SACS

Engineering Dynamics, Inc

 Wave Load

• For the design of offshore structures, the waves are characterized as

regular waves with reasonable accuracy.

• Several wave theories are available for the purpose of determining

the wave loads:

 Airy‟s Linear Theory

 Cnoidal Theory
 Solitary Wave Theory
 Stokes 5th Order Theory
 Stream Function Theory

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 Wave Load
• The wave theory to be used is selected based on the
water depth and wave height.

• Wave loading on a member is categorized into Drag ,

Inertia, Diffraction, Slamming and Vortex Shedding
Induced load

• If the member size is small < (1/5) x Wavelength,

Morison‟s equation can be used to calculate the wave
loading.

• Morison‟s Equation: 
F  0.5CD  ρ  D  U  U  CM  ρ  A  U
Drag force Inertia force
Where : Cd is the coefficient of drag, Cm is coefficient of mass
D is the diameter, U is the velocity , r is the fluid
density and A is the area.

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 Wave Load
• Various options available for defining coefficient of drag Cd and
coefficient of mass Cm

• (1) API Defaults

smooth Cd=0.65 Cm=1.6
rough Cd=1.05 Cm=1.0

Note: Cd & Cm are constant for all diameters

• (2) Wake Encounter Effects

As a wave moves past a vertical cylinder a wake
is produced. The turbulence produced by the
wake impinges on the cylinder again due to the
circular motion of the water particles in a wave
motion. The amount of turbulence affects
Cd and Cm.

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 Wave Load
• (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued)

Members within 15 degrees of vertical subject

to wake encounter effects.

Use Keulegan-Carpenter number K to

calculate Cd and Cm.
K = Umo. Tapp/D
Umo = Max horizontal velocity (containing inline
current effects) at MWL under crest.
Tapp = Apparent wave period
D = Member diameter

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 Wave Load
• (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued)

Use relative surface roughness „e‟ to find the drag coefficient

for steady flow Cds from Figure C.2.3.1-4.
e=k/Deff
where:
k = average peak to valley height along
the surface of the marine growth
Deff = Dc + 2t
Dc = Diameter of clean tube
t = average thickness of marine growth

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 Wave Load
• (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued)

Use the Keulegan-Carpenter together with the steady flow drag

coefficient Cds and figures C.2.3.1-5 and C.2.3.1-6 to find the drag
coefficient.

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 Wave Load
• (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued)

Similarly use figures C.2.3.1-7 and C.2.3.1-8 to find the mass

coefficient Cm.

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 Wave Load
• (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued)

Shielding Factor
Closely spaced members such as conductors may have a reduced
wave loading due to shielding. The amount of shielding depends upon
the centerline spacing and the wave velocity and period.
The shielding factor may be different for each wave direction. Both Cd
Cm are multiplied by the shielding factor.
Use shielding factor as follows:
A/S > 2.5 Use figure C2.3.1-9
0.5 < A/S < 2.5 Linear Interpolation
A/S < 0.5 No shielding
A=Umo Tapp/2p (amplitude of oscillation)

S=center to center spacing

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 Wave Load

• (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued)

Surface roughness input with the marine growth data (MGROV input line).

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 Wave Load

• (3 ) User defined coefficients of mass and drag

Input diameter verses coefficients of drag and mass. The program will
linearly interpolate for intermediate sizes (CDM input line).

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 Wave Load

• (4) Default table for clean and fouled members

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 Wave Load
Wave Kinematics Factor

Directional spreading of waves produces peak forces that are smaller than
those of unidirectional seas.

The wave kinematics factor is given by :

where n is the exponent of the Cosnq spreading function at spectral peak

frequency.

API Recommendations:
Kinematics Factor = 0.88 (hurricanes)

Kinematics Factor = 0.95 to 1.0 (extra-tropical storms)

• Note the Kinematics Factor multiplies the horizontal velocity and acceleration value
of the wave.

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 Current Load

• Current Profile

User defined current profile defined from mudline upwards.

Current Stretching options include:

- constant

- linear

-nonlinear

User defined current blockage.

Blockage calculated automatically

using a reference elevation.

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 Wind Load
• Wind loads are calculated on all members above the mean water level as
per API-RP2A guidelines.
• Typically a wind load for a 5-sec gust, is considered for global loading on
the decks.

• For shallow water fixed platforms (i.e. jacket type

structures) wind loads contribute less than 10% of
the total load.

