RIZAL REVIEWER - First to own two – stone houses in

Calamba
 Children in the Rizal Family - Owned biggest library in Laguna
 11 Children (2 boys, 9 girls) - One of the biggest in the country
Saturnina (1850 – 1913) - More than 1,000 volumes of various
Paciano (1851 – 1930) – Katipunan; General books besides magazines subscribed
Narcisa (1852 – 1939) from other countries
Olimpia (1855 – 1887)
Lucia (1857 – 1919) CHILDHOOD IN CALAMBA
Maria (1859 – 1945)  Calamba, Rizal’s Town
Jose (1861 – 1896) - Rich agricultural town
Concepcion (1862 – 1865) - Alongside Laguna de Bai
Josefa (1865 – 1945) - Talim Island
Trinidad (1868 – 1951) - Mt. Makiling (South)
Soledad (1870 – 1929)
 Weak and Sickly
 The Rizal Blood - At age 3, Jose is weak and sickly
- Mixture of Negrito, Indonesian, Malayan, - Hired yaya
Chinese, Japanese and Spanish blood - Don Francisco built a little cottage
(bamboo and nipa) inside their fruit
Father’s Side garden for Jose to play in
- Domingo Lam – Co from Chinchew, China - Jose lacked appetite (yaya payed
and Ines de la Rosa special attention to this)
- His father’s father and grandfather had been - To oblige the boy to eat, she would
town mayors (capitanes del pueblo) or Binan frighten him (aswang, momo, tigbalang,
kapre)
Mother’s Side
- Lakandula (a Malayan chieftain of Tondo)  Moonlight Walks
- Eugenio Ursua and Benigna Ochoa - Alongside Laguna Lake, Jose walks with
yaya and his dog Usman
 Governor Narciso Claveria in 1849 ordered
Filipino families to adopt Spanish family  A Religious Family
names to avoid difficulty of Spaniards in - Every nightfall, they kneel down and say
pronouncing native surnames the Angelus prayers
-Realonda - Mass every Sunday is obligatory
-Rizal (suggested by the town - Memorized prayers and can already
mayor) read the Bible at age 5
- Frequent visitor of Father Leoncio Lopez
 Rizal Family and Home
- One of the richest, most respected,  Mother Fulfills Vow
most cultured in Calamba - To fulfil vow to OLPGV when she gave
- Don Francisco (farmer) birth to Jose, Dona asked her husband
- Dona Teodora (owns lucrative to accompany Jose to Antipolo (she
business; business ad., math and could not go because she had just given
literature) birth to Trinidad , June 6, 1868)
  Trip Across the Lake
- With his father, Jose made his first trip in
Laguna de Bai (barge)
- They disembarked upon reaching Pasig
River
- They went to Sta. Ana (Saturnina;
student at Colegio de la Concordia)
 Writes Drama and Poems
- Learned Catholic prayers and Bible at
age of 3
- Mother taught him rudiments of poetry
and rules or versification
- Wrote a drama played in their town
fiesta (less than 8 y/o)
- Gobernadorcillo of Paete bought the
drama for 2 pesos and had it played in
their town
 His First Famous Poem
- At age of 8 he displayed nationalistic
sentiments
- “Sa Aking Mga Kababata”
- Translated into Spanish by Epifanio de
los Santos (national librarian and culture
Filipino)
 The Boy as an Artist
- Awakened at age 5
- Made sketches of persons, animals,
birds, flowers, trees on pieces of papers
and even pages of books of his sisters
(mother scolded Jose for this)
- Talent on sculptural works (out of wood
and wax)
- A religious banner was destroyed for
town fiesta and Jose replaced it with one
painted in oil colors which was more
beautiful
- Many statuettes out of clay and wax in
his room
”What will you do with so many statuettes?”
“Don’t you know that someday people will erect
monuments and statues in my honor?”
 Mother Spanks Jose
- Dona Teodora is a disciplinarian
- She wanted Jose to wear the sinamay
shirt (scratchy on skin), she spanked
Jose because Jose didn’t want to wear
the shirt
- Sudden explosion in fruit garden (Jose
ignited the fuses of a bottle with
explosive powder burning Josefa’s face)
 The Flame and the Moths
- Dona Teodora would read old book
stories and fables to Jose
- The fable about the moths interested
Jose the most
 Jose Cries Bitterly
- Concepcion (Concha) died of sickness
at the age of 3, one year younger than
Jose
- She was Jose’s playmate
- For the first time, Jose wept and shed
tears
 He Learns From Tutors
- Jose have private tutors
- Maestro Celestino
- Maestro Lucas Padua
- Leon Monroy (classmate; his father
wanted Jose to learn faster so he
thought it would be better to hire a
maestro to stay in their home; gave Jose
first lessons in Latin)
- Died after 5 months
 Cruel Spanish Authorities
- Almost daily, Jose saw cruelties
committed by guardia civil, the alcalde
or Spanish authority
 The Slipper Story
- During summer days, said the teacher,
Jose would invite fellow children to go
boating on Laguna de Bai
- While rowing, he accidentally dropped
one of his slippers, unable to swim well,
he dropped the other slipper so that
 whoever finds it might be able to use
them
PRIMARY EDUCATION IN BINAN
 Jose Leaves Calamba
- On June 1869, Paciano brought Jose to
Binan (hometown of their Father)
- Riding in carromata, they arrived after 2
and a half hours
- They went to the house of their aunt
where Jose will lodge
- Leandro (Jose’s cousin) invited him to
go sightseeing
 First Day in School
- Paciano introduced Jose to Maestro
Justiniano Aquino Cruz then left
- The school was a nipa house short
distance from aunt’s house
- The children in class including Pedro
(maestro’s son) laughed at Jose
 Classmates Quarrel with Jose
- In the afternoon of his first day, he
accosted Pedro for teasing him and
challenged him to a fight
- Jose won
- Jose learned the rudiments of wrestling
from his Uncle Manuel (sports
enthusiast)
- After the afternoon class, Jose was
challenged to an arm wrestling by
Andres Lakundanan, Jose lost
 Takes Lessons in Painting
- Father in law of Joses’s teacher was a
painter
- Frequent visitor of the studio of painter
observing the ability in art
- Old man offered Jose free lessons
- Jose Guevara and Jose was accepted
as the old man’s apprentices
- They became favourite painters of class
 Joses’s Daily Routines
- Heard 4 o’clock mass in morning
- Studied lessons
- Pick fruits from Mabolo trees
- Eat breakfast (rice and dried sardines)
- Attend class ending at 10 then return
home
- Go to school at 2 and return at 5
- Studied lessons, play a little and ate
supper (1 or 2 plates of boiled rice and
ayungin)
- Pray at night
 Classmates Become Jealous
- Jose the brightest in class
- Older classmates whom he surpassed
got jealous of him
- Concocted false reports about Jose’s
misbehavior and then Jose got punished
by lying on his stomach on a long bench
whipped for 5 to 6 times
 Jose Leaves Binan
- He will leave Binan because he learned
all the Mestro could teach him
- Maestro advised that he should be sent
to college in Manila
- On December 1870, Saturnina sent her
a letter saying that Talim would dock at
Binan
- He was to ride in that taking him back to
Calamba
- He went to town church to pray,
collected pebbles at river and bade
farewell to classmates and maestro
 Family Welcomes Jose
- Saturday afternoon, December 17,
1871, Jose left Binan
- First ride on steamboat
- Arturo Campos (Frenchman, close
companion in the ship, a friend of his
father)
 Dona Teodora Imprisoned
- On June, 1872, Dona Teodora was
arrested by Spanish authorities
 - She was sent to provincial jail in Sta.
