EXPT. NO. 08 .

DATE:

SIMPLE DISTILLATION

Aim:

To separate the liquid components of a hydrocarbon mixture (Isopropanol-water) in

the simple distillation unit and to verify Rayleigh’s equation

Theory:

Distillation is a widely used technique for the separation and purification of mixtures
relative to their boiling points. When a liquid phase mixture is boiling, the vapor above the
boiling liquid will not have the same composition as the liquid, but will be richer in the more
volatile or lower boiling component. If the vapor above the liquid is collected and cooled, the
liquid that condenses will have the same composition as the vapor and thus richer in the more
volatile component. The boiling mixture, then should have a lower concentration of the less
volatile component of the mixture.

Procedure:

1. Pour 200 mL of a isopropanol and 100ml of water into a dry 500 mL round-bottomed
flask, then add two or three boiling chips.
2. Boil the solution till 2/3 of liquid in the flask is obtained as the distillate
3. After boiling is stopped, switch off the heater and dismantle the condenser.
4. Note down the amount of distillate and residue obtained.
5. Prepare the calibration curve density of mixture vs mole fraction to find out the
composition of residues and distillate using the calibration chart.
6. Calculate the L.H.S and R.H.S of Rayleigh’s eqation and check whether they are
equal.
Tabulation 1:
Volume of Volume of Weight Density Moles of Moles of Mole
water Isopropyl isopropyl water Fraction
alcohol alcohol of iso
x 10-6 X 10-6 propyl
(ml) (ml) (g) (kg/m3) (n1) (n2) alcohol
(x)

0 25 18.61
5 20 19.71
10 15 21.08
15 10 22.06
20 5 22.92
25 0 23.67(std)

Formula used:

𝑥𝐹
𝐹 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛 =
𝑊 𝑥𝑊 (𝑦 − 𝑥)

F = total moles of feed.

W = moles of residue.
xF = mole fraction of more volatile substance in feed.
xW = mole fraction of more volatile substance in residue.

Calculation:

Density = (Wt. of the substance / Wt. of water) x Density of water

Moles = (Density x Volume)/Molecular weight

Mole fraction of isopropyl alcohol = n1/(n1+n2)

Feed:
F = No. of moles of alcohol + No. of moles of water
F = (Density of alcohol x volume of alcohol)/MW of alcohol +
(Density of water x volume of water)/MW of water

Residue:

Density of Residue = (Weight of residue/Weight of water) x Density of water

Density of Residue = (22.75/23.67) x 1000
Density of Residue =

From Graph 1: xW is calculated.

W = (Density of residue x volume of residue) / Average molecular weight

W=( x 97.2 x 10-6) / {MW of isopropyl alcohol (xW) + MW of water (1- xW)}
W=

LHS of Rayleigh’s Equation:

ln (F/W) =

xF = No. of moles of isopropanol on feed / Total moles in feed

RHS of Rayleigh’s Equation:

𝑥 𝐹 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑊 (𝑦−𝑥)
=
Tabulation II

Data from Perry’s Handbook:

y* x 1/( y*-x)
0 0 0
0.185 0.0045 1.233
0.1405 0,0069 7.485
0.2185 0.0127 4.859
0.3692 0.0337 2.999
0.465 0.678 2.518
0.504 0.133 2.695
0.515 0.1651 2.858
0.546 0.32 4.425
0.549 0.336 4.643
0.562 0.375 5.348
0.568 0.472 10.417
0.569 0.476 10.573
0.6033 0.5197 11.962

0.633 0.5945 11.96

0.755 0.788 25.974
0.75 0.802 19.231

Result:

Thus, Rayleigh’s equation is verified.