Native resistance in Cordillera 1.

To facilitate the process of

conversion of natives to
- Spaniards attacked Benguet from
Christianity.
Pangasinan and La Union
2. To facilitate the collection of
- The colonizers were repulsed by the
tributes/taxes. (Religious tithes)
Ibaloi and Kankan-ey warriors.
3. Administration of Spanish colonial
- Spaniards launched their attacks of
laws.
Ifugao from Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela.
4. To easily quell any suspected
- They were defeated by the Ifugao
rebellion.
warriors.
- The inside/r-outside/r dichotomy (loob
- Spaniards tried to penetrate Kalinga via
vs. labas)
Cagayan and Isabela.
 Insiders – Indios
- They were met and thwarted by the
 Women power were reduced. They
Kalinga warriors.
were domesticated and made as
- Spaniards used Ilocos Norte and La
sexual objects.
Union to attack Abra (Abrir-to open).
 Outsiders – Tribus salvajes/ Savage
- The defense of the Tinguian warriors
tribes/ Blood thirsty savages/
was impenetrable.
rebeldes/tulisanes/cimmarones
- Spaniards attacked Mountain Province
 Insiders vs. Outsiders/ Christianized
from Ilocos Sur and Isabela.
natives vs. nono-Christian tribes/
- They were trounced by the Bontok
Majority (Self-proclaimed tayo) vs.
warriors.
minority (IPs)
- Spaniards made last ditch efforts to
 Dichotomization-minorization-
penetrate Apayao with attacks from
discrimination
Cagayan and Isabela.
- Natus (pure-blooded greeks) and
- They were beaten by the Apayao
Ethnos (non-greeks/gentiles)
warriors.
 Gentiles vs. Greeks
 Natus – Nation
 Ethnos – Ethnic
Hispanization Process in the Colonial
- Social services
Philippines
- The story of the “bridge”
- Precolonial pattern of settlement. - The story of the Mangyans
- Social reorganization - Mangyan – “mangmang ‘yan”-gusto
 Reduccion bajo el son de la mag-aral pero hindi afford.
campana – Communities under the
----------------------------------------------------------------
sound of the bell/Sa ilalim ng tunog
ng kampanya. Value system
 “reducir” – to reduce; to centralize
- Sense of community versus Monetized
 Proposed by Franciscan Fray Juan
services (because of colonialism)
de Plasencia in 1582.
- Emergence of poblaciónes and Colonial Naming System
cabeceras – Plaza Complex
- Importance - Patrinymic Naming System – pre-
colonial naming system
 - Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos - Binibigay sa mga Principalia (Local
(Narciso Claveria) – list of prescribed elites) ang pagiging Cabeza de Barrio
Hispanic names. - Ilustrados – mga indibidwal na galling sa
- Hispanized names mga Principalia na pamilya (Jose Rizal)
- Baptizing/Pagbibinyag
Religion/Christianization
Land Ownership
- Friars were accompanied by soldiers to
- Doctrina Regalia – all untitled lands are ensure their safety and to force the
under King of Spain. natives into accepting the faith.
- Cadastal ownership – same as Doctrina - “Christianity was spread by the use of
Regalia (American version) force, unlike Islam in the south which
- “The minority must sacrifice/ be spread by peaceful penetration.” (R.
sacrificed for the benefit and welfare of Constantino)
the majority.” - Omnimodo – Union of Church and State
- “Papacy transferred the Spanish Crown
Political System
the specific task of Christianizing the
- Sultanates-Mindanao (Sulu, natives.”
Maguindanao) - Construction of churches and other
- Rajahnates-Luzon and Visayas (Cebu, religious edifices
Manila) - Polo y servicios (forcd labors)
- Peninsular/es – born in Spain, both - Colonial regions were assigned to
parents are Spaniards different ordines
- Insular/es – born in the Philippines,  Augustinians (1565) – Cebu, Iloilo,
both parents are Spaniards Panay, Manila, Tagalog region,
- Indios – Christianized natives Ilocos, Pangasinan
- Tribus salvajes – “savage tribes”  Franciscans (1577) – Southern
Tagalog and the Bicol Region
Political Political Nationality and
 Jesuits (1583) – Visayas, Bohol,
territories positions social classes
Leyte, Samar and Zamboanga
Colonia Capitan- Peninsulares
(Inubos ng mga Sabil Ullah ang mga
General/Gober
Jesuits)
nador-Heneral
(Civilian  Dominicans (1587) – Bataan,
Government) Pangasinan, whole of Northern
Alcadias Alcalde Peninsulares/Ins Luzon (including Batanes)
Mayores ulares  Recollects (1606) – Zamboanga,
Pueblos Gobernadorcillo Insulares Zambales, and Palawan
s  Benedictines (1895) – Manila
Barrios/Bara Capitan del Indios headquarters (Because of KKK
