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bqtdm∏v ]cn-h¿Ø\]mX-bn¬ 1234567890

12345
12345
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12345
12345
12345 kzX-{¥-Nn-¥bpw At\z-jWIuXp-Ihpw am\h]ptcm-K-
12345
12345
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12345 Xn-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®v [mcW t\Sp-
12345
12345
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12345 ∂-Xn\pw imkv{X-km-t¶-XnIcwKsØ hf¿® DXv]m-Z\
12345
12345
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12345
12345
12345 ˛ hnX-cW
- c - w-KsØ ]ptcm-KX - n°p \nZm-\a- m-Ip-∂p-sh∂p
12345
12345
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12345 Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw imkv{Xw, Ie, -km-lnXyw XpSßn
12345
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12345 hnhn[ taJ-eI - f
- n-se KpW-]c- a- mb am‰-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-
12345
12345
12345
12345 ∂-Xn-\p≈ at\m-`mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n\pw Cu ]mT-
12345
12345
12345
12345 `m-KØ
- n-eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-bpw. a[y-Im-eØ - n¬ bqtdm-
12345
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12345 ∏ns‚ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn-ep-≠mb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-amWv Cu
12345
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12345 bqWn-‰n¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. B[p-\nI Ime-Øns‚
12345
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12345 Bhn¿`m-hØ - n\v \thm-∞m\w hnhn[ cwK-ßf - n¬ sNep-
12345
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12345 Ønb kzm[o-\w, `qanimkv{X-]c - a- mb I≠p-]n-Sn-Øß
- ƒ,
12345
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12345 hyh-kmbhnπhw F∂n-h-bmWv {][m-\-ambpw Cu
12345
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12345 bqWn-‰n¬ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv.
12345
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Ãm≥tU¿Uv VII 75
 10987654321
21
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1
43
43
76

54
65
7665
110099887
10987
bqWn‰v s{^bnw
So®¿sSIvÃv

1: bqtdm∏v ]cn-h¿Ø-\-]m-X-bn¬ BsI -]ocn-bUv: 12

Bi-b߃/[m-c-W-Iƒ ]T\ {]-h¿Ø\߃/X{¥-߃ ]T\t\´-߃
$ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fns‚ ]X\w $ temI- `q]S \nco-£Ww $ \thm-∞m-\Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v hgn-
$ C‰-en-bn¬ I®-h-S-cw-K-Øp-≠mb ]ptcm- $ hni- I - e - \ - ° p- d n∏v Xbm- d m- ° ¬ sX-fn® hnhn[ kml-N-cy-߃ hni-I-e\w
KXn sNøp-∂p.
$ {Kot°m tdma≥I- e bpw kmln- X yhpw

$ \thm- ∞ m\ Bi- b - ß ƒ˛am\- h n- I - X , $ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬ $ temIP\-X-bn¬ am\-hn-I-Xbpw At\z-j-

bp‡n-N-n¥, At\z-j-W-Xz-c, {]mtZ-inI W-Xz-cbpw hf¿∂p hcm≥ \thm-∞m\w
`mj-I-fpsS hf¿® ]¶p-h-ln®p F∂v Is≠-Øp-∂p.

$ kmln-Xyw, Ie, imkv{Xw
$ aX-\-ho-I-cWw
$ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-߃
$ kmln-Xyw, Ie, imkv{Xw F∂n- $ \thm- ∞ m\w hnhn[ cwK- ß - f n¬
hsb kw_- ‘ n® ]´n- I - I ƒ kzm[o\w sNepØnbXv Fß-s\-sb∂v
]q¿Øn-bm-°¬ hni-Zn-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ kzm[o-\sØ
°pdn-®p≈ Ip-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬

$ hyh-kmb hnπhw ˛ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-߃ $ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬ $ imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI cwKsØ hf¿® hyh-

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw
$ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬ kmbhnπ- h - Ø n\v Imc- W - a mbn F∂v
$ B¬_w Xbm-dm-°¬ Is≠-Øp∂p
 1234567890
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bqtdm∏v ]cn-h¿Ø\]mX-bn¬ 1234567890