Cruz instead of placing her in Calamba
Jail
- Forced to walk 50 kms from Calamba to
Sta. Cruz
- She suffered morally and physically
because the case was made to drag on
until it reached Real Audencia (Supreme
Court)
 Case Vs. Jose’s Mother
- Suspected as accomplice of Dona
Teodora’s brother, Jose Alberto for
trying to poison his wife
- Wife abandoned their home and children
after Jose Alberto went to a business
trip in Europe
- Jose Alberto found his wife living with
another man (wants to divorce)
- Unfaithful wife connived with Guardia
Civil to fabricate charges
- Case was defended by Don Francisco
de Mercaida and Don Manuel Marzano
(most famous lawyers in Manila)
- Found innocent by Real Audiencia
released on June 1874
THE MOST BRILLIANT ATENEAN
 Entrance Exams at Letran
- Paciano took him to Manila at June 10,
1872
- Colegio de San Juan de Letran
- Jose took entrance exams on Christian
doctrine, arithmetic, reading (passed all
of them)
- Went back to Calamba to celebrate
fiesta
- Don Francisco at first wanted to enrol
Jose at Letran but changed his mind
 Jose Enrols at Ateneo
- College registrar, Fr. Magin Ferrando at
first refused to admit him (late
registration, sickly, physically below the
standard of his age)
- Intercession of Manuel Xerxes Burgos
(nephew of Fr. Jose Burgos) Jose was
admitted
 Jose Adopts Surname “Rizal”
- Paciano studied at Colegio de San Jose
using Mercado (he served Fr. Jose
Burgos as office help and secretary)
- “Rizal” (name of flowering plant, green
field)
 Better Educational System
- Ateneo run by Jesuits
- Rigid discipline, physical culture,
religious instruction, fine arts, scientific
studies
- Courses led to A.B degree
- Agriculture, commerce and mechanics
 Classes in Two Groups
Imperio romano
- Roman Empire
- Student boarders inside college
Imperio cartaginense
- Carthagenian Empire
- Boarders outside college
 They have ranks:
- Emperador (Emperor)
- Tribuno (Tribune)
- Decurion (Decurion)
- Centurion (Centurion)
- Abanderado (Standard – bearer)
(To assume and maintain a high rank, a student had
to study hard because a high ranking student could
be replaced by another upon his failure to answer
three questions propounded to him.)
 Rizal’s First Year in College
- June 1872, (first day in Ateneo)
- Outside boarder (cartaginense)
- Tail – ender at first (only know
rudimentary knowledge of Spanish)
- Progressed very rapidly emerging as top
in class
- After one month rose to Emperor
 - He was awarded first prize (a religious
picture; first evidence of intellectual
excellence in Ateneo)
 Jose Improves his Spanish
- Improved his Spanish by taking private
lessons at Colegio de Santa Isabel
(noon recess)
- Paying extra 3 pesos monthly
 Professor’s Unpleasant Remarks
- His Ateneo prof would utter unpleasant
remarks to him
- Caused him to slacken a little
- At the end of second half of the year, he
became second
- Although he maintained sobre-saliente -
grades
 Rizal Visits His Mother
- Visited on vacation, March 1873
- Gave account on his college studies and
grades
- On his return, he changes his boarding
house
- Transferred in Intramuros (Dona Pepay)
- During SY 1873 – 1874 regained
supremacy winning a gold medal
- Returned to Calamba for another
vacation (March 1874)
 Jose Interprets Mother’s Dream
- She will be released from imprisonment
- Dona viewed it as son’s efforts to lessen
her sorrow
 Young Rizal Reads Novels
- Spent his time reading Spanish novels
- El Conde de Montecristo by Alexander
Dumas (interested him the most)
- due to his eagerness to read Cesar
Cantu’s Universal History (he urged his
father to buy a copy even at a high
price)
- also read Teodor Jagor’s Travels in the
Philippines (Rizal paid special attention
to author’s expose of shortcomings of
Spanish administration in Phil.,
prediction of Spain’s downfall and of
America’s taking over colonization of
Islands)
 Dona Teodora Set Free
- 3 months after Rizal’s interpretation of
the dream, his mother was set free
- Jose was still in Ateneo, not knowing his
mother was released
 Rizal’s Junior Year in Ateneo
- SY 1874 – 1875 , Junior Year in Ateneo
(13 – 14 y/o)
- Dona Teodora arrived in Manila
confirming her son’s prophetic
interpretation
- Rizal wasn’t satisfied to this year’s
achievements compared to the other
year
- Won only one gold medal in Latin
- He was surpassed in Spanish by a full
blooded Spaniard who spoke native
language with more fluency and proper
Castillian accents
 Rizal in Fourth Year
- Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez had
special interest in Jose
- He wanted the boy to develop his innate
talent in literature and poetry
- Inspired Jose in developing talent in
poetry writing
- Internee at this time
- Top of class, won 5 medals
- Showed his high grades in all subjects
upon return in Calamba during vacation
in March 1876
 Rizal’s Last Year in Ateneo
- SY 1876 – 1877 (15 – 16 y/o)
- Most brilliant Atenean
- No one among his classmates could
excel him in all subjects
- Graduated with highest honors from
1872 – 1877
 Obtained Highest Grades in:
 - Philosophy
- Physics
- Biology
- Chemistry
- Languages
- Minerology
- Rhetoric and Poetry
- Botany
- Zoology
- History etc
 Rizal’s Reads Burgos’ Books
- During student days, Jose would visit
Paciano at the Manila Cathedral at the
office of Fr. Jose Apolonio Burgos y
Garcia
- Paciano allowed Jose to read Fr.
