fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK 

 
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK
12 jk m˙Éf√oh
jdhqiólrK *Eka iamSâ
fldkafg%da,a m˙m:
fudagr® r: i|yd jdhqiólrK moaO;s tl;=jQ uq,a
wjêfha° fhdod .;a uQ,sl *Eka fldkafg%da,a m˙m: lsysmhla fuhg
fmr m˙Éf√ofhka úia;r úh' tys° uQ,slj wOHhkh lrkq
,enqfõ fr®äfhagr® *Eka fudagrhu lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl
f,igo fhdod .kakd wdldrhhs' fuf,i fjku lkafvkair® l+,ska
*Eka tlla fhdod.;a úg th fuu m˙m: yd iïnkaO lrk wdldrh
fuu m˙Éf√ofhka úia;r flfr®' tfy;a fmr mr®fcda ksr®udK
lsysmhla we;=Ω r:j._ .Kkdjl fhdod .;a ue.akála *Eka la,É
l%uh jdhqiólrKh iu. myiqfjka iïnkaO l, yels jQ w;r
ta ms<sn|jo wm oekqj;a úh hq;=fjhs' wo fuu l%uh Ndú;d
fkdjqk;a t;=,ska ksr®udKd;aul ;dCI◊l ±kqula ,nd.; yels
ksid fuys th uq,skau úia;r flfr®'
*Eka fn,aÜ
15+
ϑ i|ydo wdfoaY l, yels neúks' ksoiqkla f,i kùk r:j, fhdod
T .kakd tla úfYaI fr®äfhagr® l+,ska *Eka l%uhla jkafka yhsfv%d,sla
l+,kaÜ
;r®uiageÜ iaúÉ la,É äiala
la,É
fid,fkdhsâ
ue.akála la,ph iys; fr®äfhagr® *Eka l%uh
fuu igyfkka olajd we;af;a ue.akála la,ph iys;
fr®äfhagr *Eka md,k l%uhhs' tys fr®äfhagr *Eka mq,sh tka‚fuka
lerljqk;a th *Eka tl yd noaO jkafka ue.akála la,phg ú≥,s
Odrdjla ,enqkq úg muKs' th b.aksIka Ok w.%fhka (15+) ,nd°
we;af;a l+,kaÜ moaO;shg iïnkaO ;r®uiageÜ iaúph yryd jk
w;r tka‚u WKqiqï úg muKla th m˙m:h iïnkaO lrhs'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
(A) (B)
15+
ϑ 15+
T
ϑ
AC T
‹
AC
AC fldïm%ir® la,É
ue.akála la,ph iys; fr®äfhagr® *Eka l%uh jdhqiólrKh yd
tla ls¯u
fuys A igyfkka olajd we;af;a fuhg fmr igyfkka
olajk ,o *Eka moaO;sh jdhqiólrKh iu. ls%hdlrùug
ilialr we;s wdldrhhs' tys° fldïm%ir® la,É w.%fha isg
vfhdavhla yryd ue.akála la,phg Odrdj imhd we;s fyhska
fldïm%ir® la,ph iu. *Eka tl ls%hd;aul jqj;a jdhqiólrKh
ls%hd fkdlrk wjia:dj, tka‚u Wkqiqïj ;r®uiageÜ iaúph
iïnkaO jk úg fldïm%irh ls%hd ls¯u is≥ fkdfjhs' tfy;a fuu
vfhdavh yryd uola jeä Odrdjla .,dhk neúka thg Tfrd;a;=
fok vfhdavhla imhd.; fkdyels kï B igyk whqre ˙f,a
tallhla fhdodo fuu m˙m:h ksr®udKh l< yelsh'
Ndú;fhka bj;aj we;;a fujeks mer◊ Wml%u ms<sn|j
iEu ldr®ñlfhl=u oekqj;a úh hq;=h' ukao th fjk;a moaO;s
fudagrhla iys; fr®äfhagr *Eka tlhs' wm rfÜ fuu l%uh ±lsh
yels tla m%isoaO fudagr® r: j._hla kï fgdfhdagd iams%kagr® r:hhs'
tys mjr® iaáh˙ka moaO;sh i|yd lsh % dlrk yhsfv%d,sla fmdïmfhkau
fuu yhsfv%d,sla fudagrhg;a f;,a mSvkh ,nd.kakd w;r
;r®uiageÜ iaúph u.ska flfrkqfha tka‚u WKqiïq úg fid,fkdhsvhla
u.ska yhsfv%d,sla mSvkh fuu fudagrh fj; uqodye¯u mu◊' tu
r: j, jdhqiólrK iu. fr®äfhagr *Eka tl ls%hdlrùug fhdod
we;af;ao by; igyfka olajd we;s l%u w;=˙ka tlls' tkï by;
wdldrhgu tys ;r®uiageÜ jE,ajh u.ska ls%hdlrjk yhsfv%d,sla
jE,aj fid,fkdhsvho jdhqiólrKh iu.o vfhdavhla fyda ˙f,a
tlla yryd ls%hd ls¯ug ie,eiaùfuks'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK 
 