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 Wind Load
• Wind load criteria options available
API
ABS
Australian criteria
Cyclonic or Non-Cyclonic criteria

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 Wind Load
API –RP2A 21st Edition Criterion API-RP2A 20th Edition Criterion
Gust effects Included Gust effects not included

Where: z = height t = gust duration

Uo = one hour wind speed at reference height of 10 meters (32.8 ft)

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 Wind Load
API –RP2A 21st Edition Criterion verses API-RP2A 20th Edition
Criterion

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 Wind Load
ABS Criterion
Shape Coefficient Cs
Beams 1.5
Cylinders 0.5
Sides of buildings 1.5
Overall Projected Areas 1.0

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 Wind Load
ABS 2000 Criterion

b = 0.9 – 0.16 for 1 min average wind

b = 0.125 for 1 hour average wind

Where:
P = pressure
z = height
Cs = shape factor
Ch = height coefficient
Vz = wind velocity at height z
Vref = wind velocity at reference height of 10m
Zref = reference height of 10m

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 Wind Load
Wind Load on Members

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 Wind Load
• Wind Load on Inclined Areas/Members

Where : p is pressure
A is the total area exposed to wind load in the direction of wind
a is the angle between the direction of the wind and the axis of the
member (or plane of surface)

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 Wind Load
• Wind Areas
Wind areas or are defined to account for the wind loading on un-modeled
items such as derricks, buildings, mechanical equipment, flare booms, etc.

A wind area is designated by a two character area identifier and consists of

one or more surfaces defined using AREA input lines.

The orientation of the surface is specified either by entering the projections

of it on planes normal to the global axis or by specifying the area along with
the azimuth and elevation angles.

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 Wind Load
• Wind Areas
If more then one projected plane is specified for the same area identifier
then the resultant area is used.

It is recommended that if an object has projected areas in two or three

planes that two separate wind areas be defined rather than specifying two
projections together.

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 Wind Load
• Wind Areas
The surface shape may be designated as flat or round together with a
corresponding shape factor.
The wind force components are calculated by multiplying the calculated
wind pressure by the shape factor and the projected areas. The wind force
is assumed to act at the specified centroid of the surface.

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 Wind Load
Wind Areas
The wind load is distributed over the specified number of joints.
If more than one joint distribution is specified, the program assumes that
these joints are connected to a rigid body to which the wind force is applied.
The load is distributed to each joint by assuming the rigid body is supported
at each joint by three translational and three rotational springs.
The stiffness of the translational springs is unity while that of the rotational
springs is 0.01 in the unit system the problem is defined.

Wind Shield Zones

By default, members located above the water surface receive wind loading.
The program allows the specification of wind shield zones where members
do not receive wind loading.
Wind shield zones are defined by specifying the bottom and top elevation of
the zone. Elevations are defined using global z elevation.

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 Special Elements
SACS Special Elements :

Wishbone Elements
Gap Elements : Compression Only Element
Tension Only Element
No Load Element
User defined Load Deflection Element
Friction Element

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 Special Elements
Wishbone Element:
Wishbone Element is a factious element connecting two coincident
joints used to model special boundary conditions between
connecting structures.
For example : Pile inside leg, conductor guide.

direction of offset

6 inch

member end release

at one joint
10 0 1 1 1
x y z rx ry yz
1

two coincident joints

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 Special Elements
Compression only elements:
Compression only element can be used to model supports during load out
where loss of contact may occur between the structure and the support due
to uneven fabrication yard surface or motion of barge. Initial gap spacing
can also be defined on the MEMB2 input line.

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 Special Elements
Tension only elements:

Tension only elements/ Cable elements can be used to model slings for a
lift analysis in conjunction with moment member end releases. Pre
tension can be defined on the MEMB2 input line.

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 Special Elements
No Load elements:
No load elements can be used to model tie downs for the pre
transportation analysis phase. The no load switch can then be turned
off for the transportation analysis and the results from the two can
then be combined directly. Same model can be used for both analysis.
No load elements can also be used for loadout analysis to model loss
of support.

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 Special Elements
User defined load-deflection elements:
User defined load deflection elements can be used to define non-
linear load deflection characteristics.
Many uses: Contact problems, suction pile behavior…etc

dd

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 Special Elements
Spring Elements
Any or all degrees of freedom of a joint may be designated as a translation or
rotation elastic spring provided that the degree of freedom is designated as
fixed (i.e. „1‟) on the respective joint description line.

When all three translational and/or rotational degrees of freedom are fixed,
the support joint coordinate system may be redefined using two reference
joints on the „Joint Elastic Support‟ line. The support joint local X-axis is
defined by the support joint and the first reference joint. The local XZ plane is
defined by the support joint and the reference joints with the local Z-axis
perpendicular to the local X axis.

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 Special Elements
Dented Members
Accounts for local indentation and overall deformation. The local dent and the
overall deformation are in the direction of member local z direction. The
length of the dent is the length of the member or length of segment. The local
z can be orientated in any direction using a chord angle or a reference joint.

Code check in accordance to modified API equations to account for reduction

in cross section and overall deformation as per J.T. Loh paper “Ultimate
Strength of Dented Tubular Steel Members”

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 Special Elements
Super elements:

A super element can be defined to be a portion of the structure which has

been modeled and reduced down to a set of boundary joints in terms of a
reduced stiffness matrix and reduced loads – also known as sub-structuring.
Super elements can be useful where: The model is too large for analysis,
where portions of the structure are repeated or for linearization of the
foundation.

Method:
The structure is broken down into two portions. The boundary elements on
the substructure are defined by boundary conditions of 222222.
The same joints exist on the master model with no special boundary
conditions.
The substructure is reduced using the Superelement module.
The super element is imported into the master model during analysis via the
super element tab under the analysis options.