Burgos’ literary works
- No less than 43 volumes
- He wrote down opinions and
observations which were later included
as introductory statements
 Extracurricular Activities
- Easily admitted to Academy of Spanish
Literature and to Academy of Natural
Sciences
- Exclusive societies for gifted and
talented students
- Marian Congregation (member then
secretary because he was a religious
student)
- Fr. Jose Villaclara (advised Jose to
dedicate himself in Philosophy and
Natural Sciences)
- He studied painting under Agustin Saez
- Sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus
(Filipino)
- Physical Culture (extracurr)
- Learned gymnastics and fencing
- Learned rudiments of body building and
art of self defense (Uncle Manuel)
 Rizal’s Sculptural Works
- Carved an image of Virgin Mary on a
piece of batikuling (pocket – knife)
- Jesuit fathers admired it
- Father Lleonart requested him to carve
Scared Heart of Jesus
- Ateneans placed it at the entrance to
their dormitory (20 yrs) as a reminder of
the greatest Atenean
 Bachelor of Arts Degree
- March 23, 1877 (graduated with the
degree of Bachelor of Arts)
- 16 y/o
- On graduation day, he prayed at college
chapel thanking the Lord and Virgin
Mary
 Two Ateneans Anecdotes
- Manzano and Lesaca (books hit Rizal
but forgave them)
- Julio Melliza (kite on the belfry, Jose got
the kite)
- Righteousness and forgiveness
- Helpfulness for anyone who needed
help
 Verified Drama and Other Poems
- April and May 1876 (last year)
- Rizal versified Spanish translation in
prose of St. Eustache Martyr by the
request of Fr. Francisco de Paula
Sanchez
- First published in Dia Filipino on June
19, 1922 and was included in Poesias
de Rizal, a collection of Rizal’s poems
by Jaime C. de Veyra
- Whole versified translation was nearly
2,000 hendesyllabic verses (versos
endecasilabos)
- Each verse with 11 syllables in Spanish
- Rizal wrote 20 other poems at Ateneo
 Rizal’s First Infatuation
- Went to Trozo, Manila to visit
grandmother on mother’s side with
Mariano Katigbak (Lipa, Batangas)
- Segunda (sister of Mariano)
- She was fourteen and he was sixteen
- Urged Rizal to make portrait of the girl
 - Made frequent visits to La Concordia
College where Olimpia and Segunda are
classmates
- Rizal was to leave for Calamba and
Segunda for Lipa (last meeting)
- The next thing was Jose heard that
Segunda is married to Manuel Luz
A DISGUSTED UNIVERSITARIAN
 Rizal Enters the University
- Enrolled at UST took up Philosophy and
Letters (April 1877)
- He studied Cosmology, Metaphysics,
Theodicy and History of Philosophy
- Continued taking vocational course in
Surveying
- Passed examinations and Surveying
(1878) with Perito Agrimensor (expert
Surveyor)
- Was not given to him until November 25,
1881 (to reach required age)
- SY 1878 – 1879 (took Medicine to cure
failing eyesight of mother)
- Encouraged by Fr. Rector of Ateneo
 Romance with Leonor Rivera
- Before Leonor, Jose courted 2 other
girls
Miss L.
Leonor Valenzuela
- Most serious but unsuccessful love affair
was with Leonor Rivera
- Cousin from Camiling, Tarlac
- Daughter of Rizal’s uncle (Antonio
Rivera; manager of Casa Tomasina,
boarding house for students where Rizal
lived during Junior Year (1879) at UST)
- Leonor was a student in La Concordia
College where Soledad (youngest sister)
also studies
- Leonor was 6 years younger than Rizal
(April 11, 1867)
- The two became secretly engaged
- Leonor as “Taimis”
- Used invisible inks in their love notes
 Rizal’s First Taste of Brutality
- One evening while walking in Calamba
he did not recognize a lieutenant of
guardia civil
- Whipped Jose in the back with sword
(took 2 weeks to heal according to his
letter dated March 21, 1887 to his
Austrian Friend, Ferdinan Blumentritt)
- Submitted complaint to Governor Primo
de Rivera (no action was taken)
 Rizal Wins First Prize in Poetry
- Liceo Artistico – Literario de Manila
(society of arts and literature)
- conducted a poetry contest for Filipinos
and mestizos
- board of judges (Spaniards)
- Jose submitted A La juventud Filipina
(To the Philippine Youth)
- Awarded a feather – shaped silver pen
decorated with gold ribbon
- Ten stanzas, each stanza with 5 verses
- 1st, 3rd, 4th (pentametric, 5 syllables)
- 2nd, 5th (hendecasyllabic, 11 syllables)
- A – b – a – b – b rhyming scheme
 Wins Another First Prize
- 1880 marked the 4th Centennial
Commemoration of Spain’s Greatest
man of letters, Miguel Cervantes de
Saavedra of Don Quijote de la Mancha
- The Liceo sponsored a national literary
contest
- El consejo de los dioses (The Council of
the Gods) by Jose Rizal won
- Rendered most honor to Spain’s
greatest literary genius
- Another masterpiece and classic in
Spanish literature
 UST’s Antagonistic Atmosphere
- Unlike Jesuit fathers of Ateneo,
Dominican priests showed repulsive
attitudes, grossly disheartening to
Filipino students
- Filipino who surpassed Spanish are
often called “Indio, chongo”
 - Filipino boys call them “Kastila bangus”
 Rizal was made head of Filipino secret
societies:
- Companerismo
- Tres Mosqueteros
- Frequent brawls happened
- Brawl in Escolta, Rizal was wounded in
the head
- Leonor Rivera nursed his wound in
Casa Tomasina
 Still Above the Ordinary
- Jose was disgusted and lost enthusiasm
in studies but did not affected his studies
badly
 Rizal takes Advice to Leave
- Rizal remembered opposition of his
mother of him attending the university
- Advised by Antonio Rivera, Paciano and
Saturnina
- Decided to leave for Europe and
continue study Medicine in Madrid
- Kept it a tight secret from Spanish
Government and friars
 Jose Rizal Bids Farewell
- He visited Jesuit fathers and close
friends at Ateneo to bid good bye
- Kind priests gave him letters of
recommendation and introduction to
their society in Barcelona and Madrid
- Last meeting with Leonor
- Rode carromata with Soledad for 5
hours and told her to look after their
parents and extend farewell greetings to
Paciano and Saturnina
 Rizal Outwits the Spaniards
- Rizal went back to Calamba to
seemingly enjoy town fiesta
- He received rush telegram from Manuel
T. Hidalgo (Saturnina’s husband) that
Salvadora will leave for Singapore
- Before sunrise, May 1, 1882, he took a
carromata for Manila reaching the city
after 10 hours
- With money amounting to 700 pesos
(Paciano) and a diamond ring he could
sell he boarded Salvadora
- He used a passport in name of cousin
Jose Mercado
- Paciano advised him to write
immediately when he needed money
- 35 pesos monthly through Uncle Antonio
RIZAL GOES TO EUROPE
 Rizal Boards the Salvadora
- May 3, 1882 (heard mass at Sto.