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK
ìysj we;s m˙m: j._ /ila we;s ksid fïjd l%u l%ufhka fudagr®
■ lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka fhdod .ekqu r: i|yd fhojqkq wdldrhgu ms<sfj,ska wmf.a wOHhkho
l+,ska *Eka lrf.k hdu ;=,ska tajd jgyd .ekqu b;d myiqfõ'
fuys A igyfkka
olajd we;af;a lkafvkair®
l+,ska *Eka tl iúl, yels
AC
myiqu uÛ jqj;a th idr®:l
fkdjkafka AC moaO;sfha isg
fldïm%irh fj; iemfhk
Odrdj b;d wvq weïmshr
(A) AC fldïm% i r®
lkafvkairh la,É .Kkla .;yels jQjla ksid
th fuf,i wê Odrdjla
,nd .kakd lkafvkair® l+,ks a
lkafvkairh ksùug wu;r l+,ska *Eka tlla iú lr.ekqu 30+ *Eka tlg iDcqju iïnkaO
r:fha we;s fr®äfhagr l+,ska *Eka tlu jdhqiólrKh l< fkdyels neúks' ukao
AC
iuÛskao ls%hdls¯ug uq,au jdhqiólrK lÜg,j, fhdod .ekqk;a tfia jqjfyd;a AC iaúph"
miqld,fha° iEu rglu mdfya jdyk m%udKh jeäù we;s jQ udr®. AC ;r®uiageÜ iaúph jeks
jdyk ;onoh ksid jdyk fiñka .ukalrk ld,h b;d jeäúh' fuu la,É Odrdj .,d tk
fuys° *Eka fn,aÜ tflka l%shdlrk ishΩu fudagr® r: j, lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka udr®.h ;†ka WKqiqïj tu
jdhqiólrK ls%hdlrùu wmyiq jQfha tys° tka‚ka fõ.h wvqùu (B) fldgiaj,g ydks meñ◊h
ksid fiñka ls%hdlrk fr®äfhagr *Eka tl u.ska fr®äfhagrh yels neúks' B igyk whqre
fukau lkafvkairho ksùu ≥j_, ù tka‚u ´jr® ySÜ ùu;a 30+ fuhg ˙f,a tallhla fhdod
jdhqiólrKh isis,i wvqùu fukau tys f,daâ tl jeäùu;a ksidh' *Eka tl ,nd.kakd wê
AC
;jo r:h fiñka Odjkfha° msg; jd;fhka is≥jk lkafvkairh Odrdj neg˙fhka (30+)
ksùuo fuys° is≥ fkdjqks' fï ksid ndysr lkafvkair® l+,k
s a *Eka iDcqju ,efnkakg i<iajd
tlla fh°u wdrïN jQ w;r fuhg fmr m˙Éf√ofha° th uola AC la,É w.%fhka ˙f,a
≥rg úia;r jqks' fuys olajd we;af;a ta i|yd lkafvkairh u;u (C) oÛrhg wjYH iqΩ Odrdj
ú≥,s fudagrh iys; *Eka tlla iú lrk wdldrhhs' muKla iemhQ úg fuu
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka i|yd
■ lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka i|yd ú≥,s ú≥,s m˙m: ie,iqï l, yels fodaI ish,a, msgq ±lsh yels
wdldr iy tajdfha fodaI nj igyk ;=,ska fmkS hhs'
m˙m: ieliSu
miq ld,fha° jdhqiólrK moaO;s i|yd lkafvkair® fuu m˙m:hu C igyk whqre fjkia lr l< ksr®udKhkao wmg
l+,ska *Eka tl;=jQ miq thg ú≥,s m˙m:h ilik wdldro /ila ±lsh yel' tfy;a tys° fodaIhla f,i ±laúh yels iqΩ wvqmdvqjla
ìysúh' fuys† uQ,sl wjYH;djh jQfha jdhqiólrKh iu. fuu fjhs' tkï bjmfr®gr ;r®uiageÜ iaúph u.ska AC w.%hg imhk
*Eka tlo ls%hdlrùu mu◊' A/C fldïm%ir® la,ph iu. fuh Odrdj läka lv is°fï° fldïm%ir® la,ph úikaê ùu ;;amr
iudka;r.;j iïnkaO lr ls%hdlrùu b;d myiq jqj;a fuu *Eka lsysmhlska mud ùuhs' thg fya;=j ˙f,a tallh úikaêj *Eka
fudagrh jeä Odrdjla Wrd.kakd neúka ta i|yd ˙f,a tallhla fudagrhg imhk Odrdj k;r jqj;a ;j ≥rg;a lerflk tu *Eka
fhdod .ekSu wksjdr®h úh' flfia kuq≥ wojk úg fï weiq˙ka fudagrfha ksmofjk Odrdj u.ska fldïm%ir® la,ph ;j ≥rg;a
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK 
 
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK
iïnkaOj ;nd .ekquhs' tys° *Eka fõ.h l%u l%ufhka wvqù f.dia
Wm†k Odrdjo ≥j_, jQ miq la,ph úikaê fjhs'
■ lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl iu. fr®äfhagr®
*Eka tlo ls%hdlrùu
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tllska is≥jkafka lkafvkairh
b†˙fha isg miqmig iq<Û ;,a¨ ls¯uhs' tu jd; Odrdj túg
msgúh hq;af;a fr®äfhagrh yrydh' fuf,i fr®äfhagrfhka
u;=fjk jd; Odrdj tys *Eka tl jglr we;s wdjrKh (Fan
shroud) ;=, f;rfmk ksid lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tlg jeä
jd; Odrdjla .uka lrùu wmyiq fjhs' fuhg we;s tlu úl,am
ms<shu fuys° fr®äfhagr *Eka tlo ls%hdlrùuhs' túg fuu
f;rfmk jd;h blaukska bj;aj lkafvkairh yryd yuk jd;
Odrdj jeä lrhs' fï wkqj lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl iu.
fr®äfhagr® *Eka fudagrho ls%hd ls¯ug ielish hq;= kuq;a
fr®äfhagr® *Eka tl ls%hdlrk úg tu Odrdfjka lkafvkair® l+,ska
*Eka tl ls%hd fkdl, hq;=h' fï i|yd fuhg fmr wm wOHhkh
l, igyka w;=˙ka fmr m˙Éf√ofhka wOHhkh l, fldïm%ir
la,É Odrdj u.ska fr®äfhagr *Eka fudagrh ls%hdl,;aa fr®äfhagr
*Eka tl ls%hd lrk úg fldïm%ir la,ph ls%hd fkdlrk f,i
vfhdaâ fyda ˙f,a tall fhdod ilial, m˙m: wdldr lsysmhlg
fuys° fhdod .; yelsh' my; ±lafjkafka fï i|yd fndfyda
r:j, fhdod .kakd tjka m˙m:hls'
30+
15+
ϑ ks;r iïnkaOj ;sî Odrdj imhk úg úikaê ùuhs' 10'08
T
;r®uiageÜ iaúÉ
fr®äfhagr® l+,ska *Eka
30+
A.C la,É
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl fr®äfhagr l+,ska *Eka
tl yd iïnkaO ls¯u
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
by; m˙m:h i|yd úfYaI ˙f,a tallhla lkafvkair®
l+,ska *Eka tl i|yd fhdojd we;' 10'09 igyfkka tu ˙f,a
tallh wms y∫kd.;suq' tys msgjqï w.% folla we;s w;r ta fol
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tlg;a fr®äfhagr l+,ska *Eka tlg;a fjka
fjkaj iïnkaO lr ;sfnhs'
by;ska úia;r flreKq m˙m:fha fr®äfhagr ;r®uiageÜ
tl iy tys ˙f,a tallh yryd fr®äfhagr *Eka fudagrh fmr
m˙†u ls%hdlrk w;r fuu ie<iqu hgf;a tys° lkafvkair® l+,ska
*Eka tl ls%hd;aul fkdfjhs' tfy;a AC moaO;sh ls%hdlrk úg
˙f,a tallh fuu *Eka fudagr folu ls%hd lrjhs' m˙m: igyk
;=,ska th ;ksj jgyd .ekSug W;aidy .kak'
■ úfYaI fr®äfhagr m˙m: i|yd
Acc Acc
T T
+ ;r®uiageÜ +
iaúÉ
(A) (B)
kùk r:j, fh≥kq úfYaI fr®äfhagr® *Eka
m˙m:hla (A) tka‚u k;r lr we;s úg (B) tka‚u
m;.ekajQ ú.i
kùk r: fndfyduhl b;d wdrCIdld¯ fr®äfhagr *Eka
m˙m:hla Ndú;d jk w;r fuu igyfka olajd we;af;a tys
ie,eiauhs' fuys fhd∞ .kakd ˙f,a tallfha fjki tys lkagElaÜ
igyfkka fuu ˙f,a tallho wms y∫kd .;suq' ;r®uiageÜ
iaúpfhao lkagElaÜ iïnkaOj ;sî tka‚u WKqiqï úg úikaê fjhs'
fï ksid fuu m˙m:hg Odrdj ,ndf.k we;af;a b.aksIka iaúpfha
ACC w.%h tkï tys m<uq mshjr yryd h' igyfka th idudkH
iaúphla f,i olajd we;af;a jgyd .ekSu myiq lrùugh' fuys
A igyk whqre b.a' iaúph iïnkaO fkdlr we;s úg ˙f,a
tallfha lkagElaÜ iïnkaOj mej;=k;a b.aksIka iaúph iïnkaO
lr fkdue;s fyhska *Eka fudagrh ls%hd fkdlrhs'
fuys B igyfka olajd we;af;a b.aksIka iaúph iïnkaO
lr we;s wjia:djhs' th iïnkaO ùu;a iu.u ˙f,a oÛrfha
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK 
 