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 Post - Processing
• Member Design • Joint Design
– API-WSD – API-WSD
– API-LRFD – API-LRFD
– Norsok – Norsok
– Eurocode – Danish
– Danish – Canadian
– British – MSL
– Canadian – Linear Global (Section 17)
– Linear Global (Section 17)

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 Post - Processing
• Element Code Check

K-Factors / Effective Buckling Lengths

• K-factors or effective buckling length, but not both, may be specified for
buckling about the local Y and Z axes. K-factors are specified on the pertinent
GRUP line in columns but may be overridden on the MEMBER line in
columns.
• When K-factors are used, the effective buckling length is calculated as the K-
factor multiplied by the actual member length. When effective lengths are
specified on the MEMBER line, then the effective buckling length is
determined by multiplying the K factor from the GRUP line with the effective
length value on the MEMBER line.

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 Post - Processing
• Element Code Check

X Brace K-Factors

For X bracing the K factor for compression elements is 0.9 when one pair of
members framing into the joint must be in tension if the joint is not braced out
of plane.

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 Post - Processing
• Element Code Check

K Brace K-Factors

For K bracing the K factor for compression elements is 0.8 when one pair of
members framing into the joint must be in tension if the joint is not braced out
of plane.

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 Post - Processing
• Element Code Check

Reduction Factor Cm

Cm can be based upon a constant value of 0.85, based upon end moments or
axial load calculations or set to 1.0. The various options are defined on the GRUP
line on column 47.

Alternatively enter „M‟ in column 34 of the OPTIONS line to exclude the value of
the reduction factor Cm for combined axial compression and bending unity check,
or enter „C‟ to globally set the value of Cb to 1.0

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 Post - Processing
• Element Code Check

Cb

The value for Cb for members with Compact or Non-compact Sections with
Unbraced length greater than Lb can be taken as 1.0 (default) or based upon end
moment calculations as shown below by entering B in column 33 of the OPTIONS
line.

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 Post - Processing
• Joint Can
API RP2A 21st Edition Supplement 2 guidelines implemented.
Joints checked against API specified validity ranges.
Where validity ranges have been infringed, Joint Can will report the lesser
capacity based upon actual geometry or the limiting dimension.

Joint capacities dependant of joint classification (i.e. K, X and Y)

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 Post - Processing
• Joint Can
Basic Capacity of joints without overlap is given by:

Strength Factor Qu varies with the joint and load type (Table 4.3-1 API RP2A
21st Edition Supplement 2)

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 Post - Processing
• Joint Can
Chord Load Factor Qf

FS = factor of safety
Pc and Mc are axial
and bending moment
resultants in chord

Values for C1, C2 and C3 vary by joint type (Table 4.3-2)

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 Post - Processing
• Joint Can
Joints with Thickened Cans

Tn is nominal chord member thickness

Tc is the chord can thickness
(Pa)c is axial allowable based upon
chord geometric and material properties

where : is the thickened can reduction factor

Lc is the chord length. Pa dependent upon chord length (BRCOVR)

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 Post - Processing
• Joint Can
Strength Check Interaction Ratio

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 Post - Processing
• Joint Can

Grouted Joints

API assumes compression capacity is

limited by brace. Joint Can assumes Qu for
compression is the same as for tension.

Ovalization failure capacity estimated by using effective

formulation. T=chord thickness, Tp = Inner tube thickness

The Qf calculation for double skinned joints is based upon the chord thickness T
With load sharing between the chord and inner tube accounted for.

Implementation to Overlapped Joints Currently under consideration

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 Post - Processing
• Joint Can

Mixed Class Joints

For mixed class joints the axial term in the interaction equation can be
based upon either interpolation or ratio calculations.

Interpolation

In which k, x and y are

Ratio proportions of the
classification

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 PSI - Capabilities
Foundations can be modeled using
two approaches:
(1) Adhesion (API + User defined)
(2) P-Y, T-Z data (API + User
defined)

Adhesion – Linear (surface friction)

P-Y, T-Z – Nonlinear load deflection
curves.
.

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 PSI - Capabilities

Piles can be modeled as tubular or H

sections.
P-d Effects accounted for.
Finite Difference approach used
Mudslide condition simulation
capabilities.
Creates equivalent linearzied
foundation super-elements to be
used by dynamic analyses in lieu of
pile stubs.
Creates foundation solution file
containing pile stresses to be used
for fatigue analysis.

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 PSI - Capabilities

• The Pile and Pile3D programs, which

are sub-programs of PSI, may be
executed alone to calculate the
behavior of a single pile. In addition
to the features outlined above, the
• Pile program has the following
features:
• Determines an equivalent pile stub
that yields the same deflections and
rotations as the soil/pile system.

