply. It is a variation in the supply
amplitude at about 5 to 15 Hz.

Causes

• Arc furnace.

• Voltage fluctuations on utility transmission and distribution systems.

• Problem with the bulb (not in tight enough, wrong bulb type for dimmer switch)
• Loose light plug.
• Faulty light or fixture switch.
• Appliance pulling large amounts of current on startup, causing a voltage drop.

1.3.7 OSCILLATORY TRANSIENT

Oscillatory Transient is described as a sudden, non–power frequency change in the
steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both that has both positive and negative polarity
values (bidirectional). In other words, the instantaneous voltage or current value of an
oscillatory transient varies its polarity quickly. It is described by its spectral content or
predominant frequency, magnitude and duration.

Causes

 lightning strikes,
 inadequate grounding
 switching of devices

1.3.8 IMPULSIVE TRANSIENT

 An impulsive transient is a sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady

state condition of voltage, current, or both that is unidirectional in polarity
(primarily either positive or negative). Impulsive transients are normally
characterized by their rise and decay times, which can also be revealed by their
spectral content.

Causes

 Electrostatic discharge.
 Capacitor switching.
 Load switching.

1.3.8 NOTCH

 Voltage Notching is described by IEEE as a recurring power

quality disturbance due to the normal operation of power electronic devices
(i.e. rectifier), when current is commutated from one phase to another[5]. In
addition, voltage notching characterizes an unusual case that falls between
harmonics and transients. Conventionally, the current waveform is used as the
starting point for harmonic analysis, and voltage notching is simply derived
from the IZ drops of the harmonic currents.
  In addition, voltage notching characterizes an unusual case that falls
between harmonics and transients. This is because notching takes place in
steady-state, thus, it can be distinguished by the harmonic spectrum of the
affected voltage. On the other hand, the components of the frequency related
to voltage notching are somewhat high and may not be promptly categorized
with a measurement device commonly employed for harmonic analysis.

Causes

 Voltage Notching is primarily caused by three-phase rectifiers or converters

that generate continuous DC current. As mentioned, the voltage notches
happen when the current commutates from one phase to another.
Subsequently, a momentary short circuit between two phases will occur during
this period.

 Moreover, the depth of the notch at any point in the system is influenced by the
source inductance, the isolating inductance between the rectifier/converter, as well as
the point being examined. Consequently, the width of the notch is the commutation.
1.4 Organisation of the Report
Chapter 1 of the report is organized as follows: Section-1.1 introduces the
disturbances occurring in power quality. Section-1.2 provides idea about main causes of the
PQ disturbances. The Section-1.3 deals with the different types of PQDs. Chapter 2 presents
Literature Review. The Section-2.1 provides the information about PQDs that can be detected
and classified. Section-2.2 introduces about techniques to implement for signal
processing.Section-2.3 provides information of feature extraction.Section-2.4 tells about
objective of our project. Chapter 3 describes the Proposed Work. In this Chapter ,Section-3.1
intro the matlab.Section-3.2 gives idea of CNN,ANN.Section-3.3 deals with waveform of
PQDs which is generated on matlab.Section-3.4 gives the mathematical equations of
PQDs.Section-3.5 provides the conclusion of the proposed work .Next Chapter is
Methodology,in this chapter section-4.1 intoduces Deep Learning technique using feature of
CNN.Section-4.2 gives information of CNN.Section-4.3 provides the outcomes of proposed
work. Finally, the Section-4.4 provides the concluding remark of the methodology.
 CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The proper and the continuous monitoring of the power quality disturbances has
become a significant issue both for the utilities and the end-users. The operation of the power
system can be improved by analyzing the PQ disturbances consistently. Hence, the
development of the techniques and the methodologies in order to diagnose the power quality
disturbances has acquired great importance in research. The PQ is actually the combination of
quality of the voltage and the quality of current [6], [7] but in most of the cases, it is generous
with the quality of voltage as the power system can only control the voltage. The
maintenance of quality of power in terms of voltage requires proper selection of the suitable
detection and the characterisation methods. These are the crucial steps for maintenance of
healthy power system by mitigating the PQ disturbances. This chapter provides an over all
survey on the existing work of the power quality detection and the classification. The
performance of these detection and classification methods is illustrated in the power quality.
Most of the events in power system are discriminated according to appropriate standards such
as IEEE 1159, IEC 61000 [8]. In order to gain a healthy power system operation, it is crucial
to choose efficient and fast disturbance detection methods. The characterisation of the
different PQ signals is followed by the extraction of suitable features but here we also use
deep learning for detection and classification. Several detection and classification methods
have been reported in the literature for improving the quality of power which are briefly
surveyed below.