ngay Barrio/ Cabeza revolution that’s why it was focused
de Barangay on Manila)
- For the purpose of religious
- King, Viceroys administration
- Switching of Mayor and Governor - Economy
- Mga Datu ang dating Cabeza del Barrio - Colonial education system
  Colegios y beaterios – colegios
(men) at beaterios (women)
 One of the tools of evangelization
used by the Spaniards
 1595 – Colegio de San Ignacio
(Manila) -> Colegio de San Jose ->
Hospicio de San Jose
(Hospice/Orphanage in Isla de
Convalescensia, Manila)
(Constructed from frund of Spanish
friars) (first batch of children were
bastards)
 1599 – Colegio de San Ildefonso ->
University of San Carlos (Cebu)
 1611 – Colegio de Nuestra Senora
del Santissimo Rosario -> University
of Santo Thomas
 1620 – Seminario de Ninos
Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo
-> Colegio de San Juan de Letran
 1859 – Escuela Pia (School for the
Poor) -> Ateneo de Manila
University
 1725 – Beaterio de la Compania de
Jesus -> Sr. Mary’s University
(Quezon City)
- Colonial curriculum (Male)
- Colonial curriculum (Female)
Native Reactions to Spanish Colonialism
1. Resistance Movements
- Mactan resistance to Spanish
aggression in 1521 – due to initial
contact.
- Lapu-lapu vs. Magellan (1521)
- Rajah Soliman vs. Miguel Lopez de
Legaspi – Battle of Bangkusay(1571-72)
- Magat Salamat (Anak ni Rajah
Lakandula) vs. The Spaniards (1587) –
not due to initial contact
- Factors (Polo y servicios – polista)
(shipbuilding, agriculture, timber
cutting, gold mining, construction of
churches)
- 1583 – Kampapangans lead a revolution
because of polo y servicios. They were
sent to Ilocos. They requested to go
back home so that they can plant to
have food. Colonizers turned down
request. 100 were starved to death in
Lubao, Pampanga. They asked help with
the Bornenans to massacre the
Spaniards.
- Factors (Encomienda – community
which are composed of
convertidos/Indios) (Hacienda – land
grant for business) (Hacienda vs.
Encomienda – reward for
conquistadores) (Tax/Tribute/ Tithe
collection)
2. Nativism – return to old, native religion.
Nativistic Movements. Divide et impera
- Bankaw (dating Babaylan) (1565) –
Leyte, erected temples for diwatas,
refused to pay taxes, destroyed church
properties, and beheaded in public.
- Tamblot (dating Babaylan) (1622) –
Bohol, appearance of a Diwata, no
tribute collection = life abundance, 4/6
villages under the Jesuits revolted. He
burned churches, villages, threw
rosaries and crosses. 50 Spaniards and
1000 Cebuanos were sent to Bohol.
- Tapar (1663) – Panay, convinced
members to abandon Christianity,
promised that bullets would hit the
gun-wielders themselves, those who
would die in the rebellion would live
again, they killed a friar. Tapar and his
followers were executed by the
Spaniards.
3. Revolts – Local/regional uprisings
- Maniago Revolt (Pampanga) - A colonial
decree forcing Kapampangan to pay
24,000 fanegas of rice per year.
- Chupa – pangmeasure ng palay (8
chupas = 1 ganta)
- Fanega – bundles of rice stalks
- 1000 Kapampangan were forced to
work outside Pampanga
- Don Francisco Maniago – Maestre de
campo of Apalit, Pampanga
- Pampanga + Pangasinan + Ilocos +
Cagayan to take over Manila
- Divide et impera (Macabebe + Arayat
vs. Apalit)
- Rise of middle class
- Principalia
- Power and economic gains.
4. Secularization Movement
- Regulares vs. Seculares
- Peninsulares vs. Insulares + Indios
- Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872) (Fort
San Felipe, Cavite) (removed their rights
for Tax Exemption) (Around 200 indio
soldiers revolted against their Spanish
superiors)
- Execution of GOMBURZA (Ginamit ang
Cavite Mutiny para parusahan sila dahil
sila ang lider ng laban against
Peninsulares) (Garrote in Bagumbayan)
- Paciano Rizal witnessed the execution
of his friend Jose Burgos. He told it to
Jose Rizal. Ang El Filibusterismo ay
dedicated sa GOMBURZA.
- Seeds of “Filipino” nationalism – from
regional identities to a national Filipino
identity. Dichotomy of the oppressors
and the oppressed. Insulares as the first
“Filipinos”
5. Propaganda Movement (1880 – 1886) –
Reforms of Illustrados. Jose Rizal,
Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez-
Jaena – mga propagandista. They were
exposed to the ideas of democracy
(French Revolution – 1789)
- Equalite, fraternite, liberte
- Representation of the PH in Spanish
cortes. Secularization of the local
chrches in the Philippines. Abolition of