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 PSI - Modeling
• Pile head Joint
• The interface joints between the linear structure and the nonlinear foundation
must be designated in the SACS model by specifying the support condition
„PILEHD‟ on the appropriate JOINT input line. NOTE: The „PILEHD‟ support
condition represents fully fixed condition in lieu of a PSI analysis.
• Pile Local Coordinate System
The pile default local coordinate system is defined with the local X axis
pointing upward from the pile head joint along the pile axis defined by the pile
batter joint or batter coordinates. By default, the local Y and Z axis orientations
are load case dependent. For each load case, the local Y axis is automatically
oriented such that it coincides with the direction of maximum pilehead
deflection.
The orientation of the local Y and Z axes may be overridden by the user by
specifying the rotation angle about the local X axis in columns 51-56 on the
PILE line

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 PSI - Modeling
• Specifying Elevations for Soil Resistance Curves
• Within a soil stratum, the PSI program connects the input P-Y or T-Z points
with straight lines to fully define the pile/soil interaction curve for arbitrary
displacements in that stratum. At depths between specified soil strata, PSI has
the ability to linearly interpolate between curves or to use a constant T-Z
curve. Interpolation between different strata may be achieved by omitting the
bottom of strata location.

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 PSI Solution Procedure (P-Y, T-Z)

The jacket structure is initially reduced to a super element at each pile head.

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 PSI Solution Process
Iterative Solution Procedures

Stiffness Table Approximation

(5%)

Fine Tune Solution

SOLUTION

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 Solution Objectives

Pile Head Axial Force vs. Axial Deflection

Fax(d)

Actual Solution

Stiffness Table Approximation

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 Stiffness Table Approximation

• Approximate model of the pile head behavior

• Pile head forces are sampled for a range of points
• Linear interpolation between the points
• Reduction of computation time
• Improved chance of solution for highly non-linear problems
• Automatically generated (internal) … OR …
• User-specified with the TABR line

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 TABR lines

Excerpt from PSI Listing

File
*********************** TABR CARD IMAGES *******************

cm/in TABR AXIAL DF .0250 .10 PL1 SOL1

cm/in
TABR DEFLECTN 0. 2.0 5.0 PL1 SOL1
rad
TABR ROTATION -.01500. .0150 PL1 SOL1
TABR TORSION 0. 100.0 PL1 SOL1
kips-ft/kN-
m
TABR AXIAL DF -.0557.44430 PL2 SOL2
TABR DEFLECTN 0. 2.0 5.0 PL2 SOL2
TABR ROTATION -.01500. .0150 PL2 SOL2
TABR TORSION 0. 100.0 PL2 SOL2

kN/kips TABR AXIAL LD -7500. 0. 7500. PL3 SOL3

Axial Adhesion Model

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 User-specified TABR lines
Non - Convergence
Starting
Points
• PSI Listing File
Cut and paste into PSI Input File
Manually refine using Datagen
Alternative Method to refine TABR data
• Single Pile Analyses (Pile, Pile3D)
Generate SPA Data
Additional refinement as needed

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 PSI Convergence Tolerances

Iterative Solution Procedures

Deflection Tol.
Stiffness Table (5%)
Rotation Tol
(0.0001) Approximation
Deflection Tol
(0.001)

Force Tol.
(0.5%)
Fine Tune Solution

SOLUTION

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 Convergence Report

Excerpt from PSI listing file

** ITERATION DATA FOR LOAD CASE XXXX **

ITERATION RMS DEFLECTION RMS ROTATION

1 0.039673 0.000027
2 0.001083 0.000003
3 0.000070 0.000000
MAXIMUM PILEHEAD FORCE DIFFERENCE= 7.53085 %
4 0.022679 0.000026
MAXIMUM PILEHEAD FORCE DIFFERENCE= 7.67680 %
5 0.000626 0.000001
MAXIMUM PILEHEAD FORCE DIFFERENCE= 0.35047 %

• Stiffness Table
Approximation
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• Fine Tune Solution
 Trouble Shooting – A checklist

• Review convergence report

• If necessary, use TABR lines
• Check tolerances and controls
• Review soil data
• Investigate each pile using Single Pile Analysis
• Fully constrain the pile heads and run SACS

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 Future Developments

• Shallow Foundations

Spud-can Foundations

Soil Plasticity Models (Collapse only)

• API RP 2A-WSD /21 Supplement 3

CPT Methods (loose soils, dense silt)

Scour Depth Guidelines

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 Solution Objectives (lateral)
Lateral Pile Head Force vs.
Lateral Deflection and Rotation

Fz(dz,θ)

θ Actual Solution

Stiffness Table Approximation

dz

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 PSI/Pile Module

• PSI Utilities
Plot Soil Data
Plot Pile Capacity
Plot Pile Load

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 Grouted Joints – Joint Can
The following technique is used to determine the internal loads of a
leg.

1.The internal moment in the leg is determined by ratio the moment of

inertia of the combined section to that of the leg only.

2. Similarly, the axial load in the leg is based upon the ratio of
the combined section area to that of the leg only.

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 Grouted Joints – Joint Can/Fatigue
The following methods are available for determining the effective thickness of a
leg for joint can and fatigue analysis.

1. Effective thickness based upon moment of inertia of composite section

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 Grouted Joints – Joint Can/Fatigue
The following methods are available for determining the effective thickness of a
leg for joint can and fatigue analysis.