Domingo Church, ate breakfast and
boarded at the mouth of Pasig River)
- Some of his close friends including
“Chengoy” Jose M. Castillo bid him
goodbye
 The Only Filipino Passenger
- He found out he was the only Filipino
passenger
- Heard other spoke ill of Philippines
 Singapore after Five Days
- City of Singapore was a sight of beauty
to Rizal
- Ship stopped at the city for 2 days
- Stayed at Hotel de Paz
- Wrote impressions on his diary and
some personal letters for Manila
 On Board the “Djemnah”
- Steamboat of Messageries Maritime
(French shipping firm)
- Bound for Europe
- Bigger and more sanitarian than
Salvadora
- Took this boat where he met some
French
- From Singapore, Djemnah reached
Point de Galle
- May 18, 1882, the steamer left in the
afternoon that same day
- Reached Colombo, Ceylon
 - Crossed Indian Ocean to Café
Guardafui in Africa
- Weather was stormy, Rizal became
seasick
- After 10 days of sailing, May 28,
reached coast of Africa
- Proceeded to Aden (very hot place)
- June 2 (arrived at Suez City, Red Sea)
 Enjoys Passage Thru Suez Canal
- Passage gave Rizal enjoyment and
delight
- First time he saw it since construction on
November 17, 1869 (8 years after birth)
- After 5 days, Djemnah reached the other
terminal end of Canal, City of Port Said,
Mediterranean Sea
 From Port Said to Europe
- June 11, 1882 from Port Said reached
Naples
- Entered harbour of Marseilles, France
- He stayed at Hotel Noailles on June 13,
1882
- Taking special interest in Chateau D’lf
where Dantes was imprisoned
- Frequented in Plaza de la Concorde
 Arrogance of Immigration Officers
- From Marseilles, he took the train bound
for Barcelona
- Reached Port Buo (stayed 1 day)
- Noticed arrogant manner of Spanish
immigration officers in contrast with the
French officers
BARCELONA AND MADRID
 Rizal Reaches Barcelona
- Second largest city in Spain
- First impression was not favourable
- But later found the city to be really great
- Atmosphere of freedom and liberalism
- He found most of Spaniards
openhearted, courageous and
hospitable
- Stayed at Hotel de Espana (Fonda de
Espana) on San Pablo Street
- Las Romblas (enjoyed taking a walk)
 Ateneans Welcome Rizal
- Some Filipinos who were his former
classmates welcomed Rizal
- Welcome party (Plaza de Cataluna)
- They told Rizal places, customs of
Spanish people and historical places
- Rizal informed them about latest
happenings in home country
 Starts Work of Nationalism
- Wrote first Spanish essay (Amor patrio –
Love of Country) under pseudonym
Laong Laan
- Translated by Marcelo Del Pilar and
sent a copy to Diariong Tagalog
- Francisco Calvo (editor) congratulated
Rizal requested to send him more
- Rizal wrote another Los viajes (Travels)
- Third essay Revista de Madrid (Madrid
Review)
- November 29, 1882, returned because
publication stopped due to financial
difficulties
 Sad News from Manila
- Paciano wrote in his letter (September
15, 1882) the outbreak of cholera
causing death of many people
- Chengoy told the sufferings of Leonor
due to his absence (losing weight and
became weaker everyday)
- Paciano’s another letter (May 26, 1882)
advised Jose to transfer in Madrid to
finish medical course
- Permanent residence (Madrid)
 Rizal Studies Medicine
- Enrolled in Universidad Central de
Madrid (Central University of Madrid –
November 3, 1882)
- Two courses
- Medicine
- Philosophy and Letters
- Studied painting and sculpture in
Academy of San Carlos
 - Studied French, German, English
(private instructor)
- Practiced fencing and shooting in Hall of
Arms of Sanz and Carbonell
- Improve knowledge in music (operas
and concerts)
- Frequently visited art galleries and
museums
- Read books on various subjects in
library and learned military engineering
 No Time for Pleasure
- Strict frugality in Madrid
- Used to invest three pesetas for lottery
(Dame Luck)
- Meeting place with some friends living
quarters of Paternos on Calle Sauco,
the Café de Pelayo
- He used to drink coffee in a little coffee
shop near La Puerto del Sol
- He and his friends were frequent visitors
of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey (liberal
minded Spaniard who had been the civil
governor of Manila when Don Carlos
Ma. De la Torre y Navancerrada was the
captain and governor general of
Philippines)
 A Madrilena Loves Rizal
- Every Saturday evening, Rizal and his
friends spend time at home of Ortega
Sisters
- Eduardo de Lete was courting Consuelo
- Consuelo is in love with Rizal
- Rizal dedicated her a poem (A la
senorita COYR – To Miss COYR)
- To avoid Consuelo and give way, Rizal
made a trip to Paris in Summer of 1883
 Rizal Joins a Society
- Filipinos and Spanish friends in Madrid
organized a society
- Circulo Hispano – Filipino (Spanish –
Filipino Circle)
- Upon insistence of members, Rizal
wrote Me piden versos (They Ask Me for
Verses)
 Rizal’s Collection of Books