polo y servicios. Philippines as a
province of Madre Espana.
- LaLiga Filipina – youths – Jose Rizal
(Arrested and was exiled in Dapitan)
(Was sent to Cuba 1. Para di na bumalik
sa Pilipinas 2. Para gamutin ang mga
Spanish soldiers)
- Divided into two factions: Cuerpo de
Compromisarios – Reforms and KKK –
Independence (Andres Bonificio ay
parte ng La Liga Filipino)
6. Revolution – Andres Bonifacio – Mass-
based revolution (1896 Revolution is
based on the masses) (Nagsimula sa
Tondo
- Wresting of the elites of the KKK
leadership by Emilio Aguinaldo
- Magdiwang – masses of Manila
- Magdalo – elites of Cavite
- Tejeros Convention – to settle between
Magdiwang and Magdalo. Secret plan
to unseat Bonifacio.
- Execution of Andres and Procopio
Bonifacio in Maragondon, Cavite.
- Treaty of Biak-na-Bato – Aguinaldo
surrendered the revolution to Spain for
Amnesty and Financial “Indemnity.”
Exile to Hong Kong. They were called
“Hong Kong Junta.” Hong Kong to
Singapore.
7. fkjqejiqr
Spanish-American War and the Conquest of
the Philippines
America as rookie colonial superpower
The search for ‘India’
British colonization in America
- Makakalaya dahil sa War for
Independence against Britain (George
Washington and Abraham Lincoln).
The Great Transition – period where America
evolved from a former colony to a colonizer.
Happened because of Economic Boom in 1800s-
1900s.
American Expansionism – from domestic to
international (started in Alaska, Texas, then
Cuba, Philippines)
4 Factors
1. Cuban Revolution of 1895
- Jose marti – twice deported to Spain
(1881). He started it.
- El Partido Revolucionario Cubano (The
Cuban Revolutionary Party)
- May 19, 1895 at Dos Rios – sisiklab ang
rebolusyon sa ilalim ni Maximo Gomez
and Antonio Maceo.
- American considered Cuba as threat
and “a dagger pointed at the heart of
our land…”
- “We must help our Cuban brothers
attain their freedom from Spanish
misrule…” -Americans
- “After their liberation, we’ll help them
modernize their farms…” (Example of
Bipartite POV of Americans)
- The myth of American benevolence
- The Americans supplied arms and
ammunitions to the Cuban ‘insurgents’
via the coast of Florida.
- American used Divide and Conquer in
Cuba.
2. The US Presidential Election of 1896
- William McKinley (Republican – more
rabid imperialists. They won.) (Manifest
Destiny – save PH from age of darkness)
and William Jenning Bryan (Democrat –
somehow conservative in imperialism).
- Imperialism vs Colonialism
3. Height of Imperialism in Asia
- China as colonial ‘pizza pie’
- Cheap Labor
- Market
- Control of the Pacific
- British as the “abusive boyfriend”
- American also wanted to get China.
- America find a bridge to get China. It is
Philippines (hitting two birds and one
stone) 1. Stepping-stone to China 2.
Recognition.
- Philippines as springboard to China
4. USS Maine Incident
- US military build up in Florida in 1895
(To take over Cuba but Revolution
happened)
- USS Maine – most technological
advanced ship as it was made in metal
- The treacherous bombing of USS Maine
by the Spaniards in Port of Havana,
Cuba.
- They accused Spain for bombing it.
- They declared war with Spain in 1898.
- Formal war
- Truth behind the bombing: It was
staged. They sacrificed their sailors.
- Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough
Riders
- US won over Spain in Cuba
- Treaty of Paris – American must pay
$20M for Spain’s colonial investments
in the Philippines. Spain formally
handed over four Spain territories
(Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines).
There is no representative from the four
territories.
- “Lay down your arms as we lay down
your plans.”
- After Cuba, next is Philippines.
Galleon Trade – Financial lifeline ng Spain
Battle of Manila Bay
- May 1, 1898
- Bloody Naval War
- “Mock Battle of Manila Bay”
- Spain surrendered to the Americans
because of their image.
May 24, 1898 – Emilio Aguinaldo came back to surrender because Americans were good –
the Philippines from Singapore and declared a 1901)
dictatorial government in the country.
1902 – Miguel Malvar
June 12, 1898 – Aguinaldo declared
1906 – Macario Sakay (as tulisan) surrendered
independence under Spain in Kawit, Cavite.
(June 11 – Americans sent missiles to the PH) Malolos Republic – Malolos Constitution
(He thought that declaring dictatorship and 5. End of semester
independence will make him the first president
of the first republic)