2. Effective thickness based upon moment of inertia of the walls instead of

composite section.

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 Grouted Joints – Joint Can/Fatigue
The following methods are available for determining the effective thickness of a
leg for joint can analysis.

3. Square root of the sum of the squares of the leg and pile thickness.

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 Grouted Joints – Fatigue
The following methods are available for determining the effective thickness of a
leg for fatigue analysis.

4. API RP2A 21st Edition Supplement 2 recommendations.

5.Effective thickness based upon NORSOK standards

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 Ring Stiffened Joints – Fatigue
SCF‟s factored using Smedley and Fisher ring stiffened formulation.
The RING input line may be used to define the ring dimensions and the ring
group.
The ring stiffened connection input line CONRST may be used to apply the
rings to a particular brace and the location of the ring.

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 Modal Extraction : DYNPAC
• Some of the main features and capabilities of the DYNPAC MODULE are:
• Determines Natural Frequencies
and modes of vibration.
• Accounts for structural mass and
fluid added mass automatically
• Supports lumped or consistent
mass generation
• Determines modal mass participation
to allow determination
of number of modes required for
subsequent forced dynamic analysis.

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 Modal Extraction : DYNPAC
Analysis Procedure:

Linearize Foundation (Pile Superelement)

- identify load cases for pile linearization, load cases dependent upon type of
analysis.
- include dead load
- run PSI to generate Pile superelement.

Modal Analysis

- specify retained degrees of freedom.

- Identify load cases to be converted to mass.
- check cumulative mass participation factors.
- check natural frequency and period (dynamic response low if period less
that 2 seconds)

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 Load Path Dependent SCF’s

For any tubular connection, all braces that lie in a plane with the Chord or within 15
degrees of that plane are considered in the calculation of load path SCF‟s

The chord member is selected on the following hierarchy:

1. Largest diameter
2. Largest wall thickness
3. Highest Yield stress
4. Members that are in-line with a 5 degree tolerance

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 Load Path Dependent SCF’s

Joint Classification

KT-connection: Axial load in middle brace opposes axial load from outside brace.
For a KT connection the load to be transferred is taken as the
smallest value of:

1) Center brace axial load

2) Twice the axial load component
normal to the chord.

The KT percentage for each brace is ratio of the

transferred KT normal axial load component and the
original axial load value.
The remaining axial loads are then considered for
K joint load transfer.

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 Load Path Dependent SCF’s
Joint Classification

For a K joint the axial load component normal to the chord is balanced by the axial
load component normal to the chord in other braces (on the same side of the
chord).
The brace with the smallest normal axial load component is considered first with
the brace containing the largest opposing normal axial load component.

The balanced load is subtracted from the opposing brace and the process is
repeated until all K joints are identified.

Any X joint load paths are considered next for braces on opposite sides of the
chord. The largest opposing normal axial force is considered first. The balanced
load is subtracted from opposing brace and the process is repeated until all X joints
are identified. Braces with remaining unbalanced axial loads are treated T/Y joints.

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 Load Path Dependent SCF’s

SCF Determination

The load path dependent SCF is calculated as a weighted average of the

applicable KT, K, X and TY joints as:

SCF = RKT*SCFKT+ RK*SCFK + RX*SCFX + RTY*SCFTY

where RKT, RK , RX , and RTY are the ratios of each type of joint action.

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 Importing FE Joint Mesh
Joint Meshing

Two approaches are available for importing meshed joints into a SACS „stick‟
model.

1. FEMGV

Precede can generate a FEMGV batch file once a joint has been isolated by
inserting a joint on the braces and chord members to define the portion of the joint
that needs to be meshed. Precede will require the joint name, the number of
elements around the circumference of a brace with the smallest diameter and also
the element type.
The batch file can then be subsequently read into FEMGV and the mesh is
generated automatically.
FEMGV can generate a FEMGV neutral file which can be read back into Precede
and the mesh can be incorperated into the rest of the model by tools provided in
Precede.
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 Importing FE Joint Mesh
Joint Meshing (Continued)

2. SACS Mesh Joint Utility

Very simple to use. Provide joint name to mesh, the mesh intensity ( limits 0.5 – 2,
mesh intensity 1 = approx 28 nodes around the circumference of the smallest
brace) and the model file name.

The mesh utility will automatically mesh the joint and output a OCI file containing
the „stick‟ model with the joint mesh incorporated.

FEMGV - Mesh Joint Utility

FEMGV allows the user to control the length of brace/chord to be meshed. Also
gives choice of element types. Cannot mesh joints with overlapped braces.
Mesh Joint Utility allows the meshing of overlapped joints. No user control over the
length of brace/chord member to be meshed. Meshing restricted to triangular palte
elements (this is not a disadvantage).