- saved money to buy books
 Books
- The Bible
- Hebrew Grammar
- Lives of the Presidents of the United
Stated from Washington to Johnson
- Complete Works of Voltaire (9 vols)
- Complete Works of Homer (3 vols)
- Complete Works of C. Bernard (16
vols)
- History of French Revolution
- The Wandering Jew by Eugene
Sue
- Ancient Poetry
- Works of Thucydides
- The Byzantine Empire
- The Characters of La Bruyere
- The Renaissance
- Uncle Tom’s Cabin
- Works of Alexander Dumas
- Louis XIV
- His Court
- Books on medicine, philosophy,
languages, history, geography, arts
and sciences
 Masonry Entices Rizal
- 1883 Rizal joined Masonic Lodge Acacia
- Pseudonym Dimasalang
- Became a Master Mason in Lodge
Solidaridad on November 15, 1890
- Became a Master Mason of Le Grand
Orient France in Paris on February 15,
1892
 Rizal in Financial Distress
- Economic situation in Calamba became
worse
- Manager of Dominican Estate raised
yearly rental
- Fat turkey (Don Francisco refused to
give friar one)
- Paciano had to trim down monthly
remittance
 - Paciano had to sell Rizal’s horse to send
him money
- Tutor service by Paciano
 Rizal Suffers from Hunger
- Won a prize in Greek on empty stomach
(June 25, 1884)
- Obliged to accept an invitation to deliver
a speech at a banquet at Restaurant
Ingles in honor of 2 great Filipino
painters (Juan Luna and Felix
Resureccion Hidalgo)
- Won the National Exposition of the Arts
in Madrid
- Luna (Spoliarium)
- Hidalgo (Christian Virgins Exposed to
the Populace)
- Praised painters in speech and publicly
criticized Spaniards in the Philippines
 Finishes Studies in Spain
- Finished medical studies (June 21,
1884)
- Awarded degree of Licentiate in
Medicine
- SY 1884 – 1885 obtained degree of
Doctor of Medicine
- Not given doctoral diploma due to lack
of money for fees
- He was also not able to present a thesis
required
- June 19, 1885 (awarded the Licentiate
in Philosophy and Letters with rating of
sobresaliente (Excellent)
NOLI ME TANGERE
 Purpose of Rizal Law
- RA No. 1425
 How the Noli Came About
- Inspired by Harriet Beecher Stowe’s
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (about Negro slaves
and brutality of American masters)
- January 2, 1882 (house of Paternos)
proposed writing of a novel
- Unanimously approved (Paterno
brothers, Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre,
Eduardo de Lete, Julio Llorente,
Valentin Ventura)
 Rizal Starts Writing the Novel
- 1884 Rizal finished about half of the
novel Noli me tangere
- Moved to Paris in 1885 (finished second
half)
- Completed the whole novel in Berlin,
Germany
 No Money to Pay the Printer
- December 1886
- Suffering hunger, lung sickness, cold,
penniless
- Paciano had not sent him money
- He almost threw his first novel into fire
(stated in letter to his friend Fernando
Canon)
 Viola Came to the Rescue
- Middle of December 1886
- Received telegram from Maximo Viola
saying he was coming to Berlin to invite
him to a tour in Europe
- Loaned Rizal 300 pesos to pay for
printing of 2,000 copies
- Postponed trip for the printing
- March 29, 1887 (book came out of
printing press)
- First copy was autographed and given to
Viola
FRANCE AND GERMANY
 Scientists Recognize Rizal
- Rizal chose Ophthalmology
- After studies in Madrid, he left for
France then to Germany to seek
specialization in ophthalmology
- Served as assistant to famous oculists
in Europe, Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig,
Berlin
 Became a friend of famous scientists
- Dr. Feodor Jagor
- Dr. Adolph B. Meyer
- Dr. Hans Meyer
- Dr. Rudolf Virchow
 Rizal Meets Maximo Viola
- Met Maximo Viola (a medical student)
- Visited Don Eusebio Corominas (editor
of La Publicidad) owned by Don Miguel
Morayta
 Memorizing German Words
- Viola and Rizal lived together on a
building on Vergara Street
- Methodical study of German language
(5 words before sleeping)
 Rizal Gives Works of Art
- Left a crayon drawing of Miguel Morayta
at editorial office of La Publicidad
- Made clay bust of Viola’s house
companion named Juan
- Rizal reached Paris (October 1885 –
February 1886)
- Worked as assistant to Dr. Louis de
Weckert (French ophthalmologist)
- Rizal visited Pardo de Taveras
(Trinidad, Felix, and Paz) and studio of
Juan Luna
- On Paz’ album, Rizal sketched “The
Monkey and the Turtle”
 Rizal at Luna’s Studio
- 65 Boulevard Arago, Paris, France
- Rizal pose as Egyptian priest in Luna’s
The Death of Cleopatra
- Blood Compact as Sikatuna with Dr.
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi
 Rizal Moves to Heidelberg
- Move to Heidelberg to get acquainted
with German ophthalmologists
- February 3 – 17, 1886 (stayed at 16 Karl
Strasse, Heidelberg Germany)
- Rizal changed residence (Wilhelmsfield,
Germany to live with Pastor Ullmer)
- Rizal worked in the clinic of Dr. Javier
Galezowsky
- Also studied medical science under Dr.