bqWn-‰n-te°v
]mT-`m-K-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ X∂n-´p≈ lKn-b-tkm-^nb F∂ Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I-
Øns‚ Nn{Xw \nco-£n-°m\pw AXns\ kw_-‘n® Ipdn∏v hmbn-°p-hm\pw
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip∂p. Bi-bc- q-]o-Ic
- W
- Ø
- n-\mbn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ tNmZy-
߃ D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
$ lKn-b-tkm-^n-b-bpsS {]m[m-\y-sa-¥v? AXv Fhn-sS-bmWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv?
$ C∂v tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ GXv cmPy-Øns‚ `mK-amWv?
$ GsX√mw `qJ-fi-߃°n-S-bn-emWv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ÿnXn sNøp-
∂-Xv?
$ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fns‚ khn-ti-jXIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?
$ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Iog-S-°m≥ Xp¿°nsb t{]cn-∏n-®- L-SIw F¥m-Wv?
$ Xp¿°n-Iƒ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Iog-S-°n-b-Xns‚ ^e-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-
cp∂p?
apI-fn¬ X∂n-´p≈ tNmZy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-߃ ]mT-`m-KØv 8˛masØ t]Pn¬
\¬In-bn-´p≈ `q]-Sw temI-Øns‚ cmjv{Sob `q]Sw F∂nh \nco-£n®pw ]mT-
`mKw hmbn®pw Is≠-Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øn¬ htc-≠h:
˛ lKn-b-tkm-^nb tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-emWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv.
˛ CXv temI-Ønse {][m\ Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I-Øn-sem-∂m-Wv.
˛ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ C∂v Xp¿°n-bpsS `mK-am-Wv.
˛ Gjybv°pw bqtdm-∏n\pw CS-bn-em-Wv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ÿnXn sNøp-
∂-Xv.
˛ hn⁄m-\Ø
- ns‚ tI{µhpw hmWn-Py-Ih
- m-Sh
- p-am-bn-cp∂p tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ.
˛ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Iog-S-°n-b-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Ing-°≥ tdmam-km-{amPyw
XI¿∂p.
˛ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse ]fin-X-∑mcpw Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-
te°v ]em-b\w sNbvXp.
˛ Ah-cn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw C‰-en-bn-emWv FØn-t®¿∂-Xv.

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VII 77
12345678901
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tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfn¬ A[n-h-kn-®n-cp∂ kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw ]fin-X-∑mcpw

C‰-en-bn¬ FØn-t®-cm-\p≈ Imc-W-߃ ]mT-]p-kvXIw ]cn-tim-[n®v Is≠Øn
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw. ]Z-kq-cy-
\n¬ C‰en F∂p am{Xw FgpXn {]Z¿in-∏n-®pthWw ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-
°m≥ \n¿t±iw \¬tI-≠-Xv. ]Z-kq-cy≥ {Kq∏n¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
NphsS X∂n-´p≈ amXrI kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Xp¿°n-IfpsS {Kot°m-tdm-a≥
tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kwkvIm-cnI
B{I-aWw ss]XrIw

C‰en

Ncn{X ss]Xr-I-߃ kwc-

kº-∂c - mb hym]m-cn- £n-°p-∂X- n¬ hym]m-cn-
I-fpsS t{]m’ml\w Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ XmXv]cyw

\thm-∞m\w
\thm-∞m\w F∂ ]mT-`mKw {Kq∏n¬ hmb\°v \¬Ip-∂p. Xmsg -sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-
°p∂ ]´nI Xe-s°´v am{Xw FgpXn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-
∂p. ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-tºmƒ NphsS \¬In-bn-´p≈ Bi-b-߃ D≠v F∂v Dd-∏m-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øns‚ ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-t≠msS

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ D≠mb am‰-߃
$ Ie, kmlnXyw F∂nh aX-]-c-amb $ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-am-bn-cp∂p Ie-bpsSbpw
Bi- b - ß sf tI{µo- I - c n- ® p- ≈ - X m- b n- kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xn-]mZyw
cp∂p $ {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn-emWv IrXn-Iƒ
$ em‰n≥, {Ko°v `mj-If
- n-emWv IrXn-Iƒ IqSp-Xepw cNn-®Xv
cNn-®n-cp-∂Xv $ bp‡n-Nn-¥b- p-sSbpw At\z-jW
- X
- z-cb
- p-
sSbpw hf¿®

]´n-I-bnse Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-t≠msS bqtdm-

∏n¬ hnhn[ taJ-e-bn¬ D≠mb am‰-ß-fmWv \thm∞m\w F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv
F∂v t{ImUo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ X∂n-´p≈ Ipdn∏ns‚ klm-b-Øm¬
N¿®-sNbvXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

78 So®¿sSIvÃv
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bqtdm∏v ]cn-h¿Ø\]mX-bn¬ 1234567890

Ø am\-hn-IX
Ø bp‡n-Nn¥
Ø At\z-j-W-Xzc
Ø {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fpsS hf¿®