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 Fatigue Analysis
• Fatigue analysis is required due to the cyclic loading imposed
on the Jacket tubular joints by wave
loads.
• Fatigue analysis could be of two types:
 Deterministic Fatigue
 Spectral Dynamic Fatigue

• SCF for tubular joints are based on

parametric equations available for the
class of joint under consideration.
• Number of cycles to failure Ni is
obtained from the S-N curve.
• S-N curve used is selected based on
the particular weld detail.
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 Fatigue Analysis
• In Deterministic Fatigue, discrete number of waves are used to
characterize the total fatigue environment
ni
• Partial Damage from the sea state =
Ni
• Damage is accumulated over all sea states (Miners Law):

 n i  n1 n 2 n 3
D         ..........
i  Ni  N1 N 2 N3
• Deterministic analysis has been done for many years and has
proven to be a reliable approach for dynamically insensitive
structures, and for situations where all fatigue waves
are of sufficiently long wave periods to avoid peaks
and valleys of the structures transfer function.
• Very sensitive to the waves chosen for the analysis

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 Fatigue Analysis
• The spectral fatigue approach utilizes wave spectra and transfer
functions, thus allowing the relationship of the ratio of
structural response to wave height as a function of wave
frequency to be developed for the wave frequency range.
Therefore spectral fatigue accounts for the actual distribution
of energy over the entire wave frequency range.

• In Dynamic Spectral Fatigue , Spectrum used to define the fatigue

environment are:
• JONSWAP
• Ochi-Hubble
• Pierson-Moskowitz
• These Spectra are in-built in SACS

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 Fatigue Analysis
•Fatigue program features are as below
• Includes a wide range Stress Concentration Factor
(SCF) theories and allows user defined input.
• Automatic redesign of chords or braces may be
done to determine required joint can or brace stub
thickness
• API, AWS and NPD fatigue failure (S-N) curves are
built into the program. Also allows user defined
input.

• Generates output for the Interactive Fatigue Module for Interactive redesign.

Original Dimensions Stress Concentration Factors

OD WT Joint Member Chord Axial Axial Out of Service
Joint Member Type ID Inplane Damage Location
(cm) (cm) Type Type Len.(m) (Crown) (Saddle) Plane Life
J182 J186-J182 TUB 45.7 1.0 K BRC 3.74 5.03 4.76 4.74 4.84 0.26334 B 94.93

J182 JF2-J182 TUB 55.9 2.5 K CHD 3.74 2.31 1.88 1.88 1.99 3.70E-03 T 6,763.51

MEMBER FATIGUE REPORT (DAMAGE ORDER)

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 Dynamic Spectral Fatigue
Analysis Procedure:

Linearize Foundation
-choose load cases for developing foundation superelement

Modal Analysis to generate mass and mode files

- check cumulative mass participation factors

Run Wave Response to generate Transfer Function for each direction.

- use waves of constant steepness to generate transfer function.
- avoid waves under 1 foot ( 30cm )
- check transfer function for overturning moment and base shear.
- solve for equivalent static loads.

Run Fatigue
- choose appropriate spectrum
- choose S-N and SCF options

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 Earthquake Analysis
Two approaches available:

1)Response Spectrum:

A response spectrum depicts the maximum

response to a ground motion of a series of single
degree of freedom oscillators having different natural
periods but the same amount of internal damping.

2) Time History

Time History is a continuous record of ground motion or response.

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 Earthquake Analysis
Analysis Method:

1. All support points are assumed to be moving with the ground.

2. Each mode of vibration is assumed to act as a single degree of freedom.

3. Solve equations of motion for each mode.

4. The response from each mode for each direction (X, Y and Z) is combined using
the SRSS (Square Root of the Sum of Squares) method to obtain the multi
directional response. The SRSS approach is used on the assumption that the
responses from different directions are uncoupled

5. The response for each mode in each direction is also combined using the CQC
(Completer Quadratic Combination) method. For the cases where there is sufficient
modal separation in different directions the CQC method devolves into the SRSS
approach.

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 Earthquake Analysis
Analysis Method:

6. The dynamic response program creates a common solution file containing end
forces, stresses, reactions and displacements. Because these results are obtained
by combining modal results using RMS techniques, end forces, stresses…etc. have
no sign associated with them and are taken as all positive values.

7. The dynamic response generates two sets of load cases for both the member
check and the joint check.

8. The seismic results are then combined with the results from a static analysis.
This is followed by element code check and joint can check.

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 Earthquake Analysis
Damping:

Damping effects are important and for structure immersed in fluid the damping is a
nonlinear effect since damping is a function of the amplitude of response. Three
options for damping available.

1.Linear modal damping. (API recommends overall modal damping of 5% (SDAMP

line)

2. User defined amplitude to be used in fluid damping calculation (FDAMP line).

3. Program will calculate through iterative technique as follows (FDAMP line):

(a)Calculate the response based upon an assumed amplitude.

(b) Calculate equivalent fluid damping based upon this response.

(c) Repeat this process until the response until the response amplitude agrees with
the amplitude used for equivalent fluid damping.

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 Earthquake Analysis
Strength Requirements:
Zone Z 1 2 3 4 5
G 0.005 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.40

G is the ratio of the effective horizontal ground acceleration to gravitational acceleration.

Using the response spectrum, the

ordinates of the spectrum should
be multiplied by the factor G for
the zone in which the platform is
located.