Otto Becker
 Beautiful Flowers of Heidelberg
- Rizal transferred again to 12
Ludwigsplatz where he stayed from
February to June 1886
- April 22, 1886 (A las flores de
Heidelberg – To the Flowers of
Heidelberg under Laong Laan
- First published in La Solidaridad
(Spanish newspaper edited and
published by Jaena and Del Pilar)
 Friendship with Blumentritt
- Rizal wrote a letter to Blumentritt
(Austrian ethnologist)
- Director of Ateneo of Leitmeritz,
Germany
- Letter in German (July 31, 1886)
- Rizal sent Blumentritt Aritmetica
(Spanish and Tagalog – UST 1868)
- Blumentritt also sent Rizal 2 books
 From Heidelberg to Leipzig
- left Heidelberg on August 9, 1886 (lived
for 6 months)
- Leipzig from August 14 to October 29,
1886
- Enrolled in University of Leipzig (history
and psychology)
- Became a friend of Prof. Friedrich
Ratzel
- Translated into Tagalog Hans
Andersen’s Fairy Tales for nieces and
nephews
- Rizal received 1,000 from Paciano
- Paid Viola 300
 Rizal in Berlin with Fever
- Viola from Barcelona respond to Rizal’s
request
- Went to Paris to get from Luna his
diamond solitaire ring
- Met Rizal at his residence
 Rizal’s Fondness for Languages
- Mastered German (11 months)
- Learn English by German grammar
- Italian by mean of English grammar
 - Mastered French while in Madrid
- Under Parisian teacher, Madame Lucie
Cardolle, obtained specialized
knowledge of French
 Joins Society of Scientists
- Joined society of polyglots (members of
Geographical and Ethnological Society
of Berlin)
- Present original work (to join)
- Tagalische Verkunst (The Tagalog Art of
Versification)
- Written in correct German
 Rizal Studies Bible
- Dr. Schultzer (assistant)
- Dr. Hans Virchow (anatomy)
- Dr. Virchow Sr. (anthtopology)
- Studied Hebrew bible
 Christ’s Religion Most Perfect
- According to Maximo Viola by Rizal
- Christ was a religious genius
 Military Captain Invites Rizal
- General Moltke invited Rizal to celebrate
New Year with Family
- Chinese clay jars for console tables
painted with Chinese ink
 Rizal Suspected as French Spy
- Dr. Feodor Jagor said to Rizal that he
was being threatened of deportation
from Germany
- German chief of police visited Rizal
early and asked to show him his
passport
- Police prefecture (4 days)
- Went to Spanish Legation (Count of
Benomar is not authorized to issue)
- After proper investigations, it was found
out that Rizal is visiting many places in
Germany to study ethnography of
Germany
 Rizal Praises German Women
- letter to Trinidad (March 11, 1886)
 Characteristics of German Women
- Serious
- Diligent
- Educated
- Friendly
- Wastes no time for gossips
- Not frivolous
- Not quarrelsome
- Does not love to wear beautiful dress
nor expensive jewelry
- But can dress nicely
- German social etiquette (Introduce
one self in social gathering -
initiative)
- He advised Trinidad to read and read and
learn
 Rizal Hungry and Sick
- Winter of 1886 in Berlin
- Became physically weak and sick
- Hard cough
- Ate only 1 meal a day (bread, water,
cheap vegetable soup)
 Last Fifteen Days in Berlin
- Viola and Rizal spent their time in
recreational activities walking around the
city from 6 to 8 hours
- Followed same routine everyday
 Rizal and Viola in Potsdam
- Always with a pedometer to guide them
in the city
- Succeeded to know in detail the
fantastic mausoleum with marble
statues of Frederick the Great
 Floriculture in Dresden
- One of the best cities in Germany
- To study it, they spent more time
witnessing regional exhibition of
floriculture
  Rizal Wires Blumentritt
- Proceeded to Treschen (nothing
notable)
- Dr. Feodor Jagor suggested that they
should send a letter ahead of visit to
Blumentritt (- nervous)
- After sending the telegram, they left for
Leitmerits
MEETING OF GREAT FRIENDS
 Rizal and Viola in Leitmeritz
- May 13, 1887 (arrived at Leitmeritz)
- Blumentritt met them at railway station
(they embraced upon seeing each other)
- Led them to Hotel Krebs (Crabs) Room
12
- Rozsa Blumentritt (good cook)
- Child Dolores (Dorita), Conrad, Frits
 German Cold Doesn’t Bother Rizal
- Learned that Blumentritt was secretary
to Tourists’ Club
- Hold a meeting (board of directors)
- Jose Krombholz greeted two Filipinos
- Rizal delivered a German speech
 Blumentritt Goes with Rizal and Viola
- Blumentritt accompanies them to see
places of interest
- When he is not around, he would
request a friend to take his place (Dr.
Klutschack)
 Rizal Likened to a Rare Comet
- Rizal wants to leave a souvenir to
Blumentritt
- Produced a picture of Blumentritt in
dining room chair
- Blumentritt offered them a banquet night
before they will leave on Schutzen
Inseln (Shooter’s Isle)
 Rizal Loses Diamond Necktie Pin
- Blumentritt family and Prof. Klutschack
accompanied Rizal and Viola to railway
station (9:45; May 16, 1887)
- Few days after arrival at Vienna, Rizal
wrote about the necktie pin
- After finding the pin, Blumentritt sent it in
a perfumed package
IN OTHER CITIES OF EUROPE
 Rizal Thinks of Friends
- May 19, 1887, Rizal and Viola reached
the city of Brunn, Austria
- Rizal wrote a letter to Blumentritt
 Rizal and Viola in Prague
- They got acquainted with Dr. Wellkomm,
professor of natural history in the
University of Prague
- They saw the tomb of Copernicus; the
museum of natural history; the
bacteriological laboratories; and the
famous cave where San Juan
Nepomucceno was imprisoned
 Vienna Impresses Rizal
- Rizal and Viola arrived in the city of
Vienna (May 20, 1887)
- They get to know Norfenfals, one of the
greatest novelists in Europe
- They also got acquainted with two
Austrian scholars, Masner and Nordman
 Rizal Remembers Dorita
- Rizal and Viola are still in the city of
Vienna (May 24, 1887)
- Rizal wrote a letter to Blumentritt’s eldest
daughter, Dorita
 Beautiful Sights of Danube
- Rizal and Viola went sightseeing the
beautiful sights along the banks of
Danube River (May 25, 1887)
- They reached the city of Lintz
 Travel on Land to Rheinfall
- Rizal and Viola continue their travels by
land to Salsburg.
- They proceeded to Nuremberg, one of
the oldest German cities
 They Move to Ulm
- Rizal and Viola visited the cathedral in
the city of Ulm.
- They reached Rheinfall where the two
saw the most beautiful waterfall in
Europe.