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK
m˙m:h ks;r lkagElaÜ iïnkaOj we;s ;r®uiageÜ iaúph yryd
iïmQr®K ùu ksid ˙f,a tallh ls%hd;aul fjhs' tkï tys lkagElaÜ
úikaê fjhs' ukao fuh ks;r lkagElaÜ iïnkaOj mj;sk j._fha
˙f,a tallhla neúks' fï ksid b.aksIka iaúph iïnkaO lr tka‚u S1
mk.ekajj Q o *Eka fudagrh wlSh
% j mj;sh's fuh tka‚u mk.ekajj Q dhska S2 T
miq mj;sk ;;ajhhs' (A) + +
fuys olajd we;af;a Acc AC/Clutch
tka‚u kshñ; WIaK;ajh
blau jQ wjia:djhs' fuys
fhdod we;a f ;a úfYa I
Acc ;r®uiageÜ iaúphla neúka S1

T fuys° WIaK;ajh jeäjk (B) S2 T

+ úg tys lkagElaÜ úikaê ùu + +
Acc AC/Clutch
is≥fjhs' túg igyk whqre
tka‚u WKqiqï jQ miq *Eka tl ˙f,a oÛrh wlS%hj tys jdhqiólrKh iu. *Eka tl ls%hdlr ùu
ls%hd ls¯u lkagElaÜ iïnkaO ùu is≥j by; úia;r l< fr®äfhagr *Eka l%uh wo nyq,j
*Eka fudagrh ls%hd;aul fjhs' tys° tka‚u isis,a jk w;r bkamiq Ndú;djk w;r tu r:hlg jdhqiólrKhla iú ls¯fï° fjk;a
kej;;a ;r®uiageÜ iaúph iïnkaO fjhs' túg fuhg fmr olajd ˙f,a tallhla yryd *Eka fudagrh ls%hdlrùug i,ikjdg jvd
we;s B igyk whqre ˙f,a lkagElaÜ úikaêj kej;;a *Eka tl by; wdldrhg wu;r ˙f,a tallhla u.ska ;r®uiageÜ iaúÉ w.%h
k;r fõ' fuu ;r®uiageÜ iaúph fndfyda úg iúj we;af;a úikaê lr th myiqfjka ls%hdlrúh yel' fuys S2 hkq
fr®äfhagrfha fkdj tka‚fï isis,k moaO;sfha fldgilgh' jdhqiólrKh iu. *Eka m˙m:h ls%hdlrùug fhdok ,o ˙f,a
by; úia;r lrk ,o fr®äfhagr *Eka m˙m:h b;d tallhhs' tho ks;r lkagElaÜ iïnkaOj mj;sk" tfukau
wf.a l, hq;= ksr®udKhls' tkï fuhg fmr úia;r l, m˙m:j, ls%hd;aul jq úg lkagElaÜ úikaê lrk ˙f,a tallhls' B
˙f,a tallh wlS%h jqjfyd;a tfia;a ke;akï ;r®uiageÜ iaúÉ igyfkka olajd we;af;a tka‚u mk.kajk ,o wjia:dj jk w;r
jhrh úikaê jqjfyd;a bka is≥jkafka tka‚u r;ajQ miq *Eka tl tka‚u isis,a neúka *Eka tl wlS%hj we;af;a tys S1 ˙f,a tallh
ls%hd fkdlr úYd, ydkshla is≥ùuhs' tfy;a fuu m˙m:fha ˙f,a úikaêj we;s fyhsks' ±ka tka‚u WKqiqïj ;r®uiageÜ iaúph
tallh wlS%h jqjfyd;a lkagElaÜ ks;ru iïnkaOj *Eka tl úikaê jQ jydu S1 ls%hd;aulj *Eka tlo ls%hd;aul fjhs' ta
ls%hdlrhs' tfiau ;r®uiageÜ jhrh .e,jqkq úgo is≥jkafka ˙f,a tka‚ka WIaK;ajh wkqj *Eka tl läka lv ls%hdlrk wdldrhhs'
tallh wlS%h ù tys lkagElaÜ iïnkaO ùuhs' fuf,i fuu fuh jdhqiólrKh iu. ls%hd;aul jk whqre ó<Ûg fidhd n,uq'
moaO;sfha fodaIhla we;sjQ úg bka fndfyduhl° *Eka fudagrh fuys olajd we;af;a
k;r ùu fjkqjg is≥jkafka th †.gu ls%hd ls¯uhs' bka r:hg fuhg fmr m˙m:fhau
ydkshla is≥fkdfjhs' ≥r .ukl° w;r u. fujka fodaIhla we;sjQ jdhqiólrKh ls%hd;aul
úg tu ;;ajh hgf;a .uk wjidkh f;la r:h meoúh yels S1 jk úg ta iuÛ fr®äfhagr
w;r ;ukag ksoyia wjia:djl wΩ;ajeähdjg fhduqúh yels ùuo S2 T *Eka tlo ls%hd;aul jk
fuys° we;sjk ;j;a jdishls' moaO;sfha we;sfjk fujka fodaIhla + + wdldrhhs' fuys tka‚u
Acc AC/Clutch
˙h≥reg ±k.; yels jkafka fldf;la Odjkh l,;a WIaK;ajh isis,aj we;s ksid
by< fkdhdfuka iy tka‚u mk.ekajQ ;eka isg *Eka tl ;r®uiageÜ iaúph ;j
jdhqiólrKh iu. *Eka tl
tl†.gu ls%hd;aul ùfuks' ls%hd lrùu ≥rg;a iïnkaOj mj;shs'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK 
 