The resulting spectrum should be

applied equally along both principal
horizontal axis and one half in the
Vertical direction. All three spectra
should be applied simultaneously and
responses combined using CQC
method.
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 Earthquake Analysis
Strength Requirements:

The strength requirements are intended ensure that no significant structural

damage can occur due to a strength level earthquake.

For strength level earth quake both the member check and joint check
allowables may be increased by 70 percent.

Tubular Joints

Joints for the primary structural members should be sized for either
the tensile yield load or the compressive buckling load of the brace.

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 Earthquake Analysis
Strength Requirements:

Tubular Joints – calculation of allowables.

The punching shear stress allowable, vpa is :

The factor Qf is given by :

In which the factor A is computed as :

Where fAX, fIPB and fOPB are stress in the chord due to twice the strength level
seismic loads in combination with gravity, buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure or
or the full capacity of the chord away from the joint can – whichever is the less.

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 Earthquake Analysis
Strength Requirements:

Tubular Joints – calculation of unity check

For combined axial and bending stresses in the brace the following
interaction equation should be satisfied:

For earthquake analysis the terms corresponding to bending are

ignored since we are checking against the tensile yield loads or the
compressive buckling load of the brace.

Joint can requirements for a earthquake analysis can be activated by specifying

the EQK option on the JCNOPT line and also by specifying 2.0 for the joint
load case factor on the STCMB line.

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 Earthquake Analysis
Ductility Requirements

Rare Intense Earthquake:

In seismically active areas, rare intensive earthquake motion may involve inelastic
action and structural damage may occur. The ductility requirements are intended to
ensure that the structure and the foundation have enough reserve capacity to
prevent collapse in the event of a rare intense earthquake.

Equivalent Static Loads:

The Dynamic response module can output equivalent static loads corresponding to
The modal responses being combined to generate the highest amount of base
shear or overturning moment in 20 directions (every 18 degrees)

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 Earthquake Analysis
Design Criteria:

Equivalent Static Loads:

The Dynamic response module can output equivalent static loads corresponding to
the modal responses being combined to generate the highest amount of base
shear or overturning moment in 20 directions (every 18 degrees).

For rare intense earthquakes the equivalent static loads can be used to design the
foundations and also conduct an elasto-plastic analysis of the structure to design
against failure.

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 Earthquake Analysis
Design Criteria:

Low-level Earthquake:

For areas where the ground acceleration is less than 0.05g no earthquake analysis
is required. For areas where the ground acceleration is between 0.05g – 0.1g a low
level earthquake analysis is required. The joint check requirements for a low level
earthquake are the same as those for an in-place analysis.

The joint can requirements for a low-level earthquake analysis can be activated by
specifying LLEW option for API working stress design , LLEL for API LRFD design
on the JCNOPT line and also by using the DLOAD load line in the Joint can input
file to identify the dead load case used in static analysis.

EDI
 Spectral Wind Fatigue
Method:

1.Conduct modal extraction analysis – determine mode shapes and natural

frequencies.
2.
2. Each mode of vibration is assumed to act as a single degree of freedom.

3.Determine Mechanical Transfer function H(f) for each mode.

3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
where Ki is the generalized stiffness matrix, fn is the natural frequency and c
is percent damping.

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 Spectral Wind Fatigue
Method (continued):

4. Determine sRMS response for each mode.

where Si(f) is the Harris spectrum given by:

where LH is the reference length (1800m), k is the surface roughness

coefficient (0.0025) and v10 is the wind speed at 10m reference height.

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 Spectral Wind Fatigue
Method (continued):

5. The response for each mode is combined to obtain the total response using the
CQC (Completer Quadratic Combination) method.

where I and k refer to the ith and the kth mode and Pik is the modal correlation
coefficient.

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 Spectral Wind Fatigue
Method (continued):

6. Wind velocities are assumed to conform to the Weibull distribution.

Wind velocities are selected to define the Weibull distribution time slices and velocity
ranges for integration limits to calculate fraction of occurrence.

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 Non-Linear Analysis : Collapse
• Salient Features of Collapse Module are
• Linear and non-linear material behavior
• Includes member Global / Local
buckling including 8 or more hinge
points per member
• Includes tubular joint flexibility, joint
plasticity and joint failure due to
excessive strain
• Includes strain hardening and residual
stress
• Creates analysis results file which is
read by Collapse View Program which
shows failure progression and the
gradual plastification and collapse
mechanism graphically

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 Pushover Analysis
• Pushover Analysis conducted to determine
the reserve strength ratio of a jacket
structure.
Loading applied to the structure in sequence.
Apply all gravity loads first.
Apply environmental storm loading.
Increase magnitude of environmental
loading until the structure fails.

RSR = Base Shear at 100% storm Load

Base Shear at Failure

Other approaches define failure with

100, 500, 1000, 5000,…year storms

First Failure
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 Ship Impact Analysis (Static)
 Ship Impact Analysis is carried out to determine the
Reserve Strength in the structure after the collision.

 Vessel mass, added mass coefficient and velocity at

the time of collision is specified on ENERGY line.