2.2 Techniques implemented for the signal analysis

There are several techniques which are implemented for the signal analysis .These techniques
provide information in frequency and the time domain. The selection of suitable features of
PQ events is extremely important for classification. Fundamental Signal Processing
Techniques used for Feature Extraction to classify PQ events are given as follows. and
Classification of PQDs.

1. Stockwell’s Transform

2. Fourier Transform
3. DOST
4. Wavelet Transform

2.2.1 Stockwell’s Transform

The time-frequency representation of a time series has been introduced by R.G. Stockwell in
2010 through the S-transform. The S-transform has been implemented for the analysis of the
different type of PQ disturbances. It produces a time-frequency representation of a time
series. It uniquely combines a frequency dependent resolution that simultaneously localizes
the real and imaginary spectra. The basic function for the S- transform is Gaussian modulated
co-sinusoids[9].In the case of non-stationary disturbances with noisy data; the S- transform
provides patterns that closely resemble the disturbance type and thus requires a simple
classification procedure. But is not worked properly, it is based on block processing manner
and does not satisfy real-time requirement ,incorrect measurement of harmonics due to
dependency of frequency window width on central frequency.

2.2.2 Fourier Transform

The analysis of harmonics is the process of calculating the magnitudes and phases of the
fundamental and high order harmonics of the periodic waveforms. The resulting series is
known as Fourier series. It establishes a relation between a function in the domain of time
and a function in the domain of frequency. FFT algorithm is insufficient to extract the inter
harmonics and variable-frequency harmonics of a signal. New FFT algorithms should be
improved to calculate the inter-harmonics and variable-frequency harmonics. To prevent the
aliasing, the anti-aliasing filters are used before the sampling of the signal. It is resulted with
the delaying at the response time of FFT. FFT can be calculated the harmonics after the one
period of the signal left. Consequently, harmonics cannot be extracted simultaneous with
reference signal. To calculate the higher harmonics, the signal should be sampled at higher
frequency.

2.2.3 DOST(Discrete Orthogonal S- transform)

DOST is an orthogonal set of basis functions that localizes the spectrum and retains the
advantageous phase properties of the ST. There are several advantages to have an
orthonormal time–frequency version of the ST. An orthonormal transformation takes an N-
point input time series to an N-point time–frequency representation, as a result achieving the
utmost efficiency of representation. Also, each point of the representation is linearly
independent from any other point. The transformation matrix (i.e. which transforms the time
series to the DOST representation) is orthogonal. It implies that the inverse matrix is equal to
the complex conjugate transpose. to improve its computational efficiency, R. G. Stockwell
proposed the Discrete Orthonormal S-Transform (DOST) in 2007 [10] which reduce the
redundancy of S transform further and makes S-transform practical in real life and much
more convenient. The DOST is based on a set of orthonormal basis functions that localize the
Fourier spectrum of the signal. It samples the time-frequency representation given by the ST
with zero information redundancy and retains the advantageous phase properties of the ST.

2.2.4 Wavelet Transform

Wavelet Transform was introduced in 2015.Wavelet theory provided new method for
decomposing a function or signal into various frequency components, and then study each
component with a resolution match to its scale. A wavelet is a “small wave”, its energy is
concentrated in time to give a tool functions called wavelets, which are scaled and
shifted versions of the original (or Mother) wavelet. The wavelet coefficients represent the
information which is contained in various frequency bands of a signal. The peak
magnitude,the mean value, square magnitude, the standard deviation, the entropy of these
coefficients at the different resolution levels are commonly used magnitudes proposed in
the literature as characteristic features for the detection and analysis of power qualit y
events in power system. It is strongly influenced by noise present in the signal, suffering from
spectral leakage and picket fence effects.