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK
tfy;a jdhqiólrKh ls%hd;aulj we;s ksid S2 ˙f,a tallh
ls%hd;aulj tys lkagElaÜ úikaê fjhs' th tka‚u WKqiqï
wjia:dfõ ;r®uiageÜ iaúph úikaê jQjd yd iudkh' tkï ta wkqj
jdhqiólrKh iu. S2 ls%hd;aul ùu;a iu. S1 ˙f,a tallh
wlS%hj tys lkagElaÜ nok w;r *Eka tl ls%hd;aul fjhs' tfukau
jdhqiólrKh iu. S2 wlS%h ùu;a iuÛ S1 ls%hd;aulj *Eka
tl wlS%h fjhs'
fr®äfhagr *Eka moaO;so úúO wdldrhg ksr®udKh
flfrk w;r fuys i|yka jQfha thska nyq,j Ndú;djk wdldr
folla yd tajdg jdhq iólrK moaO;s tlaflfrk wdldrhhs' tfy;a
jdhqiólrK *Eka m˙m: i|yd fhofjkafka fuu m˙m: wdldr
lsysmh muKla hhs fuys° jrojd f;areï fkd.; hq;=h' fïjd
;j≥rg;a fjkia ùug hï hï lreKq fya;=jqkq w;r ta ms<sn|j
fuys° ;j ≥rg;a wjfndaO lr.; hq;=h'
■ lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl ksid
u;=jqkq .egΩ
jdhqiólrK moaO;shl lkafvkairh isis,ajk ;rug
r:h we;=,;o b;d fyd¢ka isis,a lr.; yelsh' fï i|yd
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl b;d Wmld¯jk kuq;a tu.ska
wkfmaCIs; fodaI lsysmhla we;sjk nj by; i|yka jqks' ta
flfia±hs is;d n,uq'
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl u.ska fr®äfhagrho isis,a
úh yels whqre
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
tka‚ulska Wm¯u cjh ,nd .ekSug fukau tys †.=l,a
meje;aug th ks;ru lsh% dld¯ WIaK;ajfha ;sìh hq;=h' ;r®uiageÜ
jE,aõ" ;r®uiageÜ iaúÉ wd†h fhd∞ .ksñka fuh kshñ; whqre
md,kh ùug i<iajd we;af;a tneúks' tfy;a fuu ;;ajh hgf;a
fuu r:hlg jdhqiólrKh iúlr lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tlla
fh¥úg fuu md,k l%uh hï muKlska wjq,a fjhs' my; igyk
;=,ska th jgyd.; yelsfjhs'
fr®äfhagrh
lkafvkairh fr®äfhagr® *Eka
WKqiqï jQ jd;h
*s%fhdaka .Eia
wjg isis,a jd;h *s%fhdaka øjh
lkafvkairh fr®äfhagrh b†˙fhka iújk whqre
fuu igyfka olajd we;s wdldrhg AC moaO;shl
lkafvkairh fr®äfhagrh b†˙fhka iúl, úg jdhqiólrKh
ls%hdls¯fï° fr®äfhagrh yryd ks;ru yud hkafka lkafvkairh
yryd r;aù msg;g tk WKqiqï jd;hhs' túg tka‚u isis,aùug
ndOd we;sj tka‚ka WIaK;ajh uola by< hdu is≥fjhs' fuys°
jdhqiólrKh ksid we;sfjk wu;r f,daâ tlo fuf,i tka‚ka
WIaK;ajh by< heùug fya;=jk w;r th idudkH is≥ùuls' fï
wkqj fuu idOdrK fodaIh ms<sn|j ˙h≥frl= l<n, ù r:h
.rdchlg fhduq ls¯ug wjYH fkdfjhs'
fuhg fmr wm wOHhkh l, m˙m: igyka j,
jdhqiólrKh iu. l+,ska *Eka tlo tl†.gu ls%hdlrk f,i
ilia flrekq w;r tu.skao ;j;a tla fodaIhla we;sfjhs' tkï
rd;S% iy W≤ik Odjk j,° tfia;a ke;akï jeis wjia:dj, tka‚u
isis,aj mj;sk neúka tys° jdhqiólrKh ls%hdlrjk úg tka‚u
WKqiqï ùug fuhska ndOd we;sfjhs' thg fya;=j tl †.g
ls%hdlrk lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tflka fr®äfhagrho isis,a ùuhs'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK 
 
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK
fudagr® r: jdhqiólrKhl lkafvkairh iEu úgu ■ .Eia mSvkh wkqj l+,ska *Eka tl ls%hdlrùu
tlu uÜgulska isis,a ls¯ug wjYH fkdfjhs' ksoiqkla f,i r:h
we;=,; isis,a jQ miq tlaiamEkaIka jE,ajh u.ska ksoyia jkafka
iqΩ .Eia m%udKhla jk w;r th fldïm%irh u.ska iïmSvkh l,
miq kej; >kSNjkh ls¯ug bka bj;a l<hq;= jkafka iqΩ ;dm
m%udKhls' tjka wjia:dj, r:h Odjkfha° b†˙fhka j†k iq,x yhs m%Ir®
myr jqjo lkafvkairh isis,a ls¯ug m%udKj;a fjhs' fufia iaúÉ yhs m%Ir®
;sìh° wm úiska fuhg fmr ksr®udK j,° ≥gq whqre fldïm%ir® iaúÉ
la,ph iu. lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl tl †.gu ls%hd ls¯u
we;a;jYfhkau wkjYH jQjls' tu.ska *Eka tl kslrefka
f.ùhdug wu;rj is≥jk ;j;a ydkso fjhs' bka tlla kï fuhg
fmr i|yka jqkq m˙† tka‚u jvd;a isis,a ùuhs' fojekak fuys°
bkaOk m˙fNdackh jeäùu iy m˙irhg úI jdhq msgùu
jeäùuhs' th is≥jkafka flfia±hs ó<Ûg fidhd n,uq'
yhs m%Ir® iaúph yryd lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl ls%hdlrùu
tka‚ula ;=, bkaOk oykh wx. iïmQ“ f,iska is≥ iy tu m%ir® iaúph ˙iSjr® v%hrhg iúj we;s whqre
fkdjqkfyd;a tu.ska úI jdhq lsysmhlau msgdr jdhqjg tlafjhs' lkafvkairh ;=, we;s *s%fhdaka .Eiaj, WIaK;ajh by<
fï wkqj jdhqiólrKh iu. we;eï wjia:dj, tka‚u isis,aj hk úg thg idfmaCI f,i tys mSvkho by< hhs' ta weiq˙ka
mej;Su ;†ka is≥fjhs kï tys m%;sM,ho úI jdhq msgdr jdhqjg lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl wjYH úg muKla ls%hdlrk f,i
tlaùuhs' fuys° bkaOk kdia;sh is≥ùuo wdldr follg is≥fjhs' ilial, yels w;r wm úiska 83 msgqfõ (7.23) wOHhkh l,
isis,a tka‚u u.ska ;dmh wkjYH f,i bj;a ls¯u ;=,ska bka jdhqiólrK moaO;sfhao fhdod ;snqfka tu ls%hdld˙;ajhhs' tu
,nd.; yels Yla;sh ySk ùu;a tu wvqj mqrjd .ekqug bkaOk moaO;sfhka *Eka tl iys; fldgi fuys jï mi igyfkka kej;
jeämqr ±ùug is≥ùu;a fï tla wdldrhls' fojekak fuys° Wmqgd olajd we;s w;r tys lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tlg Odrdj
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl fukau fr®äfhagr *Eka tlo tl†.gu imhkq ,nkafka ˙iSjr® v%hrhgu iúj we;s yhs m%Ir® iaúph
ls%hd ls¯fï° tajdg wjYH úYd, úoahq;a Odrdj iemhSug yrydh' ol=Kq mi igyfkka tu yhs m%Ir® iaúph iújk wdldrh
´,agfkagrh tl†.gu f,daâ ù mej;Suhs' fuys m%;sM,h fï f,i olajd we;' fï wkqj wê mSvk wxYfha .Eia mSvkh by< hk úg
wu;r nrla Wiq,k tka‚u i|yd bkaOk jeä jYfhka jeh ùuhs' *Eka tl ls%hdlr lkafvkairh isis,a lrhs' tys WIaK;ajh wvqùu;a
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl i|yd wvq n,fhka hq;a l=vd iu. mSvkho wvqjk neúka fuys° *Eka tl ls%hdlrkq ,nkafka
*Eka fudagrhla fhoúh yels kï by; olajk ,o fodaI fndfyda .Eia mSvkh by< hk úg mu◊'
≥rg msgq ±lSug yelsfjhs' ukao tys° jeä jd; Odrdjla .uka 30+ fuu igyfkka olajd
fkdlrk neúka tka‚u wkjYH f,i isis,a fkdjk w;r we;a f ;a fuhg fmr
´,agfkagrfhka ,nd.kakd Odrdjo wvqjk ksid bkaOk wmf;a AC
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka
hduo is≥ fkdjk neúks' tfy;a taa i|yd fhduq ùug ksIamdolhska t l AC m o a O ; s h g
yg fkdyels jQfha jdhqiólrKh tys Wm¯u n,fhka ls%hdlrk iïnkaO l, idudkH
AC
úg lkafvkairh ;†ka WKqiqï jk neúka tys° lkafvkair® l+,ska la,É wdldrhhs' tys° fldïm%ir®
*Eka tl tys by< fõ.fhka fukau jeä n,hlska hq;=j ls%hdl< la,ph iu. l+,ska *Eka tlo tl†.gu
hq;= neúks' fuu fodaI ish,a, wdjrKh jk f,i úl,am ms<shï lkafvkair® l+,ska ls%hdlrk ,°' fuh m%Ir® iaúphla yryd
folla miq ld,fha° fhdod .ekqks' tajd tlsfkl fidhd n,uq' *Eka idudkH iïnkaO lr we;s wdldrh ó<Ûg fidhd n,uq'
m˙m:h
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK 
 