 Impact load case and impact joint defined on

IMPACT input line.

 Run Collapse – impact load will be applied until all

kinetic energy is absorbed. The structure will then
automatically unload and the post impact loading
can be applied.

 SACS can optionally account for vessel

deformation. Local indentation energy can be
accounted for by either meshing the impacted
member or using API methodology.

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 Dynamic Response

Force Driven Analysis

Force time history, Periodic and Engine vibration analyses are supported.
The main capabilities and features for force driven analysis are detailed below:

Force Time History

1. Linear, quadratic, or cubic interpolation available for the time history input.
2. Automatic load case selection based on overturning moment, base shear, joint
displacement, etc.
3. Variable time step integration procedure.
4. Time history plots including modal responses, overturning moments, base
shear, etc.
5.Generation of equivalent static loads for force/time history collapse analysis.

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 Dynamic Response

Blast Analysis
 Large Deflection, Elasto-Plastic Non-
Linear Finite Element Analysis is performed
in SACS for Blast loads.
 Blast Resistant Design to minimize the risk
to people and facilities from the hazards of
accidental explosions.
 Dynamic Response Module can be used to
apply blast load profile to the structure at
discrete time steps.

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 Dynamic Response
Blast Analysis (continued)
 Dynamic Response will generate a structural output file
containing incremental loading (including dynamic and
static components).

 Dynamic Response will also output a load sequence

file for Collapse.

 Run Collapse for non-linear elasto-plastic

analysis using incremental loading.

 Collapse shows plasticity over time

with each load step representing a

time increment.

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 Dynamic Response
Dynamic Ship Impact
 Use Dynamic Response module to determine dynamic
structural response due to impact.

 Set analysis option to SHIP on the DROPT line.

 Define vessel mass, velocity, direction of motion and

the impact joint on the SHIP input line.

 Define the time history source as SHIP on the time

history load line THLOD.

 Prepare Collapse input with control parameters

and load sequence for dead loads.

 Run dynamic response.

 Dynamic will output Collapse load sequence

and incremental loading containing dynamic
and static components of the structural
response
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 Dynamic Response

Earthquake/Base Driven Analysis

Both spectral earthquake and time history earthquake analyses are supported.
Some of the seismic analysis capabilities follow:

Spectral Earthquake

1. API response spectra are built into the program.

2. Supports user defined response spectra.
3. Spectral motion can be described as acceleration, velocity, or displacement.
4. Modal combinations using linear, SRSS, peak plus SRSS, or CQC methods.
5. Ability to use a different response spectrum for each direction.
6. Combines seismic results with static results automatically.

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 Dynamic Response

Earthquake/Base Driven Analysis

Time History Earthquake

1. Includes earthquake time history libraries.

2. User defined input time histories.
3. Linear, quadratic, or cubic interpolation available for the time history input.
4. Variable time step integration procedure.
5. Automatic load case selection based on overturning moment, base shear, etc.
6. Graphical representation of output variables.

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 Dynamic Response

Engine/Compressor Vibration

1.Supports mechanical unbalanced forces and gas torques in addition to

reciprocating loads.
2. Linear and/or nonlinear interpolation of forces between running speeds.
3. User can select specific joints to monitor or monitor all joints.
4. Allows user defined phasing of forces and moments within a load case.
5. Can automatically combine maximum response of various load cases.
6. Generates plots of input data versus time for any load case.
7. Calculates periodic forces amplitudes and periods from force versus time input.

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 Dynamic Response
Spectral Wind Analysis
The wind spectral fatigue and extreme wind analyses are supported. Some of
the spectral wind analysis capabilities are as follows:

Extreme Wind

1. Determines dynamic amplification factors automatically.

2. Generates common solution file containing internal loads, stresses, reactions
and displacements multiplied by its own dynamic amplification factor.
3. Includes cross correlation of modal responses using the Complete Quadratic
Combination (CQC) modal combination technique.
4. Plots generalized force spectrum and response spectrum for each wind speed.
5. Uses Harris Wind spectrum.

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 Dynamic Response
Spectral Wind Analysis
The wind spectral fatigue and extreme wind analyses are supported. Some of
the spectral wind analysis capabilities are as follows:

Wind Fatigue

1. Uses Harris Wind spectrum.

2. Optionally creates Fatigue input file automatically.
3. Distributes wind speed utilizing a Weibull distribution.
4. Assumes Rayleigh distribution of RMS stresses.
5. Handles multiple wind directions in same analysis execution.

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 Dynamic Response

Ice Force Analysis Ice Vibration

The ice vibration analysis capability includes the following features:
1. Automatically includes ice stiffness.
2. Maximum and minimum peak selection.
3. Automatic cycle count for fatigue analyses.
4. Creates fatigue input data automatically.
5. Full plot capabilities including ice forces, modal responses,
overturning moments, base shear, etc.
6. Variable time step integration procedure.

EDI
 SACS
Engineering Dynamics
2113 38th Street
Kenner
LA 70065
USA

Telephone: (504) 443 5481

www.sacs-edi.com

EDI