Techniques Used Title Paper Authors Specifications

1.Stockwell’s PQD & classification Salah J.Alqam and Performs multi-

transform using S-transform & Fouad R.Zaro selection analysis of
rule based Decision a time varying signal
Tree.

2. DOST Power quality Rama Krishnan

analysis Raghupathy

3. STFT Power Quality Vemu Chakrapani, Good resolution

Disturbance Analysis
Ch.Durga Prasad either in time or
using Short Time
Fourier Transform K.Kiran Kum frequency domain
and
depending on size of
S-transform
window.
4.Wavelet Transform A new optimal Suhail Utilized for the
feature selection Khokhar,Abdullah analysis of steady-
selection algorithm Asuhaimi Mohd state & non
for classification Zin,Aslam Perez stationary signal.
using DWT Memom

These techniques were introduced for the feature extraction and classification of power
quality disturbances . The aim of this proposed work is to detect and classify the power
quality disturbance in less time deep learning using Python .

2.3 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

The main objectives of the research are as follows:

 To generate different PQ disturbances using MATLAB.
 Generation of data set of PQ disturbances to train and test using CNN.
 Implementation of CNN using Python.
 CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED WORK
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Based on the exhaustive literature review, the devastation drawn out of the analysis of the
literature and the scope of investigations, the investigator proposes the detection of Power
Quality Disturbances like sag, swell, harmonics, spike, notch, etc and, try to classify them
using deep learning on python, whereas the data are collected by generation disturbances on
MATLAB script.

3.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

Poor power quality can cause innumerable problems in industrial facilities. While a facility
owner’s first inclination might be to blame their electric utility for such problems, it’s much
more likely that their own equipment is it faults. In fact, it’s generally accepted that up to
80% of power disturbances originate within facilities, rather than from utility-supplied
electricity.

Industrial facilities are particularly prone to power-quality problems because of the density
and complexity of electrical equipment involved in their daily operations.

The aim of this Project is to develop a system which can detect PQ disturbances and also can
classify them without human interference.

Previously, the typical disturbance classification methods include support vector machine
(SVM) [11], [12], decision tree (DT) [13], [14], artificial neural network (ANN) [15], and
probabilistic neural network (PNN) [16], [17]. Among these, the SVM is the most widely
used technique, which is based on small number of sample and structural risks minimized.
Similarly, DT is a decision support-making tool in a tree-like graph that is used to describe
the relationship of different features, and to make classification; it has also been used to
identify PQDs. Nevertheless, the SVM and DT methods give rise to cumulative errors in the
process of the iterative classification of all disturbances. To overcome this, ANN-based
classifiers are widely used through an expeditious learning process. This process has no
iterations or cumulative errors. PNN is derived from the Bayesian network and the kernel
fisher discriminant analysis algorithm. It is faster and more accurate than ANN.

Although they work perfectly, but there were few drawbacks which lead to the development
of new deep learning technique for PQD classification, proposed in this paper to
automatically extract features, optimize both parameters of feature extraction and
classification methods, and simultaneously analyze all the nonlinear, non-stationary synthetic
and real-world signals without a need for human intervention.

3.3 POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES

Here we generate waveforms of power quality disturbances using matlab.

3.3.1 SAG
The mathematical equation of generated sag is
y(t)=A[1-α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))]sin(ωt) …..(3.3.1)
3.3.2 SWELL

The mathematical equation of generated swell is

y(t)=A[1+α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))]sin(ωt) …..(3.3.2)

3.3.3 INTERRUPTION

The mathematical equation of generated interruption is

y(t)=A[1-α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))]sin(ωt) ….(3.3.3)
 3.3.4 HARMONICS

The mathematical equation of generated harmonics is

y(t)=A[α1sin(ωt)+α3sin(3ωt)+ α5sin(5ωt)+ α7sin(7ωt)] ….(3.3.4)

3.3.5 SAG WITH HARMONICS

The mathematical equation of generated sag with harmonics is

y(t)=A[1-α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))][α1sin(ωt)+α3sin(ωt)+ α5sin(ωt)] ….(3.3.5)

3.3.6 SWELL WITH HARMONICS

 The mathematical equation of generated swell with harmonics is

y(t)=A[1+α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))] [α1sin(ωt)+α3sin(3ωt)+ α5sin(5ωt)] ....(3.3.6)

3.3.7 INTERRUPTIONS WITH HARMONICS

The mathematical equation of generated interruption with harmonics is

y(t)=A[1-α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))] [α1sin(ωt)+α3sin(3ωt)+ α5sin(5ωt)] …(3.3.6)

3.3.8 IMPULSIVE TRANSIENT

The mathematical equation of generated impulsive transient is

y(t)=A[1-α{u(t-t1)-u(t-t2)}]sin(ωt) …..(3.3.8)
 3.3.9 OSCILLATORY TRANSIENT

The mathematical equation of generated oscillatory transient is

y(t)=A[  c (t t1 sin(ωt)+α^- c(t-t1)/τsinωn(t-t1)(u(t2)-u(t2)] ....(3.3.9)

3.3.10 FLICKER WITH HARMONICS

The mathematical equation of generated flicker with harmonics is

y(t)=A(1+ αfsin (βωt))sin(ωt)[α1sin(ωt)+α3sin(3ωt)+α5sin(5ωt)] ...(3.3.10)

3.3.11 FLICKER WITH SAG

The mathematical equation of generated flicker with sag is

y(t)=A(1+ αfsin (βωt))sin(ωt)(1-α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))) ….(3.3.11)

3.3.12 FLICKER WITH SWELL

The mathematical equation of generated flicker with swell is

y(t)=A[1+αfsin(βωt)] sin(ωt)(1+α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))) …..(3.3.12)

3.4 Mathematical Equations Of PQDs

S.NO PQDs Mathematical Equations Parameters

.
1. Normal y(t)=A[1±α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))]sin(ωt) α≤0.1;T≤t2-t1≤9T

2. Sag y(t)=A[1-α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))]sin(ωt) 0.1≤α≤0.9;T≤t2-t1≤9T

3. Swell y(t)=A[1+α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))]sin(ωt) 0.1≤α≤0.8;T≤t2-t1≤9T

4. Interruption y(t)=A[1-α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))]sin(ωt) 0.9≤α≤1;T≤t2-t1≤9T

5. Sag with harmonics y(t)=A[1-α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))] 0.1≤α≤0.9;T≤9T;0.05≤

[α1sin(ωt)+α3sin(ωt)+ α3,α5,α7≤0.15;∑α^2i=
α5sin(ωt)] 1
6. Harmonics y(t)=A[α1sin(ωt)+α3sin(3ωt)+ 0.05≤α3,α5,α7≤0.15;∑
α5sin(5ωt)+ α7sin(7ωt)] α^2i=1
7. Swell with harmonics y(t)=A[1+α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))] 0.1≤α≤0.8;T≤t2-
[α1sin(ωt)+α3sin(3ωt)+ t1≤9T;0.05≤α3,α5,α7≤
α5sin(5ωt)] 0.15;∑α^2i=1
8. Interruption with y(t)=A[1-α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))] 0.9≤α≤1;T≤t2-t1≤9T;
harmonics [α1sin(ωt)+α3sin(3ωt)+ 0.05≤α3,α5,α7≤0.15;∑

α5sin(5ωt)] α^2i=1

9. Flicker y(t)=A[1+αf sin(βωt)] sin(ωt) 0.1≤αf≤0.2;5≤β≤20Hz

;
10. Oscillatory transient y(t)=A[sin(ωt)+α^- c(t- 0.1≤α≤0.8;0.5T≤t2-
t1)/τsinωn(t-t1)(u(t2)-u(t2)] t1≤ 3T; 8ms≤τ≤40ms;
300≤fn≤900Hz
11. Impulsive transient y(t)=A[1-α{u(t-t1)-u(t-t2)}]si 0≤αi≤0.414;T/20≤t2-
n(ωt) t1≤T/10

12. Periodic notch y(t)=sin(ωt)-sign(sin(ωt))×

13. Spike
 14. Flicker with y (t)=A(1+αfsin(βωt))sin(ωt)[α1 0.1≤αf≤0.2;5≤β≤20Hz
harmonics sin(ωt)+ α3sin(3ωt )+ α5sin(5ωt)] ;0.05≤α3,α5,α7≤0.15;
∑α^2i=1
15. Flicker with sag y(t)=A(1+αfsin(βωt))sin(ωt)(1- 0.1≤αf≤0.2;0.1≤α≤0.9;
α(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))) T≤t2-t1≤9T;5≤β≤20Hz;

3.5CONCLUSION

In this chapter, objectives of proposed work have been discussed such as to develop sample
data of PQ disturbances on MATLAB and later on those sample data are used for deep
learning by method called Convolution Neural Network (CNN).

CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed method of detection and classification of PQ Disturbances based on Deep
Learning technique using feature of CNN, which have become an emerging and popular
technique in deep learning technologies [32].
 Generating data signals of PQ Disturbances using MATLAB.
 Deep Learning using Python.
 Training and validating data using Convolution Neural Network technique.
 Compare the proposed work results with another system investigated in the latest
literature.
The CNN is a biologically inspired feed forward ANN that presents a simple model for the
mammalian visual cortex. It has been widely used in the visual field, such as image
recognition [18], [19] and video classification [20]. They have been applied to a wide range
of tasks related to signal, image and information processing in the artificial intelligence (AI)
domain. Deep learning algorithms are capable of learning optimal features from raw input
data automatically through using multiple levels of abstraction and representation of the
signal, and image data. Several methodologies based on deep learning have been used to
identify the types of PQDs. The estimation of voltage sags in sparsely monitored power
systems by using CNN model is reported in [21]. The CNN combining with a long short term
memory (LSTM) method is used for PQDs classification in [22]. The PQDs are estimated
based on a deep belief network (DBF) in [23]. Although these methods obtain satisfactory
PQD results, they struggle with the separation analysis of multiple PQDs.
In this project, a novel method used using MATLAB and Python, where data matrix are
generated on MATLAB and those data are then loaded in Python program to train model
using 2-D matrix data. For each of the disturbances there are 250 artificial signals being
generated. We are using 15 types of disturbances, as described in chapter 2; all together there
are 250×15 2-D data matrixes. Out of which approx 70% is used to train the CNN based
model and remaining 30% used for testing and validating the model, distributed 15% for
each.
The framework of the proposed method is illustrated in Fig. 1. Firstly, the sequence voltage
data are transformed into the time-frequency domain images by using WVD technique. Then,
the images are the inputs to a CNN model to classify the types of disturbances. In the CNN
model, the feature visualization method is taken to optimize the construction of the model.

4.2 CONVOLUTION NEURAL NETWORK (CNN)

Typically, a fundamental framework of CNN model consists of an input layer, convolution

layers, pooling layers, fully connected layers, and an output layer.

The convolution layer is the core part of CNN. It uses the mathematical 2D convolution
operation to transfer low-level local features into high-level global features. Herein, the
convolution operator is used to extract image features by preserving the spatial relationship
between pixels of the image matrix. It is performed on the input image data with a kernel to
produce a feature map. In this paper, a 3×3 convolution kernel is developed. The convolution
operation is implemented by:

Ckij=∑2m=0∑2n=0wm,nxi+m,j+n+bk
Where w is the weight of the kernel, x is the input data of this layer, b is the bias term, c is the
result of convolution operation, k is the number of kernels, i; j and m; n are the location labels
of the original image and convolution kernel matrices, respectively.
A weight sharing technique is adopted to share neurons in different layers so as to help the
process of feed forward and back propagation (BP) [24]. By doing so, the number of
parameters under consideration is effectively reduced.

Through the convolution layer, the hidden invariant features in data are extracted
automatically. The pooling layer implements non-linear down-sampling after the convolution
layer through a max-pooling (or average-pooling) method. The output of the convolution
layer is divided into a set of non-overlapping rectangles, generating maximum (or average) of
each sub-region. This layer is employed to reduce the spatial size of the representation
progressively, and decrease the number of parameters so as to reduce the over fitting issue.
Finally, a fully connected layer is created to combine all the feature maps with a final
classification vector. It is fed into the output layer.

4.3 EXPECTED OUTCOMES

Following outcomes are expected from the proposed work:

 We will be able to detect the PQDs without human interferences.
 We will be able to classify the PQDs of different kinds.
 We will able to check the accuracy of the model and will have option to choose the
higher one.
 We will be able to detect and classify PQDs with higher accuracy then, and quickly.
 W don’t need to provide classifier to the CNN, they automatically abstract features
and optimizze both parametr of features extraction and classification method.
 Compare the proposed work results with another system investigated in the latest
literature.

4.4 CONCLUSION

This chapter discusses the methodology used to obtain the objective. The Methodology has
been explained with the help of relevant graph. In the end of the chapter expected outcomes
have been concluded.
 CHAPTER5
REFERENCES
[1] R. C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, and H. W. Beaty, “Electrical power systems quality,” New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, vol. 1, 1996.
[2] M. E. Meral, Voltage quality enhancement with custom power park. PhD thesis, Phd Thesis, Cukurova
University, 2009.

[3]Bollen, Math H.J. (1999). Solving power quality problems : voltage sags and interruptions. New York: IEEE
Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-7803-4713-7.
[4]Dugan, R., McGranaghan, M., Santoso, S., and Beaty, H.W. (2004). Electrical Power Systems
Quality (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
[5]IEEE 519-1992. Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical
Power Systems.

[6] M. Bollen, “What is power quality?,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 5–14,
2003.

[7] P. Janik and T. Lobos, “Automated classification of power-quality disturbances using svm and rbf
networks,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1663– 1669, 2006.

[8] S. Khokhar, A. Mohd Zin, A. Mokhtar, and N. Ismail, “Matlab/simulink based modeling and
simulation of power quality disturbances,” in IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON),
pp. 445–450, IEEE, 2014.

[9]Brown, RA; Frayne, R (2008). A fast discrete S-transform for biomedical signal processing. Conf
Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008. pp. 2586–9. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4649729. ISBN 978-1-
4244-1814-5. PMID 19163232.
[10] R.G. Stockwell, A basis for efficient representation of the S-transform, Digital Signal Process. 17
(1) (2007) 371–393.
[11] K. Cai, B. P. Alalibo, W. Cao, Z. Liu, Z. Wang, and G. Li, ``Hybrid approach for detecting and classifying
power quality disturbances based on the variational mode decomposition and deep stochastic configuration
network,'' Energies, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 3040, Nov. 2018.

[12] Z. Li, J. Chen, Y. Zi, and J. Pan, ``Independence-oriented VMD to identify fault feature for wheel set
bearing fault diagnosis of high speed locomotive, ''Mech. Syst. Signal Process, vol. 85, pp. 512-529, Feb. 2017.

[13] C. Yi, Y. Lv, and Z. Dang, ``A fault diagnosis scheme for rolling bearing based on particle swarm
optimization in variational mode decomposition, ''Shock Vib, May 2016, Art. no. 9372691.

[14] Z. Liu, Y. Cui, and W. Li, ``A classification method for complex power quality disturbances using EEMD
and rank wavelet SVM,'' IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1678-1685, Jul. 2015.
[15] J. Li, Z. Teng, Q. Tang, and J. Song, ``Detection and classification of power quality disturbances using
double resolution S-transform and DAG-SVMs,'' IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 2302-2312,
Oct. 2016.

[16] M. Biswal and P. K. Dash, ``Measurement and classification of simultaneous power signal patterns with an
S-transform variant and fuzzy decision tree,'' IEEE Trans Ind. Informat., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1819-1827, Nov.
2013.

[17] F. A. S. Borges, R. A. S. Fernandes, I. N. Silva, and C. B. S. Silva, ``Feature extraction and power quality
disturbances classi_cation using smart meters signals,'' IEEE Trans. Ind. In format., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 824-833,
Apr. 2016.

[18] R. Kumar, B. Singh, D. T. Shahani, A. Chandra, and K. Al-Haddad, ``Recognition of power-quality

disturbances using S-transform-based ANN classifier and rule-based decision tree,'' IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.
51, no. 2, pp. 1249-1258, Mar./Apr. 2015.

[19] K. Manimala and K. Selvi, ``Power disturbances classification using S-transform based GA-PNN,'' J. Inst.
Eng., vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 283-295, Sep. 2015.