Section 1.

2 Basic Concepts 3

(g) If y 000 D x 2 e x , then y 00 D x 2 e x dx D x 2 e x 2 xe x dx D x 2 eRx 2xe x C 2e x C c1 ;

R R
y 00 .0/ D 3 ) 2 C c1RD 3 ) c1 D 1, so (A) y 00 D .x 2 2x C 2/e x C 1. Since .x 2 2x C 2/e x dx D
.x 2 2x C 2/e x .2x 2/e x dx D .x 2 2x C 2/e x .2x 2/e x C 2e x D .x 2 4x C 6/e x ,
(A) implies that y D .x 2 4x C 6/e
0 x 0
R 2C x C c2 ; yx .0/ D 22 ) 6 C c2xD R 2 ) c2 xD 8, so (B)
0 2 x
y D .x 4x C 6/e C x 8; Since .x 4x C 6/e dx D .x 4x C 6/e .2x 4/e dx D .x 2
x2
4x C6/e x .2x 4/e x C2e x D .x 2 6x C12/e x , (B) implies that y D .x 2 6x C12/e x C 8x Cc3;
2
2
x
y.0/ D 1 ) 12 C c3 D 1 ) c3 D 11, so y D .x 2 6x C 12/e x C 8x 11.
2
cos 2x 1 7
(h) If y 000 D 2 C sin 2x, then y 00 D 2x C c1 ; y 00 .0/ D 3 ) C c1 D 3 ) c1 D ,
2 2 2
00 cos 2x 7 0 2 sin 2x 7 0
so y D 2x C . Then y D x C x C c2 ; y .0/ D 6 ) c2 D 6, so
2 2 4 2
3
0 2 sin 2x 7 x cos 2x 7 2 1 7
y Dx C x 6. Then y D C C x 6xCc3 ; y.0/ D 1 ) Cc3 D 1 ) c3 D ,
4 2 3 8 4 8 8
x3 cos 2x 7 2 7
so y D C C x 6x C .
3 8 4 8
(i) If y 000 D 2x C 1, then y 00 D x 2 C x C c1; y 00 .2/ D 7 ) 6 C c1 D 7 ) c1 D 1; so y 00 D x 2 C x C 1.
x3 x2 14 26 x3 x2
Then y 0 D C C .x 2/ C c2; y 0 .2/ D 4 ) C c2 D 4 ) c2 D , so y 0 D C C
3 2 3 3 3 2
4 3
26 x x 1 26 8 5
.x 2/ . Then y D C C .x 2/2 .x 2/ C c3 ; y.2/ D 1 ) C c3 D 1 ) c3 D ,
3 12 6 2 3 3 3
4 3
x x 1 26 5
so y D C C .x 2/2 .x 2/ .
12 6 2 3 3
1.2.6. (a) If y D x 2 .1 C ln x/, then y.e/ D e 2 .1 C ln e/ D 2e 2; y 0 D 2x.1 C ln x/ C x D 3x C 2x ln x,
so y 0 .e/ D 3e C 2e ln e D 5e; (A) y 00 D 3 C 2 C 2 ln x D 5 C 2 ln x. Now, 3xy 0 4y D 3x.3x C
2x ln x/ 4x 2.1 C ln x/ D 5x 2 C 2x 2 ln x D x 2 y 00 , from (A).
x2 1 1 2 2 5
(b) If y D C x 1, then y.1/ D C 1 1 D ; y 0 D x C 1, so y 0 .1/ D C 1 D ; (A)
3 3 3 3 3 3
x2

2 2 2
00
y D . Now x 2 0
xy C y C 1 D x 2
x xC1 C C x 1 C 1 D x 2 D x 2 y 00 , from (A).
3 3 3 3
(c) If y D .1 C x 2 / 1=2 , then y.0/ D .1 C 02 / 1=2 D 1; y 0 D x.1 C x 2 / 3=2 , so y 0 .0/ D 0; (A)
y D .2x 2 1/.1Cx 2 / 5=2 . Now, .x 2 1/y x.x 2 C1/y 0 D .x 2 1/.1Cx 2 / 1=2 x.x 2 C1/. x/.1C
00

.x 2 1/y x.x 2 C 1/y 0

x 2 / 3=2 D .2x 2 1/.1 C x 2 / 1=2 D y 00 .1 C x 2 /2 from (A), so y 00 D .
.x 2 C 1/2
x2 1=4 1 x.x 2/ . 1=2/. 3=2/
(d) If y D , then y.1=2/ D D ; y0 D , so y 0 .1=2/ D D 3;
1 x 1 1=2 2 .1 x/2 .1 1=2/2
2 x2 x x 2 .x 2/ x2
(A) y 00 D . Now, (B) x C y D x C D and (C) xy 0
y D D
.1 x/3 1 x 1 x .1 x/2 1 x
2 3 3 0
x x x 00 2.x C y/.xy y/
2
. From (B) and (C), .x C y/.xy 0 y/ D 3
D y , so y 00 D 3
.
.1 x/ .1 x/ 2 x

1.2.8. (a) y D .x c/a is defined and x c D y 1=a on .c; 1/; moreover, y 0 D a.x c/a 1
D

a 1
a y 1=a D ay .a 1/=a .
(b) if a > 1 or a < 0, then y  0 is a solution of (B) on . 1; 1/.

1.2.10. (a) Since y 0 D c we must show that the right side of (B) reduces to c for all values of x in some