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK

30+ 30+
frisiagrh
P AC
AC
S1
yhs m%Ir®
iaúÉ P
S2
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka

.Eia mSvkh jeäjk úg muKla lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl

ls%hdlrùu
fuys olajd we;af;a .Eia mSvkh wkqj lkafvkair® l+,ska fõ. folla iys; lkafvkair® l+,ska m˙m:h
*Eka tl ls%hdlrjk wdldrhhs' fï i|yd mSvk iaúphla by; igyfkka olajd we;af;a fõ. follska hq;a
(Pressure switch) AC moaO;shg iúlr ta yryd *Eka ˙f,a tl lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka m˙m: igykls' tlu ls%hdld˙;ajh
iñnkaO flfr®' tys° AC iaúph iïnkaO l,;a *Eka ˙f,a tl ,efnk f,i fuh wdldr /ilg ksr®udKh l< yels w;r tjka
ls%hd;aul jkafka *s%fhdaka .Eia mSvkh by< .sh úg mu◊' fuu m˙m: /ila fudagr® r:j, Ndú;d ùuo is≥fõ' fuys olajd we;af;a
iaúph idudkHfhka ndr® 12 l muK mSvkhl° iïnkaO jk w;r th ir, f,i ksr®udKh l, tla wdldrhls' fuys *Eka fudagrhg
tys° *Eka tl ls%hdlr mSvkh wvqjk úg wlS%h fjhs' fuu ie,iqu fjda,aÜ 12 la iemhQ úg tkï iDcqju neg˙ Odrdj iemhQ úg we;s
hgf;a rd;S% iy W≤ik Odjk j,° tfia;a ke;akï jeis wjia:dj, fõ.h Wm¯u fõ.h f,i;a frisiagrh yryd iïnkaO l< úg
.Eia mSvkh by< fkdhk úg *Eka tl ls%hd ls¯u k;rj tka‚ka we;sfjk fõ.h wvq fõ.h f,i;a f.k ;sfí' túg fuys wvq
WIaK;ajh ksh;j ;nd .efkhs' kslrefka *Eka tl ls%hd fõ.h jdhqiólrKh iu. tl†.gu ls%hdl, hq;= ksid S1 ˙f,a
fkdls¯fuka bkaOk b;s˙h muKla fkdj *Eka tfla wdhq ld,ho tallh iy m%;sfrdaOlh yryd Odrdj *Eka fudagrhg iïnkaO ù
jeä fjhs' fuys° m%Ir® iaúph AC la,É w.%hg iïnkaO lr we;;a th wvq fõ.fhka ls%hdlrhs'
fndfyda wjia:dj, th iDcqju neg˙ w.%hg iïnkaO lr we;s
lkafvkair® l+,ska
wjia:do ±lsh yelsh' m%Ir® iaúph iïnkaO jkafka jdhqiólrKh
*Eka tlla Wrd.kakd Odrdj
ls%hdlr mSvkh jeäjQ úg muKla neúka th .egΩjla fkdfõ'
fnfyúka jeä neúka tys
■ fõ. lsysmhlska hq;a l+,ska *Eka fhdod .ekqu fõ.h wvq ls¯ug fhdok
by; úia;r l, wdldrhg m%Ir® iaúph yryd l+,ska m%;sfrdaOlh yrydo jeä
*Eka tl ls%hdlrùfï° *Eka tl ls%hd;aul ùu;a iuÛ mSvkh wvqù Odrdjla .,d hhs' thg
th k;r jk w;r ta iekskau mSvkh jeäù kej;;a wdrïNùu frisiagrh Tfrd;a ;= fok f,i fuu
wjg WIaK;ajh jeäjk úg is≥úh' fuf,i tl <Û läka lv m%;sfrdaOlh ksr®udKh lr
fuu is≥ùu tla wmyiq;djhla jQ w;r th iquq≥j mj;ajd .ekqug *Eka fõ.h wvq ls¯ug fhdok we;s whqre fuu igyfkka
fuf,i *Eka tl k;rj we;s ld,h uola †.=l, hq;= úh' m%;sfrdaOlhla olajd ;sfí' fï w;r
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl fõ. follg ilia lr tys wvq fõ. fuf,i m%;sfrdaOl fkdfhdod wvq fõ.h ,nd .kakd l%u follao
wjia:dj jdhqiólrKh iu. tl †.gu ls%hd;aul ùug Ndú;d fõ' bka tla l%uhl° fudagrhg n%Ia ;=kla fhdod th
ie,iaùu;a tu isis,a ls¯u m%udKj;a fkdù mSvkh by< hk úg we;=,;skau wvq fõ.h f.k ;sfnhs' fojk l%uh *Eka folla fhdod
muKla by< fõ. wjia:dj we;s ls¯u;a ;=,ska tu fodaIho bj;a tajd fY%a◊.;j iïnkaO ls¯fuka ,nd f.k we;s w;r tu l%uh
úh' my; ±lafjkafka tu m˙m:h ilial, wdldrhhs' b†˙fha° úia;r flfr®'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK     fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK

by; úia;r l< wdldrhg jdhqiólrKh iu. l+,ska
*Eka tl tl†.gu ls%hdls¯u fr®äfhagrh wkjYH f,i isis,a
ls¯ug fya;= fkdjkafka tys fõ.h wvq neúks' fuf,i
lkafvkairh ks;ru wvq m%udKhlska isis,a fjñka mj;sk ksid
*s%fhdaka mSvkho b;d by< fkdhhs' tfia by< .sh úgl° muKla
yhsm%Ir® iaúph neg˙ Odrdj iDcqju *Eka fudagrhg ,nd° tys
fõ.h jeä lrhs' túg läkñka isis,a jk lkafvkairh u.ska
mSvkh wvq lr kej;;a wvq fõ.h ,ndfohs'
■ jdhqiólrK úfYaI ˙f,a tall
AC
P P
wvq mSvk iaúph 2 1 5 3 jeä mSvk iaúph
˙f,a tallhls' th ;=, ˙f,a tall folla we;=,;aj we;s nj
ixfla; igyk u.ska fmkajhs' tys we;=,; m˙m:h ˙f,a tallh
msg;ska olajd we;s w;r ta wdldrhgu tu igyk m˙m:hg
iïnkaO jk wdldrho fuys olajd we;' AC iaúph iïnkaO l,
miq S1 ˙f,a tallh iïnkaOj AC la,ph iïnkaOjk w;r tys
lkagElaÜ hq., foflka tlla wxl 7 gr®ñk,h iy m%;sfrdaOlh
yryd lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl ls%hdlrjhs' tu ˙f,a tallh
wvq mSvk iaúphla yryd wr®;a lr we;s w;r jdhqiólrK
moaO;sfha .Eia wjikaj ;snqkfyd;a tu mSvkh ke;sùfuka ˙f,a
tallh ls%hd fkdlrhs' tkï la,ph iïnkaO fkdfjhs' .Eia ke;sj
fldïm%irh ls%hd l<fyd;a iafkaykh is≥ fkdù th úkdY jk
fyhska fuu iaúph moaO;shg tl;= lr we;' moaO;sh
ls%hdlrùfï° mSvkh jvd;a by< .shfyd;a jeä mSvk iaúph
iïnkaO ù S2 ˙f,a tallh iïnkaO jk w;r ta yryd l+,ska
*Eka tl by< fõ.fhka ls%hdlr lkafvkairh ksjkq ,nhs' *Eka
fudagrh i|yd Odrdj imhd we;af;a ˙f,a tallfha wxl 8 w.%fhks'
fuys úia;r flrekq wdldrhg jdhqiólrK moaO;s
i|yd úúO wdldrhg ksujqkq ˙f,a tall ±lsh yelsh' ksoiqkla
f,i fuys olajk ,oafoa A iy r: iud.ï úiska fhdod
.kakd ,o ˙f,a tallhls'
■ yhs m%Ir® iaúph iú ls¯u
lfklagrh
wê mSvk iaúph

➔
S1 S2 6
4

7 8
wvq mSvk iaúph
m%;f
s rdaOlh
lkafvkair® l+,ska (A) (B)
fldïm%ir® la,É *Eka
B+
fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK i|yd fhofjk úfYaI ˙f,a tallhla yd ˙iSjr® v%hrhg mSvk iaúÉ tlalr we;s wdldrh
tu m˙m: ie,iqu *Eka fudagrfha Wm¯u fõ.h i|yd wjYH wê mSvk
fuhg fmr igyfkka olajk ,o whqre fõ. follska iaúph fndfyda úg iújkafka by; A igyk whqre ˙iSjr®
hq;a lkafvkair® *Eka iys; jdhqiólrK moaO;s i|yd wjYH ˙f,a v%hrhgh' moaO;shlg wΩ;ska fuh tla lrkafka kï by; B
tall ish,a, úfYaIs; ;ks ˙f,a tallhlska md,kh jk f,i ilia igyfka olajd we;s whqre ˙iSjr® v%hrfha ta i|yd fhdod .; yels
l, moaO;s nyq,j we;s w;r fuu igyfkka olajd we;af;a tu lfklagrhla fjhs' tys we;s kÜ tl .,jd th iúl, yel'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK     fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK

mSvk iaúph fmr fr®äfhagrh isis,a ls¯u i|yd lsis≥ m%;sfrdaOlhla fkdfhdod
fõ. folla ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh uq,skau jgyd.; hq;=h'
fuys fjda,aÜ 12 lska ls%hdlrk
*Eka fudagr folla iudka;r.;
12V M M f,i iy fYa%◊.; f,i iïnkaO
lr we;' fuys° th fY%a◊.; f,i
iudka;r.; iïnkaOh iïnkaO l, úg th ls%hdlrùug
fjda,aÜ 24 la iemhsh hq;=h' tfia
mSvk iaúÉ jdhqiñlrK moaO;shg iú flfrk wdldr M M fY%a◊.;j iïnkaO lr thg
24V iemhsh hq;= fjda,aÜ 24 fjkqjg
fuhg fmr f√ofhka úia;r l, wdldrhg AC v%hrhg
mSvk iaúÉ iïnkaO ls¯u l< fkdyels r:j, by; ol=Kq mi r:fha neg˙fha we;s fjda,aÜ 12 l
fY%a◊.; iïnkaOh
igyk whqre moaO;shg .Eia mqrjk wê mSvk ir®úia fmdar®Ü tlg fY%a◊.; iy iudka;r.; iemhqu fuhg iïnkaO l,fyd;a
th iúl, yel' tfia fkdue;sj by; jï igyk whqre wê iïnkaO i|yd ksoiqkla is≥jkafka kshñ; fjda,aàh;djh
mSvk k, udr®.hg fuh iúl, wjia:do ±lsh yelsh' wvq mSvk fkd,eîu ksid fudagr folu fiñka ls%hdls¯uhs' túg th
iaúph" moaO;sfha wvq mSvk fyda wê mSvk wxY foflka tllg fr®äfhagr *Eka wvq fõ.h f,i .; yelsh' túg jeä fõ.h
iú úh yelsh' fuhg fmr igyfka tu iaúÉ folu ˙iSjr i|yd *Eka fol fY%a◊.; iïnkaOfhka uq∞ ta fol iudka;r.;j
v%hrhg iïnkaO lr we;s wdldrh olajd ;snqks' iïnkaO l, yelsh' fuf,i fuu *Eka hq.,h iudka;r.;j yd
fY%a◊.;j iïnkaO lr fõ. ,nd.ekSfï tla jdishla kï ta i|yd
■ *Eka fudagr folla iys; isis,k moaO;s jdhq
m%;sfrdaOl fhdod .ekSug wjYH fkdùuhs'
iólrKh i|yd ieliSu
■ *Eka m˙m: ie,eiau