 Crossing the German Frontier
- Rizal and Viola left Rheinfall, crossing
the German frontier, for Schaffhausen,
Switzerland
- They went to Basel, Bern, and Lausanne
- After leaving Lausanne on a little boat,
they crossed the foggy Leman Lake to
reach the famous city of Geneva
 Rizal’s Birthday in Geneva
- Rizal and Geneva stayed in Geneva until
June 23, 1887
- Rizal celebrated his 26th birthday in the
city of Geneva (June 19, 1887)
- Rizal and Viola parted ways (June 23,
1887)
- Viola went back to Barcelona, Rizal
continued to Italy
 Rizal’s Tour of Italy
- Rizal visited Italian cities namely, Turin,
Milan, Venice, and Florence
- On June 27, 1887, Rizal reached Rome,
the “City of the Caesars”
 Rizal Visits the Vatican
- Rizal visits the Vatican during the Feast
Day of St. Peter and St. Paul. (June 29,
1887)
 Motives to Return Home
- Rizal’s Noli me Tangere caused an
uproar among the Spaniards in Manila
- Rizal’s family and relatives advised him
not to return home because of the
impending danger
- Rizal did not listen to them
 Viola and Friends Dissuade Rizal
- Maximo Viola sent out copies of Rizal’s
Noli me Tangere to the Governor and
Captain General of the Philippines and
the Archbishop of Manila
- Viola and his friends including Antonio
Regidor, Juan Luna, and many others,
warned Rizal about the danger of return
to his native land.
- Rizal’s decision to return home was
unchangeable
 A God-given Mandate
- Viola proposed to Rizal to change his
nationality, to which Rizal turned down
RIZAL RETURNS HOME
 From Marseilles to Saigon
- From Rome, Rizal went to Marseilles, a
French port
- From Marseilles, he boarded the steamer
Djemnah bound for Saigon (it departed
at July 3, 1887)
 Singapore Isn’t so Impressive Now
- Djemnah arrived at Singapore (July 28,
1887)
- Singapore had gone down below the
standards of more beautiful and bigger
cities Rizal had seen
- Djemnah arrived at Saigon (July 30,
1887)
 Rizal Dreams of His Father
- The night after arriving at Saigon, Rizal
dreamt of his father, with the father
signifying him of his death
 From Saigon to Manila
- Rizal boarded the steamer Haiphong
bound for Manila (August 2, 1887)
- Haiphong arrived at Manila (August 5,
1887)
 From Manila to Calamba
- Rizal took the steamer Biñang bound for
Calamba (August 8, 1887)
  Family, Friends Welcome Rizal
- After reuniting with his friends and family,
Rizal was warned to never go out alone
RIZAL’S INTERLUDE IN CALAMBA
 Rizal Opens Medical Clinic
- Rizal put up a medical clinic in Calamba,
his hometown
- He successfully operated on his mother’s
eyes and restored her sight, which was
considered as a miracle
- Rizal was soon called, “Doctor Aleman”
because he came from Alemania
(Germany)
 Rizal Puts Up a Gymnasium
- Rizal opens a gymnasium to improve
young Calambeños physically, through
European sports.
- Rizal also taught them fencing, target
practice by shooting and physical culture
to disengage the youth from gambling
and cockfighting
 Love with Leonor Rivera
- Rizal failed to see his long-time
sweetheart, Leonor Rivera.
- Rizal was absolutely dissuaded by his
parents
- Leonor’s mother bitterly opposed Rizal’s
marriage to her daughter
 Rizal’s Other Activities
- Rizal attended to his gymnasium and
took part in the town’s civic and social
activities
- Rizal also painted beautiful landscapes
and translated the German poems of
Von Wildernath into Tagalog
 Tentacles Start Moving
- Governor General Emilio Terrero invited
Rizal to come to Malacanang for an
interview.
- Rizal explained to the Governor about
his novel because it was reported that
his novels contained subversive ideas
 Explanation Pleases Governor
- Because of Rizal’s explanation, the
Governor became eager to read his
novels.
 A Bodyguard for Rizal
- The Governor assigned a young Spanish
lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade,
as Rizal’s bodyguard
 Rizal’s Powerful Enemies
- Mngr. Pedro Payo, the Dominican
Archbishop of Manila sent a copy of the
Noli me Tangere to the Dominican
professors who were antagonistic to
Rizal
- The professors sent an incriminating
report to the Archbishop
 Report Dissatisfies Governor
- The Governor declined the report, as he
known that it came from people who
were antagonistic to Rizal
- The Governor sent the novel to the
Commission of Censorship, the
Commission, however, found the book
subversive to the Church and Spain and
prohibited it to be made public in the
country.
 Governor Uncowed by Friars
- The Governor remained adamant in
finding not strong justification against the
author of Noli me Tangere and the
people caught reading it despite the
frailocratic vehemence for repressive
measures
 Champions of Antagonism
- Father Font printed his report and
distributed the copies around, especially
in the Church
- A pamphlet entitled Caiingat Cayo was
printed in 1888 to warn the readers about
Rizal’s Noli me Tangere because it
would be a sin. (Fr. Jose Rodriquez was
the author)
 - Another Spanish writer, Vicente
Barrantes attacked Rizal’s novel through
a published Madrid newspaper in
January 1890
- Spanish Senators Vida and Pando, and
member of the Lower House of the
Spanish Cortes, General Salamanca,
also delivered acrimonious invective
against Rizal’s novel
 Tirades Against Detractors
- Marcelo del Pilar authored a pamphlet
titled Caiingat Cayo to contradict Fr.
Rodriguez’s Caiingat Cayo
- Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Rizal’s
rhetoric professor in Ateneo, publicly
defended Rizal’s novel
- Rev. Vicente Garcia also published a
pamphlet in Singapore (July 18, 1888) to
contradict Fr. Rodriguez’s arguments
against Rizal and his novel
- Due to the controversy over the Noli me
Tangere, the price per copy rose from P1
to P50.
 Rizal Meets Viola in Manila
- Rizal met his friend Maximo Viola upon
his arrival in Manila (December 1887)
- Viola recommended Rizal to Lorenzo
Tuazon, a man suffering from eye
ailment from Malabon
 Governor Protects Rizal
- The Governor protected Rizal by
assigning Lt. Andrade as Rizal’s
personal bodyguard
- Rizal’s enemies passed around a
groundless and malicious tale about Lt.
Andrade
- Death of Rizal’s elder sister Olimpia, the
fourth child of the Rizal family (1855-
1887)
 Agrarian Problems in Calamba
- Governor General Emilio Terrero ordered
an official investigation of the agrarian
problems in Calamba
- Rizal prepared a memorandum for the
government, listing down his findings to
present the complaints and grievances
from the farmers of Calamba
- No action was taken from the
government as they cowered before the
monastic powers
- Rizal again sought help from the
government but no action was taken
- Frailocracy maintained an upper hand
over the government.
RIZAL MOVES AWAY FROM TENTACLES
 Governor Advises Rizal to Go
- After expose of despicable tenancy in
Calamba, friars further inflamed in
exasperation
- Friars exerted pressure on Malacanang
to eliminate him
- Parents receive threats through letters
- Family urged him to depart
- Governor Terrero summoned Rizal to
Malacanang and told him to leave
- Rizal would refuse to go if mot for his
family’s safety
 Rizal Dedicates a Poem
- Friend requested a poem
- Himno al trabajo (dignity of labor)
- Dedicated to Lipa agri workers
 Rizal Leaves Calamba
- During last days of 1887, Rizal left
Calamba for Manila (steamer Bakal)
 From Manila to Hongkong
- February 3, 1888 (5 pm)
- Rizal left Manila bound for Hongkong
(boat Zafiro)
- Rizal lodged at Victoria School and
dined at Victoria Hotel
- Wrote letters to Manila (first thing he did
in Hongkong)
- Ordered deceased sister Olimpia portrait
to be made
 Hongkong’s Chinese Festival
- February 11, 1888 (festival)
- Jose Maria Basa (friend; exiled to
Maranas Islands by Spanish Govt)
- Rizal visited American ship Oceanic
- Later he and his friends ate at the house
of Yong Heng
- Watched chinese theatre (understood it
with the help of Martinez)
 Wealthy Dominican Fathers
- Rizal learned from Laurel that
Dominican fathers owned more than 750
houses in Hongkong
- Stockholders of banks
- Dominicans engaged in business
- They owned 1,000 houses
 From Hongkong to Macao
- February 18, 1887 (boarded Kiu –
Kiang)
- Bound for Macao
- Jose Saenz de Veranda (former sec of
Gen. Terrero)
- Jose Ma. Basa (Chief of Forests)
- Group lodged in the house of Don Juan
Francisco Lecaros
- The next day, the group left Macao in
same boat
 From Hongkong to Japan
- Left Hongkong at 12:15 on February 22,
1887 (Oceanic)
- Cabinmate was a Protestant Pastor
- Arrived at Yokohama early in the
morning (February 28, 1887
- A man from Grand Hotel met Rizal and
his co passengers where they registered
for lodging
 Tokyo Impresses Rizal
- Next day, Rizal went to Tokyo (Tokyo
Hotel)
- Stayed from March 2 to 7
- Returned to Yokohama
- Tokyo diplomatic authorities were
instructed to watch Rizal’s movements
in Japan
- Juan Perez Caballero (secretary of
Spanish Legation visited him at hotel)
- Rizal was invited to stay at Spanish
Legation (agreed)
 Rizal Studies Japanese
- Due to embarrassment, he studies
Japanese
- Able to speak after a few days
- Studied Japanese drama (kabuki), arts,
music, judo
- Japanese musicians stun Rizal (Filipinos
were the one playing the Major
instruments)
 Romance with a Japanese Girl
- Middle of March 1888
- Rizal entered a store in Yokohama
owend by Usui – san
- He approached a lovely young woman
named Seiko Usui
- She can speak French, English,
Japanese
- Rizal called her Osei – san
- Even though tempted to settle down with
Seiko, Rizal, a true patriot left Japan
 Across Pacific Ocean
- Left Yokohama (April 13, 1888)
- Steamer Belgic bound for San
Francisco, California
- One of the co passenger is Tetcho
Suehiro (Japanese newspaperman)
- Storm Over the Southern Sea (Suehiro)
– Takayama
- They parted in London
 Boys Discovers a Celebrity
- Rizal met Mrs. Emma Jackson
- Mother felt happy to know Rizal
personally (a celebrity)
RIZAL IN AMERICA AND ENGLAND
 Rizal Arrive in San Francisco
- Arrived on April 28, 1888
- Ship was quarantined and passengers
weren’t allowed to land due to cholera
 Politics Reason for Quarantine
- Politics motivated the quarantine
because of 643 Chinese coolies
 They Allowed Rizal to Land
- May 4, 1888 (Registered at Palace
Hotel)
- Paid 4 dollars a day
 Rizal Goes to Oakland
- After 2 days stay
- Rizal left on May 6, 1888 for Oakland
- Took ferry boat
- May 7 (Nevada)
 From Ogden to Denver
- Now in state of Utah
- 3rd state they had passed
 Rizal Wakes Up at Colorado
- May 9 (Colorado)
- 4th state
 Nebraska at Dawn, Then Illinois
- May 10
- 4 pm (train arrived at Omaha)
- Saw Missouri River
 Chicago to Niagara Falls
- May 11
- 8:25 pm (train left Chicago)
- May 12 (in Wagner Car)
- Saw Niagara Falls
- Stopped for how many hours to see
beautiful points
 Along Hudson River
- May 13 (Albany)
- Travel ended on May 13, 11 am
 From New York to Liverpool
- Rizal boarded City of Rome (second
largest ship in the world)
- Left May 16, 1888
- Brooklyn Bridge, Statue of Liberty
- May 17 (met 2 big steamers)
- May 24 (arrived at Liverpool afternoon)
- Registered at Adelphi Hotel
 From Liverpool to London
- May 25 (11 am)
- Left Liverpool for London
 Boards with Beckett Family
- Rizal stayed for a short time with
practicing Lawyer Dr. Antonio Ma.
Regidor
- small boarding place (Beckett Family)
 Acquaintance with Dr. Rost
- Dr. Reinhold Rost
- Librarian of Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- He called Rizal “a pearl of man”
 Good and Sad News From Home
- Those who signed the “Petition of 1888”
were persecuted
- Agrarian problems in Calamba handled
by Dominican friars (Farmers were
persecuted)
- Manuel T. Hidalgo (Saturnina’s
Husband) was exiled to Bohol
- Christian burial denied the deceased
Mariano Herbosa (Lucia’s Husband)
- Laureano Viado (friend of Rizal, med
student) was imprisoned because a
copy of Noli was found in his possession
- November 1, 1888 (Mariano Ponce
wrote to Rizal informing that Rev.
Vicente Garcia defended Noli)