\thm-∞m-\Ø
- ns‚ khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ
am\-hn-IX ˛ aX-tI-{µo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp∂ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-
sSbpw Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fp-sSbpw ÿm\Øv
a\p-jys\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ Imcy-ß-ƒ {]ta-
b- a mb IrXn- I fpw Iem- k r- j vSn- I fpw
cq]wsIm≠p.
bp‡n-Nn¥ ˛ kw`- h - ß - f p- s Sbpw {]Xn- ` m- k - ß - f p- s Sbpw
ImcyImc-W-߃ At\z-jn-°m≥ XpSßn.
At\z-j-W-Xzc ˛ Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø -Imcyßfpw {]]-©-\n-b-a-
ßfpw At\z-jn®v Is≠-Ø-W-sa∂ XmXv]-
cy-ap-≠m-bn.
{]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fpsS hf¿® ˛ {Ko°v, em‰n≥ `mj-Iƒ°p ]Icw km[m-
cW P\-ß-fpsS `m-j-bn¬ IrXn-Iƒ cNn-
°m≥ XpS-ßn.

\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w
\thm-∞m\w kmln-Xyw, Ie, imkv{Xw F∂o cwK-ß-fn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w
Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ 3 ]´n-I-Iƒ Xe-s°´v am{Xw FgpXn
¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ ]´n-Ibv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hkvXp-X-Iƒ
]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂pw (t]Pv 9, 10, 11, 12, 13) Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. N¿®,
t{ImUo-Ic- W
- w. ]´n-Ib
- n¬ Hmtcm-∂nepw htc-≠Xv \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-
Øn-b-Xn¬ AXv h∂n-´p≠v F∂v Dd-∏m-°-Ww.
]´nI 1

kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿ IrXn-Iƒ

s]{Sm¿°v ko{I´w
Zms¥ Unssh≥ tImaUn
s_m°m-®ntbm Z°m-a-d¨ IY-Iƒ
sk¿hms¥ tUzm¨ Izn-Ivtkm´v
Cdm-kvakv C≥ s{]bvkv Hm^v t^mfn

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VII 79
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]´nI 2

Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ krjvSn-Iƒ taJe

enbm-\m¿tUm Umhn©n samWm- e n- k , Ah- k m- \ sØ Nn{X-Ie
AØmgw
ssa°¬ B©tem A¥y-hn[n Nn{X-Ie
dmt^¬ GY≥knse hnZym-ebw Nn{X-Ie
temd≥skm-Kn-_¿´n ^v t fmd≥knse _m]v ‰ nÃv ]≈n- h m k v X p - h n Z y
bpsS hmXn¬
sZmWm-s‰sem K´m-sa-eoØ inev]-hnZy

]´nI 3

imkv{X-Im-c-∑m¿ I≠p]n-Sn-Ø-߃

tIm∏¿\n-°kv kuc-bqYkn≤m¥w
Keo-en-tbm- K-eoen sSe-kvtIm∏v
sPmlm≥kv Kp´≥_¿Kv A®-Snb{¥w

]´n-I-Iƒ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®-tijw Ah-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚

GsX√mw Bi-b-߃ GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fn¬ kzm[o\w sNepØn F∂v N¿®-
bn-eqsS Is≠Øn NphsS X∂n-´p≈ ]´nIbpsS cq]-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

taJ-e-Iƒ \thm-∞m\ Bi-b-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w

kmlnXyw am\-hn-I-X, bp‡n Nn¥, {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fpsS hf¿®

Ie am\-hn-I-X, bp‡n-Nn¥
imkv{Xw bp‡n-Nn-¥, am\-hn-I-X, At\z-j-W-Xzc
aXw bp‡n-Nn-¥, am\-hn-IX
kap-{Z-k-©m-c-߃ bp‡n-Nn-¥, At\z-j-W-Xzc

s]mXpN¿®bv°v tijw NphsS X∂n-´p≈ [mc-W-Iƒ t\Sn-sb∂v Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

˛ \thm-∞m\w hnhn[ cwK-ß-fn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn.
˛ \thm-∞m\w Hcp ]pXp-bp-K-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p.
˛ \thm-∞m-\tØmsS Bcw-`n® ]pXp-bpKw B[p-\nIImew F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

80 So®¿sSIvÃv
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XpS¿∂v hy‡n-K-X-ambn "\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w' F∂ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-

°p∂p.

hyh-kmbhnπhw
$ \thm-∞m\w imkv{XcwKsØ Fß-s\-bmWv kzm[o-\n-®Xv?
$ \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ GsX√mw khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv imkv{XcwKØv {]Xn-^-
en-®Xv?
apI-fn¬ X∂n-´p≈ tNmZy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hyh-kmbhnπ-h-sØ-°p-
dn®p≈ ]mT-`mKw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. ]Xn-\-©m-asØ t]Pnse ]´n-I-bn¬ \n∂pw
Nne b{¥-ß-fpsS t]cp-Ifpw Ah Is≠-Ønb imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw
Is≠-Øp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xns‚ Nn{X-߃ 14˛masØ t]Pv t\m°n Is≠-
Øp-∂p. a‰p-≈-h-bpsS Nn{X-߃ C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ah Hmtcm∂pw GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fn-emWv D]-tbm-Kn-®-sX∂v N¿® sNbvXv
Xmsg X∂n-´p≈ cq]-Øn¬ ]´nI Xbm-dm-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-a-t√m.

b{¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ taJe

^vfbnwKv j´n¬ hkv{X-\n¿ΩmWw

kv]n∂nwKv P∂n hkv{X-\n¿ΩmWw
Bhnb{¥w KXm-KXw
temt°m-tam-´ohv KXm-KXw

$ b{¥-߃ I≠p]nSn-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p DXv]mZ\w \S-

Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv?
$ b{¥-ßfpsS D]-tbmKw Fs¥√mw am‰-ßfpw {]tbm-P-\-ßfpw a\pjy Pohn-
X-Øn¬ D≠m°n?
Cu tNmZy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A[ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS N¿®
sNbvXv NphsS X∂n-´p≈ [mc-W-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
˛ b{¥-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v a\p-jy≥ ImbnIi‡n D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv
DXv]m-Z\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
˛ b{¥-ß-fpsS IS∂p hc-thmsS DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw DXv]m-Z\s®ehv
Ipd-bp-Ibpw DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-ta∑ IqSp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VII 81
12345678901
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˛ KXm-KX cwKsØ am‰-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-°ƒ ^mIvS-dn-

bn-te°pw DXv]∂߃ Itºm-f-Øn-te°pw thK-Ønepw Ipd™ sNe-hnepw
FØn-°m≥ Ign-™p.
˛ DXv]m-Z\˛hnX-cWcwK-ß-fn-ep-≠mb Cu am‰-ß-fmWv hyh-kmbhnπhw F∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
hyh-kmbhnπ-h-Im-esØ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-߃ \S-Ønb imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS Nn{X-
ßfpw b{¥-ß-fpsS Nn{X-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-KsØ kw_-‘n®
eLp-Ip-dn-t∏msS B¬_w Xbm-dm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

d^-d≥kv
$ A Survey of European Civilization - Wallace K. Ferguson,
Geoffrey Bruun
$ History of Modern Civilizations - Burnes
$ The Story of Civilization (Vol. I) - NCERT - Arjun Dev
$ temI-N-cn{Xw (c≠mw `mKw), tIcf `mjm ˛ s{]m^. C. {io[c≥,
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v sI.]n. tZh-Zmkv

82 So®¿sSIvÃv
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bqtdm∏v ]cn-h¿Ø\]mX-bn¬ 1234567890

So®dpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
\º¿- kqN-I-߃ AsX A√
1- \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp°nb kml-Ncyw
Ip´n-Iƒ°-dn-bmw.
2 \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-
™n-´p-≠v.
3 kmln-Xyw, Ie, imkv{Xw F∂o cwK-ß-fn¬
\thm-∞m\w sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
4 hyh-km-b-hn-π-h-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Isf°p-dn®v
[mcW t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v.
5 `q]Sw \nco-£n-°m\pw ]´n-I-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-
°m\pw Nn{X-߃ \nco-£n-°m\pw Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
Xøm-dm-°m\pw N¿®-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m\pw Ign-
bp-∂p-≠v.

Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
\º¿- kqN-I-߃ AsX A√
1- a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂pw B[p-\n-I-Im-e-Øn-
\p≈ hyXym-k-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
2 \thm-∞m-\-Im-e- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿, Ah-cpsS
IrXn-Iƒ, Iem-Im-c-∑m¿, Ah-cpsS krjvSn-Iƒ,
imkv { X- ⁄ ¿, Ah- c psS I≠p- ] n- S n- Ø - ß ƒ
F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.
3 \thm-∞m\w kmln-Xyw, Ie, imkv{Xw F∂o
taJ-e-I-fn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®v
[mc-W- t\-Sn-bn-´p-≠v.
4 B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v \thm-∞m-
\hpw hyh-kmb-hn-π-hhpw hln®- ]¶ns\-°p-dn®v
[mcW t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v.
5 hyh- k m- b - h n- π - h - I m- e sØ I≠p- ] n- S n- Ø - ß ƒ
Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VII 83