Dorin STANCIU, Mircea MARINESCU

STUDY OF THE THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY

OF A MILLER SUPERCHARGED CYCLE
Krisztina UZUNEANU, Tănase PANAIT
kristina.uzuneanu@ugal.ro, tanase.panait@ugal.ro

UNIVERSITY ”DUNAREA DE JOS” OF GALATI

Rezumat: Ciclul Miller se bazează pe ciclul Otto şi constă în aceea că are cursa de destindere mai prelungită
decât cursa de comprimare. Există mai multe mecanisme proiectate în scopul realizării unor rapoarte de
compresie diferite de cele de comprimare. Ciclul Miller realizează închiderea supapei de admisie în avans sau în
întârziere, astfel încât să scadă raportul de comprimare. Lucrarea prezintă ecuaţiile care stau la baza stabilirii
randamentului unui ciclu Miller supraalimentat.

1. INTRODUCTION V1
p2 = β ⋅ p0 ⋅ εtr γ and V2 = (4b)
The efficiency of an internal combustion engine will εtr
increase if the expansion ratio is greater than the
β ⋅ p0 ⋅V1
compression ratio. Intake valve is kept opened during a W12 = ⋅ (1 − εtr γ −1 ) (5)
significant part of the piston movement during compres- γ −1
sion, so the part of the mixture contained in the cylinder is
sent back to the inlet manifold, allowing the reduction of
mixture mass that is “trapped” in the cylinder [1], [2].
The volume of “trapped“ mixture corresponds to the
cylinder volume at the closure of intake valve. Another
way of implementing this cycle consists on closing the
intake valve during admission, long before BDC.

2. MILLER SUPERCHARGED CYCLE

The descent of the piston will create a depression
inside the cylinder, achieving the atmospheric pressure
somewhere during compression, near the position
where the intake valve was closed on the downward
movement of the piston. Let us discuss about the
possibility of increasing the efficiency of the cycle
using the supercharging [3].
The analysis of a supercharged over-expanded
cycle has the started point in the equations of a Miller
cycle, which have been already presented [4], [5].
We consider the ratios:
Fig. 1
V1 V5
εtr = σ= (1)
V2 V1 2-3 m ⋅ cv ⋅ ( T3 − T2 ) = m f ⋅ QLHV (6)
The work of the cycle is:
T3 ( γ − 1) ⋅ QLHV 1
W = W12 + W34 + W56 + W71 (2) = 1+ ⋅ =
T2 R ⋅ T1 ⋅ εtr γ−1 1 + A
F
p1 ⋅V1 − p2 ⋅V2
1-2 W12 = (3) ( γ − 1) ⋅ QLHV 1
γ −1 = 1+ n −1
⋅ = (7)
γ−1 1 +
A
where: R ⋅ T0 ⋅β ⋅ εtr
n F
εtr B ⋅ ( γ − 1)
p1 = pk = β ⋅ p0 and V1 = Vd ⋅ (4a) = 1+ n −1
= A ( ε, β )
σ ⋅ εtr − 1 γ−1
εtr ⋅β n

n −1
⎛p ⎞ n n −1 Where:
T1 = Tk = T0 ⋅ ⎜ k ⎟ = T0 ⋅β n

⎝ p0 ⎠ QLHV 1
B= ⋅ (8)
R ⋅ T0 1 + A
n = 1,5 polytropic exponent F

32 TERMOTEHNICA 1–2/2007
 STUDY OF THE THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF A MILLER SUPERCHARGED CYCLE

V1
p3 = β ⋅ p0 ⋅ εtr γ ⋅ A ( ε, β ) and V3 = (9) 0,695
εtr 0,69
0,685
0,68

efficiency
γ γ 0,675
⎛V ⎞ ⎛1⎞
3-4 p4 = p3 ⋅ ⎜ 3 ⎟ = β ⋅ p0 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ A ( ε, β ) 0,67

⎝ V4 ⎠ ⎝σ⎠ 0,665
0,66
0,655
and 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2 2,2
beta
V4 = σ ⋅V1 (10)
Fig. 3. The efficiency versus β.
p ⋅V − p4 ⋅V4
W34 = 3 3 = Let us discuss about the relation between the work
γ −1
(11) of compressor and the turbine.
β ⋅ p0 ⋅V1 ⋅ A ( ε, β ) ⎛ γ−1 1 ⎞ Work of compressor has to be less than work of
= ⋅ ⎜ εtr − γ−1 ⎟
γ −1 ⎝ σ ⎠ turbine:
WC < WT
⎛ 1 ⎞
5-6 W56 = p0 ⋅ (V5 − V6 ) = p0 ⋅V1 ⋅ ⎜ σ − ⎟ (12)
⎝ ε tr ⎠

⎛ 1 ⎞
7-1 W71 = pk ⋅ (V1 − V7 ) = β ⋅ p0 ⋅V1 ⋅ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ (13)
⎝ ε tr ⎠

The work of a supercharged Miller cycle is:

β ⋅ p0 ⋅V1
W= ⋅ (1 − εtr γ−1 ) +
γ −1
β ⋅ p0 ⋅V1 ⋅ A ( ε ) ⎛ γ−1 1 ⎞
⋅ ⎜ εtr − γ−1 ⎟ + (14)
γ −1 ⎝ σ ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
+ p0 ⋅V1 ⋅ ⎜ σ − ⎟ + β ⋅ p0 ⋅V1 ⋅ ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎝ ε tr ⎠ ⎝ ε tr ⎠

The heat:
β ⋅ p0 ⋅V1
Qin = m ⋅ cv ⋅ ( T3 − T2 ) = ⋅ εtr γ −1 ⋅ ⎡⎣ A ( ε ) − 1⎤⎦ (15) Fig. 4
γ −1
The efficiency of the cycle is: σ ⋅ εtr − 1
WC = ( pk − p0 ) ⋅Vd = (β − 1) ⋅ p0 ⋅V1 ⋅ (18)
W εtr
η= (16)
Qin
p0 ⋅V1 ⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ γ−1 1 ⎤
⋅β ⋅ A ( ε, β ) ⋅ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ − (β ⋅ A ( ε, β ) ) γ ⎥ +
−1
WT =
⎛ β −1⎞ γ −1 ⎣⎢ ⎝ σ ⎠ ⎦⎥
β ⋅ ⎡⎣ σ1−γ ⋅ A ( ε, β ) − γ ⎤⎦ + ( γ − 1) ⋅ ⎜ σ + ⎟ (19)
⎝ εtr ⎠ ⎡ 1
⎤
η = 1− (17) + p0 ⋅V1 ⋅ ⎢ σ − (β ⋅ A ( ε, β ) ) γ ⎥
β ⋅ ⎣⎡ A ( ε, β ) − 1⎦⎤ ⋅ εtr γ−1
⎣ ⎦
It results:
β ⋅ A ( ε, β ) ⎛ 1 ⎞
0.75
γ−1

(β − 2 ) ⋅ σ − ⋅⎜ ⎟ −
0.7
γ −1 ⎝σ⎠ (20)
efficiency

β −1 γ
⋅ (β ⋅ A ( ε, β ) ) γ < 0
1
− +
0.65

0.6
εtr γ −1
In order to solve the inequation, we fix the value
of β = 1,5 , and we obtain the values of σ for different
0.55

0.5
values of εtr:
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 εtr =6 σ < 2, 71
sigma εtr =8 σ < 2,52
εtr = 10 σ < 2, 37
Fig. 2. The efficiency versus σ. εtr = 12 σ < 2, 29

TERMOTEHNICA 1–2/2007 33
 Krisztina UZUNEANU, Tănase PANAIT

We consider: WC = 0.8 ⋅ WT seen as an Otto cycle engine always with admission at a

higher pressure, pk with an extention of the expasion
β ⋅ A ( ε, β ) ⎛ 1 ⎞
γ−1
β −1 stroke.
(β − 1,8) ⋅ σ − − 0,8 ⋅ ⋅⎜ ⎟ +
εtr γ −1 ⎝σ⎠ This type of cycle takes advantage of the perfor-
(21) mance of the Otto cycle at full load (stoichiometric
γ 1
+0,8 ⋅ ⋅ ⎡⎣β ⋅ A ( ε, β ) ⎤⎦ γ = 0 mixture) and it has the possibility of an extra
γ −1 expansion.
For β = 1,5 and fixed εtr:, we have:
REFERENCES
εtr =6 σ = 2,55
εtr =8 σ = 2, 37 [1] FERGUSON, C.R., KIRKPATRICK, A.T. Internal
Combustion Engines, J. Wiley&Sons, 2001.
εtr = 10 σ = 2, 24 [2] HEYWOOD B.J. Internal Combustion Engines Funda-
εtr = 12 σ = 2,15 mentals, McGraw-Hill, 1988.
[3] HATAMURA K., HAYAKAWA M. : A study of the
improvement effect of Miller-cycle on mean effective
3. CONCLUSION pressure limit for high-pressure supercharged gasoline
As expected, the efficiency of a Miller cycle engines, JSAE Review 18, 1997
[4] MARTINS J., UZUNEANU K., RIBEIRO B.S.:
increases if the cycle is supercharged. The engine using
Thermodynamic Analysis of an Over-Expanded Engine,
the Miller cycle with a trapped compression ratio of 12 SAE World Congress, Detroit, USA, March 8-11, 2004.
shows the higher value for efficiency, both in the [5] UZUNEANU, K., PANAIT, T, GHEORGHIU, C About
theoretical approach and with the indicated cycle the thermodynamic comparison between an over-
approach [4],[5]. expanded cycle (Miller Cycle) and Otto Cycle
From the work herein discussed, it is clear that the considering the improvement of the efficiency, Buletinul
most efficient cycle is the Miller cycle with high com- Institutului Politehnic din Iaşi, Tomul L, Fasc 6C, 2004,
pression ratio. In fact the engine using this cycle can be pag 21-26.

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