s2
s1 s3
M M

F1 12V F2
;r®uiageÜ
T1 T2
B+ iaúph

fr®äfhagr isis,a ls¯ug *Eka fudagr folla fhdod .ekqu
fuu igyfka olajd we;s wdldrhg *Eka fudagr folla
fhdod ksr®udKh l, fr®äfhagr oaú;aj *Eka moaO;s wo nyq,j
fudagr® r:j, fhdod .efka' fuu.ska b;d fyd¢ka fr®äfhagrh
isis,a flfrk neúka th b†˙fhka we;s lkafvkairhg fjku *Eka
tlla fh°u fndfyda úg is≥ fkdfjhs' fuu *Eka l%uh
jdhqiólrKh i|yd fhdod .kakd wdldrh wjfndaO lr.ekqug
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
oaú;aj *Eka moaO;sh i|yd m˙m:h ielfik whqre
fuhg fmr f√ofhka úia;r flreKq úfYaI; s fr®äfhagr
oaú;aj *Eka moaO;sfha *Eka fudagr fofla iy ˙f,a tall j,
m˙m: ie,eiau fuys oelafõ' fuh tka‚u isis,aj *Eka wlS%hj we;s
wjia:dj jk w;r tys° F1 *Eka fudagrhg wr®;a w.%h ,enqk;a
Ok w.%h fkd,efí' F2 fudagrhg Ok w.%h ,enqk;a RK w.%h
fkd,efí' tkï *Eka tllaj;a ls%hdlrkafka ke;'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK 
 
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK
■ *Eka m˙m: wvq fõ. ls%hdld˙;ajh
s2
s1 s3
M M
F1 12 F2
T1 T2
B+
wvq fõ.h i|yd *Eka fY%a◊.;j iïnkaO jk whqre
fuys oelafjkafka tka‚u WKqiqïj ;r®uiageÜ iaúpfha wvq
WIaK;aj lkagElaÜ tl (T1) iïnkaO jQ wjia:djhs' túg thg
iïnkaO S2 ˙f,a tallh iïnkaO fõ' oeka *Eka fudagr fol ˙f,a
lkagElaÜ yryd fY%a◊.;j iïnkaOj we;s w;r F1 fudagrhg
wr®;a w.%h;a F2 fudagrhg Ok w.%h;a ,eî m˙m:h iïmQ“ fjhs'
fuf,i fudagr fY%a◊.;j iïnkaO jQ ksid *Eka folu fuys°
fiñka ls%hd lrhs' fï *Eka foflys wvq fõ. wjia:djhs'
■ *Eka m˙m: jeä fõ. ls%hdld˙;ajh
s2
s1 s3
M M
F1 12 F2
T1 T2
B+
jeä fõ.h i|yd *Eka iudka;r.;j iïnkaO jk whqre
fuys oelafjkafka tka‚u jvd;a WKqiqï jQ wjia:djhs' tysoS
;r®uiageÜ iaúpfha jeä WIaK;aj lkagElaÜ hq.,ho (T2) iïnkaO
ùfuka thg iïnkaO S1 iy S3 ˙f,a tall folu ls%hd;aul fõ'
oeka F1 *Eka fudagrhg wvqj ;snQ Ok w.%h S1 lkagElaÜ yryd
,eî wê fõ.fhka lerlefõ' F2 *Eka tlgo fuf,iu S3
lkagElaÜ yryd RK w.%h ,eîfuka tho wê fõ.fhka lerlSu
is≥fõ' fï *Eka fudagr j, jeä fõ.hhs'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
■ oaú;aj *Eka l%uh jdhqiólrKh
iuÛ iïnkaO ls¯u
s2
s1 s3
M M
F1 T2 F2
B+ T1
AC
P
fldïm%ir® la,ph wê mSvk iaúph
jdhqiólrKh oaú;aj *Eka iuÛ tla ls¯u
fuys úia;r flreKq *Eka fudagr folla iys;
fr®äfhagr *Eka l%uh wfkl=;a *Eka moaO;s yd ii|k úg
iïmQr®Kfhkau fjkia jQ uola ixlSr®K m˙m:hla nj fmkShkq
we;' tfy;a by; igyk m˙† th myiqfjka jdhqiólrK
moaO;sh iuÛ iïnkaO l, yelsh' fuys° jdhqiólrKh ls%hdlrk
úg olajd we;s vfhdavh yryd S2 ˙f,a tallh ls%hd;aulj *Eka
fol fY%a◊.;j iïnkaO fjhs' tkï tajd wvq fõ.fhka ls%hdlrhs'
*s%fhdka mSvkh jeäjk úg wê mSvk iaúph yryd S3 iïnkaO
ù *Eka fudagr iudka;r.;j iïnkaOj fõ.h jeä flfrhs'
fuu oaú;aj *Eka l%uh wo fudagr® r:j, nyq,j fhdod
.efkk w;r thg fya;= lsysmhlau n,md ;sfnhs' ;ks *Eka tlla
fhdokjdg jvd *Eka folla fh¥ úg fr®äfhagrfha jeä fCIa;%hla
yryd jd;h weo .ekqfuka th isis,a ùu b;d fyd|ska is≥fjhs'
fï ksidu fuu l%ufha° fr®äfhagrh b†˙fhka we;s lkafvkairho
fyd¢ka isis,a jk ksid wu;r lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tlla fh°uo
wjYH fkdfõ' fuys m<uq fõ.h i|yd m%;sfrdaOlhla fhdod
fkd.ekSfukao úYd, jdishla ,eî ;sfnhs' ukao fuf,i fhdod
.kakd m%;sfrdaOl ;†ka r;a fjk w;r tfia ;dmh f,iska CIhjk
Yla;sh fuys° ;j;a *Eka tlla ls%hdlrùug fhofjk neúks'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK 
 
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK
iDk w.%h úikaê ls¯ug ilid .; hq;=h' fuu ;;ajh hgf;a
■ jdhqiólrK ú≥,s m˙m: ixlSr®K ùu
jeä jYfhkau fhdod .kafka NPN g%dkaisiagr ksid wjYH úfgl
I + B + mrsm:h úikaê lrùug bf,lafg%dksla Wmdx. fhdod .ekSfï
myiqj ;ld fuf,i iDk w.%h iaúÉ iy ˙f,a tall u.ska úikaê
F2
M ls¯ug fhdod .;af;ahhs wkqudk l, yelsh' wdrïNfha isgu Ok
F w.%h úikaê lrk fmdisáõ *S,aâ l%uh fhdod .;a ´,agfkagr j,
R/S
R1 R2 T
miq ld,fha° bf,lafg%dksla fjda,afÜ– fr.shqf,agr fhdod .ekqug
Ok w.%h iDcqju ,nd° iDk w.%h ì¢k f,ig fk.áõ *S,aâ
T
f,i fjkia ls¯u fuhg ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yelsh'
F
0
1 2 ■ kùlrKh l< jdhqiólrK m˙m:hla
3
4