(Bridge kung saan binaril ang mga Pilipino)

December 10, 1898 – Treaty of Paris was

signed.

February 4, 1899 – PH-US War. Private William

Grayson shot four soldiers in a bridge.
Aguinaldo was in Cavite.

Kawit, Cavite -> Malolos, Bulacan (1. Near

Manila 2. Many Caves 3. Most soldiers are in
the North) -> San Isidro, Nueva Ecija -
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija (Antonio Luna was
sent to Cabanatuan to request reinforcement.
He was a threat in Presidency so Aguinaldo
eliminated him) -> Angeles, Pampanga
(Gregorio del Pilar – hitman of Aguinaldo to all
his political rivals) -> Manaoag, Pangasinan ->
Naguilian, La Union -> Candon, Ilocos Sur
(dilemma if they will go as far as Ilocos Norte) ->
Tirad (Matalim) Pass (Goyo was killed here and
created a headstart) -> Bontoc, Mt. Province ->
Cagayan Valley -> Lubuagan, Kalinga -> Palanan,
Isabela (up to March 23, 1901) (Baldomero
Aguinaldo – General in Cavite whom Emilio
asked for reinforcement through Cecilio
Segismundo – most trusted foot soldier) (Cecilio
rested in Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija. Then, he
was arrested) (Gen. Frederick Funston and his
soldiers, with Macabebe Scouts, traced Cecilio’s
trace to Palanan) (Aguinaldo was arrested
during his birthday) -> USS Vicksburg
(Aguinaldo – Palanan to Manila) (He gave an
impromptu speech saying that Filipinos must