➂ R3
3
S
M
R2
me/◊ fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK ú≥,s m˙m:hla 2
jdhqiólrK moaO;sj, fodaI fiùfï† tys m˙m: R1
ksru® dKh ms<ns |j fyd| wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= fjhs' jdhqiólrK 1 ➁
S1
F1
ú≥,s m˙m: úúO wdldrhg ksr®udKh lr ;sìh yels w;r wm
fuf;la W.;a lreKq ksj/†j wjfndaO lr.;af;a kï tu ksr®udK
myiqfjka ;ukagu wjfndaO lr.; yelsjkq we;' fñ ms<sn|j ① F2 ➅
;j≥rg;a wjfndaO lr °u i|yd ksoiqkg .ekqug by;ska olajd ➄
we;af;a wm wOHhkh l, idudkH jdhqiólrK moaO;shls' + ➃

by; m˙m:hg wh;a ishΩu WmlrK j, tla w.%hla

wr®;a lr we;s w;r iaúÉ iy ˙f,a tall u.ska ì¢kq ,enqfõ Ok ⑦ S3
w.%hhs' tfy;a miqj fuu ú≥,s m˙m: ksru ® dKfha° fuu Wmdx. - T P
S2
ieulgu mdfya Ok w.%h iDcqju iïnkaO lr wr®;a w.%h iaúÉ
iy ˙f,a tall u.ska ì¢k f,i ksr®udKh ls¯u nyq,j ±lsh
S1. A/C ˙f,a
yels úh' fuu fjki jeä jYfhkau ±lsh yels jQfha cmka jdyk 1' b.aksIka iaúph 5' fldïm%ir® la,É S2. la,É ˙f,a
j,h' thg ia:Srju fya;=jla mejish fkdyels kuq;a Tjqka fuu 2' A/C íf,dajr® iaúph 6' AC iaúÉ S3. *Eka ˙f,a
3' íf,dajr® fudagrh 7' neg˙h
fjkia ls¯ug fya;=jQ lreKla f,i fuu ksr®udKfha we;s tla T. ;r®uiageÜ iaúÉ
4' lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka F1, F2. *shQia P. f,da iy yhs m%Ir® iaúÉ
myiqjla wkqudk l< yelsh'
jdhqiólrK moaO;s miq ld,fha° fndfyda fihska uE;° ksIamdokh jqkq fndfyda fudagr® r: i|yd
fmd≥jQ jdhqiólrK m˙m: igykla
bf,lafg%dksla ;dCIKhg fhduq jQ w;r tys° NPN j._fha wo Ndú;d fjk idudkH fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK ú≥,s
g%dkaisiagr fyda tu NPN g%dkaisiagr fhdod .;a (IC) .Dyia: m˙m: /ilg wkqrEms f,i ilia l< jdhqiólrK ú≥,s
m˙m:h jeä jYfhkau Ndú;d fjhs' fuf,i PNP j._fha m˙m:hla fuys ±lafõ' fuys m%Odk ú≥,s Wmdx. ish,af,au m˙m:
g%dkaisiagr fhdod .kafka kï tu.ska m˙m:hl Ok w.%h úikaê ì£ug ilid we;af;a iDk w.%h úikaê ls¯fuks' ±ka fuys
flfrk w;r NPN g%dkaisiagr fhdod .kafka kï tu.ska m˙m:hl m˙m:h ls%hdlrk wdldrh fidhd n,uq' wxl 1 b.aksIka iaúph
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK     fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK

iïnkaO l< miq jdhqiólrKh ls%hdlrùug wxl 2 íf,dajr®

iaúph wxl 1 mshjrg f.k wdfõhhs is;uq' túg tys C w.%h
iDk w.%hla ùfuka S1 ˙f,a tallh iïnkaO ù íf,dajr®
fudagrhg;a AC iaúphg;a neg˙ Ok w.%h iïnkaO lrhs' fuys°
fudagr® r:
íf,dajr® fudagrh R1,R2,R3, hk frisiagr iy wxl 2 íf,dajr®
iaúph yryd iDk w.%hgo iïnkaO ù we;s fyhska th tys wvqu
fõ.fhka ls%hdlrhs' íf,dajr® iaúph b†˙ mshjr fj; f.k
jdhqiólrK
hdfï° m%;sfrdaO tlska tl bj;ajk neúka íf,dajr® fudagr fõ.h
jeä fõ' CFC/HFC iy ä‚g,a la,hsfïÜ fldkafg%da,a
by; wdldrhg íf,dajr® fõ.h muKla fhdod .ksñka
idudkH iq<Û fyda ySgrfhka tk WKqiqï iq<Û ,nd .ekSug
mqΩjk' ta i|yd fhdod .kakd ySgrh iy tys jd; f∞rgq fuys
olajd fkdue;' tajd úikaê lr fuys° jdhqiólrKh ls%hdlrúh
hq;= kï wxl 6 AC iaúph iïnkaO l< hq;=h' túg th;=, we;s
ks,a meye;s n,anh ±,aù moaO;sh ls%hd;aul jk nj ±kqï fohs'
fuu AC iaúph iïnkaO ùu;a iu.u m˙m:fha b;s˙ fldgiao
ls%hd;aul fjhs' tkï fuys° S3 ˙f,a tallh iïnkaOj
lkafvkair® l+,ska *Eka tl ls%hd;aul fjhs' ta iu.u T bjmfr®gr
;r®uiageÜ iaúph iy P f,da iy yhs m%ir® iaúÉ yryd S2 ˙f,a
tallh iïnkaOj fldïm%ir® la,ph iïnkaO fjhs' tkï
jdhqiólrKh ls%hd lrhs' Climatronic AC System
fuys fldïm%ir® la,ph ls%hdlrjk S2 ˙f,a tallhg VW-Passat
Odrdj f.k hk udr®.hg ;r®uiageÜ iaúph iy f,da iy yhs m%Ir®
iaúph iïnkaO lr ;sîfuka ldhH_hka lsysmhlau is≥fjhs'
bjmfr®grh jvd;a isis,a jk úg fldïm%irh úikaê ls¯u"
moaO;sfha .Eia wvqjk úg fyda mSvkh jeäjk úg la,ph úikaê ã'tï'tï'oikdhl
lr fldïm%irh /l .ekqu jeks lreKq fï i|yd ksoiqka f,i
±laúh yelsh' b†˙fha° ;j ≥rg;a fuf,i fldïm%ir® la,É
w.%hg iïnkaOjk Wmdx. úia;r flfrkq we;' ksoiqkla f,i
we;eï Tfgda.shr r: j, lsla vjqka äf,a ˙f,a tallh iuÛ
jQ bf,lafg%dksla ghsurh iú lrkq ,nkafka fuu iaúÉ folgu
fY%a◊.;j iïnkaO ls¯fuks' lsla vjqka wjia:dfõ° tka‚ug úYd, fuu fjí msgqj ilid we;af;a by;
n,hla frdao lerleùug ,nd†h hq;= w;r fuf,i lsla vjqka olajd we;s fudagr® r: jdhqiólrK lD;sfha 12 jk
iaúph ;o ls¯fï° ;;amr 10 l muK ld,hlg AC la,ph úikaê m˙Éf√ofhka Wmqgd.; lreKq weiq˙ks'
ls¯fuka ta i|yd wjYH n,h ,nd°u is≥fõ' ó<Û m˙Éf√ofha
isg jdhqiólrK YS;ldrl wOHhkh lr bkamiq kej;;a fuu
ú≥,s m˙m: i|yd fhduq fjuq'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk