Chapter

07
Integrals
Topic 1 Indefinite Integrals
Integration as the Inverse Process of Differentiation
In the differential calculus, we are given a function and we have to find the
derivative or differential of this function, but in the integral calculus, we have to find
a function whose differential is given. Thus, integration is the inverse process of
differentiation.
d
Suppose [F (x )] = f (x ), then ∫ f (x ) dx = F (x ) + C . These integrals are called
dx
indefinite integrals or general integrals and C is an arbitrary constant by varying
which one gets different anti-derivatives of the given function.
Note Derivative of a function is unique but a function can have infinite anti-derivatives or integrals.

Properties of Indefinite Integral

(i) ∫ [ f (x) ± g (x)] dx = ∫ f (x) dx ± ∫ g(x) dx .

(ii) For any real number k, ∫ k f (x) dx = k∫ f (x) dx .

(iii) In general, if f1 , f 2 ,..., f n are functions and k1 , k2 ,..., kn are real numbers, then
∫ [k1 f1 (x) + k2 f 2(x) +…+ kn f n(x)] dx = k1 ∫ f1 (x) dx + k2 ∫ f 2(x) dx +…+ kn∫ f n(x) dx.
Basic Formulae of Integrals
n xn + 1
1. ∫x dx = + C , n ≠ −1 2. ∫ e x dx = e x + C
n +1
ax e ax ax
3. ∫e dx = +C 4. ∫ a x dx = +C
a log a
1
5. ∫ x dx = log| x|+ c 6. ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C

7. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C 8. ∫ tan x dx = − log|cos x|+ C = log|sec x | + C

Integrals 147
9. ∫ cot x dx = log|sin x | + C= − log|cosec x|+ C 10. ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x | + C
 π x
= log|tan  +  |+ C
 4 2
x
11. ∫ cosec x dx = log| cosec x − cot x | + C = log tan +C 12. ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
2
13. ∫ cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + C 14. ∫ sec2 x dx = tan x + C

2 1
15. ∫ cosec x dx = – cot x + C 16. ∫ dx = sin −1 x + C
2
1− x
−1 1
17. ∫ dx = cos −1 x + C 18. ∫ dx = tan −1 x + C
1− x 2 1 + x2
−1 1
19. ∫1 + dx = cot −1 x + C 20. ∫ dx = sec−1 x + C
x2 x x −1 2

−1 dx x
21. ∫x dx = cosec−1 x + C 22. ∫ = sin −1 +C
x −12 2
a −x 2 a
dx dx
23. ∫ = log| x + x 2 − a 2 |+ C 24. ∫ = log| x + x 2 + a2 | + C
2 2 2 2
x −a x +a
1 1  x 1 1 a+ x
25. ∫ a2 + dx = tan −1   + C 26. ∫ dx = log  + C
x2 a  a a2 − x 2 2a a− x
dx 1  x −a x 2 2 a2
27. ∫ 2 2
= log  + C 28. ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = x −a −
x −a 2a  x + a 2 2
x a2 x log| x + x 2 − a 2|+ c
29. ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = a2 − x 2 + sin −1 + C
2 2 a
x a2 1 (ax + b)n + 1
30. ∫ x 2 + a 2 dx = x 2 + a2 + log x + x 2 + a2 + C 31. ∫ (ax + b)n dx = + C , n ≠ −1
2 2 a n +1

Integration by Substitution
The method of reducing a given integral into one or other standard integral by changing
the independent variable is called method of substitution.
Thus, ∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ f {g (t )} ⋅ g ′(t ) dt , if we substitute x = g (t ), such that dx = g ′ (t ) dt .
{f (x )} n + 1
(i ) ∫ {f (x )} n ⋅ f ′(x ) dx = + C, n ≠ − 1
n +1
f ′(x )
(ii ) ∫ dx = log | f (x )| + C , f (x ) ≠ 0
f (x )
148 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class XII)

φ(x)
Substitutions to evaluate integrals of the form ∫P dx
Q
(i ) If P and Q both are linear functions of x, put Q = t 2
(ii ) If P is quadratic and Q is a linear function of x, put Q = t 2
1
(iii ) If P is linear and Q is quadratic function of x, put P =
t
1
(iv ) If P and Q both are pure quadratic of the form P = ax 2 + b and Q = cx 2 + d , then substitute x = and
t
then c + dt 2 = u 2.

Integration using trigonometric identities

Sometimes when the integrand involves some trigonometric functions, we use the following
identities to find the integral:
(i ) 2sin A ⋅ cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B) (ii ) 2cos A ⋅ sin B = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B)
(iii ) 2cos A ⋅ cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A − B) (iv ) 2sin A ⋅ sin B = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
2 tan A
(v ) 2sin A ⋅ cos A = sin 2 A = (vi ) cos 2A = cos 2 A – sin 2 A
1 + tan 2 A
1 − tan 2 A
= 2 cos 2 A − 1 = 1 − 2sin 2 A=
1 + tan 2 A
1 – cos 2 A  1 + cos 2 A
(vii ) sin 2 A =   (viii ) cos 2 A =
 2  2
3 sin A – sin 3A 3 cos A + cos 3 A
(ix ) sin 3 A = (x ) cos 3 A =
4 4
cos 4 x − 4 cos 2 x + 3 cos 4 x + 4 cos 2 x + 3
(xi ) sin 4 x = 4
(xii ) cos x =
8 8

Some Special Substitutions

(i) a 2 + x2 x = a tan θ or a cot θ
2 2
(ii) a −x x = a sin θ or a cos θ
2 2
(iii) x −a x = a sec θ or a cosec θ
(iv) a −x a+x x = a cos 2θ
or
a+x a −x
(v) x −a x = a cos 2 θ + b sin 2 θ
or ( x − a )( x − b )
b −x
(vi) x a −x x = a sin 2 θ or x = a cos 2 θ
or
a −x x
(vii) x a+x x = a tan 2 θ or x = a cot 2 θ
or
a+x x
Integrals 149

Integration by Partial Fractions

p(x )
A rational function is a ratio of two polynomials of the form , where p(x ) and q (x ) are
q (x )
polynomials in x and q (x ) ≠ 0. If degree of p (x ) > degree of q (x ), then we may divide p(x ) by
p(x ) p (x )
q (x ), so that = t (x ) + 1 , where t (x ) is a polynomial in x which can be integrated easily
q (x ) q (x )
p (x )
and degree of p1 (x ) is less than the degree of q (x ). Now, 1 can be integrated by expressing
q (x )
p1 (x )
as the sum of partial fractions of the following types:
q (x )
px + q A B
(i) = + ,a≠b
(x – a)(x – b) x – a x – b
px + q A B
(ii) = +
(x – a)2 x – a (x – a)2
px 2 + qx + r A B C
(iii) = + +
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c) x – a x – b x – c
px 2 + qx + r A B C
(iv) = + +
(x – a)2(x – b) x – a (x – a)2 (x – b)
px 2 + qx + r A Bx + C
(v) = + , where x 2 + bx + c cannot be factorised further.
(x – a)(x 2 + bx + c) x – a x 2 + bx + c

Integration by Parts
For given functions f (x ) and g (x ), we have
∫ [f (x) ⋅ g (x)] dx = f (x) ⋅ ∫ g (x) dx −∫ {f ′(x) ⋅ ∫ g (x) dx} dx
I II
Here, we can choose first function according to its position in ILATE, where
I = Inverse trigonometric function
L = Logarithmic function
A = Algebraic function
T = Trigonometric function
E = Exponential function
[The function which comes first in ILATE should taken as first function and other
as second function.]
Note (i) Keep in mind, ILATE is not a rule, as all questions of integration by parts cannot be solve by above
method.
(ii) It is worth mentioning that integration by parts is not applicable to product of functions in all cases. For
instance, the method does not work for ∫ x sin x dx . The reason is that there does not exist any function

whose derivative is x sin x .

150 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class XII)

Some Special Types of Integrals

Type I Important Forms Transformed into Standard Forms
dx dx
(i) Form I Integrals of the types ∫ ax 2 + bx + c or ∫ can be transformed into
ax 2 + bx + c
standard form by expressing
b c  b 2  c b 2 
ax 2 + bx + c = a x 2 + x +  = a x +  +  – 2   .
 a a   2a   a 4a  
px + q
(ii) Form II Integrals of the types ∫ (px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx or ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx or
px + q
∫ dx can be transformed into standard form by expressing
ax 2 + bx + c
d
px + q = A (ax 2 + bx + c) + B = A(2ax + b) + B, where A and B are determined by
dx
comparing coefficients and constants on both sides.
(iii) Form III Integral of the type ∫ e x [f (x ) + f ′(x )]dx If the given integrand is of the form
e x [f (x ) + f ′(x )], then we can directly write the integral as
x x
∫ e [f (x ) + f ′(x )]dx = e f (x ) ax+ C .
e
(iv) Form IV ∫ e ax sin(bx + c)dx = 2 [a sin(bx + c) − b cos(bx + c)] + c
a + b2
e ax
(v) Form V ∫ e ax cos(bx + c)dx = 2 [a cos(bx + c) + b sin(bx + c)] + c
a + b2
where, c is a constant of integration.

Type II Important Forms to be Converted into Special Integrals

1 1
(i ) Form I ∫ 2
dx or ∫ dx
ax + bx + c 2
ax + bx + c
Express ax 2 + bx + c as sum or difference of two squares.
2
 b 2 4ac − b 
i.e. ax 2 + bx + c = a x +  + 
 2a  4a 2 
px + q px + q
(ii ) Form II ∫ 2
dx or ∫ dx or ∫ (px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx
ax + bx + c 2
ax + bx + c
d
Put px + q = λ ⋅ (ax 2 + bx + c) + µ
dx
Now, find values of λ and µ and integrate it.
P(x )
(iii ) Form III ∫ 2
dx , when P(x ) is a polynomial of degree 2 or more than 2 then
ax + bx + c
firstly divide P(x ) by ax 2 + bx + c and write bx + c in the form
P(x ) R(x )
2
= Q(x ) + 2
, where R(x ) is a linear expression or constant,
ax + bx + c ax + bx + c
and Q (x ) is quotient then integral reduces to the forms discussed earlier.
Integrals 151

Type III
dx dx dx
(i ) Form I ∫ , ∫ , ∫
a + b sin 2 x a + b cos 2 x a sin x + b cos 2 x
2

dx dx
∫ , ∫
a sin x + b cos 2 x + c
2
(a sin x + b cos x ) 2
To evaluate the above type of integrals, we proceed as follows:
(a) Divide numerator and denominator by cos 2 x.
(b) Replace sec 2 x if any in denominator by 1 + tan 2 x.
(c) Put tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt, then the given integral becomes standard form of integrals
in t variables.
(d) After integration, convert t variables in terms of x variables.
dx dx dx dx
(ii ) Form II ∫ , ∫ , ∫ , ∫
a + b sin x a + b cos x a sin x + b cos x a sin x + b cos x + c
To evaluate the above type of integrals, we proceed as follows :
x x
2 tan 1 − tan 2
(a) Put sin x = 2
and cos x = 2
2 x 2 x
1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2
2 x 2 x
(b) Replace 1 + tan by sec .
2 2
x 1 x x
(c) Put tan = t ⇒ sec 2 dx = dt i.e. sec 2 dx = 2 dt, then the given integral becomes
2 2 2 2
standard form of integrals in t variables.
(d) After integration, convert t variables in terms of x variables.
a sin x + b cos x
(iii ) Form III ∫ dx ,
c sin x + d cos x
Write numerator = λ (differentiation of denominator) + µ (denominator)
i.e. a sin x + b cos x = λ (c cos x − d sin x ) + µ (c sin x + d cos x )
a sin x + b cos x c cos x − d sin x c sin x + d cos x
∫ c sin x + d cos x dx = λ ∫ c sin x + d cos x dx + µ ∫ c sin x + d cos x dx
= λ log |c sin x + d cos x | + µx + C
152 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class XII)

a sin x + b cos x + c
(iv ) Form IV ∫ dx
p sin x + q cos x + r
Write numerator = λ (differentiation of denominator)+ µ (denominator) + γ
i.e. a sin x + b cos x + c = λ (p cos x − q sin x ) + µ (p sin x + q cos x + r ) + γ
a sin x + b cos x + c p cos x − q sin x
∫ p sin x + q cos x + r dx = λ ∫ p sin x + q cos x + r dx
p sin x + q cos x + r 1
+µ ∫ dx + γ ∫ dx
p sin x + q cos x + r p sin x + q cos x + r
1
= λ log | p sin x + q cos x + r | + µx + γ ∫ dx
p sin x + q cos x + r

Type-IV
x2 + 1 x2 − 1 1 1±x2 dx
(i ) Form I ∫ 4 2
dx , ∫ 4 2
dx , ∫ 4
dx , ∫ dx , ∫
x + λx +1 x + λx +1 x + λx 2 + 1 1 + x4 1 + x4
To evaluate this type of integrals, we proceed as follows
(a) Divide numerator and denominator by x 2 .
2
 1
(b) Express the denominator of integrands either of the form of  x +  ± k 2 or
 x
2
 1 2
x −  +k .
 x
 1  1
(c) Introduce d  x +  or d  x −  or both in numerator.
 x  x
1 1
(d) Put x + = t or x − = t as the case may be required.
x x
1 1
(e) Integral reduced to the form of ∫ 2 2 dx or ∫ 2 dx.
x +a x − a2
x 2+ a 2 x 2 − a2
(f) For the integrals ∫ 4 2 4
dx or ∫ dx
x + kx + a x + kx 2 + a 4
4

After dividing both numerator and denominator by x 2 .

a2 a2
Put x − = t or x + = t , then the given integral becomes standard form of integrals
x x
in t variables.
(g) After integration, convert t variables in terms of x variables.
dx
(ii ) Form II ∫ tan x dx , ∫ cot x dx , ∫ ,
sin x + cos 4 x
4

dx ± sin x ± cos x
∫ 6 6
, ∫ dx
sin x + cos x a + b sin x ⋅ cos x
Put tan x = t 2 ⇒ d (tan x ) = d(t 2 ) ⇒ sec 2 x dx = 2t dt, then the given integral becomes
standard form of integrals in t variables.
 Previous Years’
Examinations & Other Important Questions
3 Marks Questions = 2y − 8
1  y
tan −1   + C
2  2
1 1
1. Evaluate ∫ sin 2   dx .  y
x 2 x  (2017) = 2y − 4 tan −1   + C
 2
1  1
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin 2   dx
x2  x 3. Evaluate ∫ tan 3 x dx . (2016)
1
Put =t 3
Sol. Let I = ∫ tan x dx
x
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get ⇒ I = ∫ tan 2 x tan x dx
−1
dx = dt
x2 ⇒ I = ∫ ( sec2 x − 1) tan x dx
1
⇒ dx = − dt ⇒ I = ∫ (tan x sec2 x − tan x ) dx
x2
∴ I = ∫ sin 2 t ( − dt ) ⇒ I = ∫ tan x sec2 x dx − ∫ tan x dx
= − ∫ sin 2 t dt
On putting tan x = t and sec2 x dx = dt in first
1 − cos 2t integral, we get
=−∫ dt
2
I = ∫ t dt − ∫ tan x dx
 1 1 
= − ∫ dt − ∫ cos 2t dt
 2 2  t2
⇒I = + log | cos x | + C
1 1 sin 2t  2
=− t− +C
 2 2 2  3 1 2

1 1
∴ ∫ tan x dx = 2 tan x + log | cos x | + C
= sin 2t − t + C
4 2 (2 + sin 2x )
Now, by putting value of t, we get 4. Evaluate ∫ e x dx .
cos 2 x (2014)
1  2  1 
I = sin   −   + C ( 2 + sin 2x )
x
4  x   2x  Sol. Given that, ∫ e dx
cos 2 x
2y 2 ( 2 + 2 sin x cos x )
2. Evaluate ∫ dy. = ∫ ex dx
y2 + 4 cos 2 x
(2017)
[Q sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x ]
Sol. Firstly, adding and subtracting in numerator of  1 sin x cos x 
integrand is 8 and simplify the integral, so it = 2 ∫ ex  2 +  dx
becomes in standard form of integral. Further cos x cos 2 x 
integrate it and get the result.
= 2 ∫ e x (sec 2 x + tan x ) dx
2 2
2y 2y + 8 − 8
Let I =∫ 2
dy = ∫ dy = 2 ∫ e x (tan x + sec 2 x )dx
y +4 y2 + 4
[adding and subtracting in = 2e x tan x + C
numerator of integrand is 8] [Q ∫ e x [ f ( x ) + f ′( x )] dx = e x f ( x ) + C ]
2( y 2 + 4 ) − 8 1
=∫ dy = ∫ 2dy − 8 ∫ 2 dy
y2 + 4 y +4
154 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class XII)

1 1 dx
5. Evaluate ∫ dx . (2013) ⇒ = dt
x + x 2 sin x / 2 ⋅ cos x / 2
1
Sol. To solve this problem, we use the concept of ⇒ dx = dt
method of substitution. Here, first of all put x = t 2 , sin x
1
then apply the formula i. e. ∫ dx = log|x| + C. [Q sin 2x = 2 sin x ⋅ cos x ]
x ⇒ cosec x dx = dt
1 cosec x dx dt
Let I = ∫ dx ∴ I = ∫ =∫
x+ x x
  t
log tan  
 2
Put x = t 2 ⇒ dx = 2t dt
2t dt 1  x
= log | t | + C = log log tan   + C
I =∫ 2
=2∫ dt  2
t +t 1+t
= 2 log |1 + t | + C
  x 
put t = log tan  2 
= 2 log |1 + x | + C
 1  x
Q
 ∫ x
dx = log x + C

8. Evaluate ∫ dx . (2010)
( x + 1) 2
x
6. Evaluate ∫ e x (tan x + log sec x ) dx . Sol. Let I = ∫ dx
(2012) ( x + 1) 2
Sol. Let I = ∫ e x (tan x + log sec x ) dx Put (1 + x ) = t ⇒ dx = dt
(t − 1) dt t 1
 d  ∴ I =∫ = ∫ 2 dt − ∫ 2 dt
= ∫ e x log sec x + (log sec x ) dx t2 t t
 dx 
1 t− 2 + 1
 d 1  = ∫ dt − ∫ t −2 dt = log | t | − +C
Q dx log sec x = sec x ⋅ sec x tan x = tan x t − 2+1
 
1
Using x
[ f ( x ) + f ′( x )] dx = e x f ( x ) + C = log | (1 + x ) | ++C [put t = 1 + x ]
∫e t
I = e x log sec x + C = log |1 + x | +
1
+C [ put t = (1 + x )]
cosec x 1+ x
7. Evaluate ∫ dx . (2011)
x
log tan   e 2x
 2 9. Evaluate ∫ dx . (2008)
2+ ex
Sol. x
(i) Firstly, put log  tan  = t then, whole e 2x e x ⋅e x
 2 Sol. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ e x + 2 dx
2 + ex
differentiation is cosec x.
(ii) Further integrate it and substitute the value Put e x = t ⇒ e x dx = dt
of t. t dt t + 2− 2
∴ I = ∫ = dt
cosec x t +2 ∫ t+2
Let I = ∫ dx
 x t+2 1
log tan   =∫ dt − 2 ∫ dt
 2 t+2 t+2
x
Put log tan   = t = ∫ 1 dt − 2
dt
 2 ∫t+2
1  2 x 1 = t − 2 log | t + 2 | + C
⇒  sec ⋅  dx = dt
tan x / 2  2 2 = e x − 2 log | e x + 2 | + C [put t = e x ]
1⋅ cos x / 2 dx
⇒ = dt
2 sin x / 2 ⋅ cos 2 x / 2
Integrals 155

x2 1
10. Evaluate ∫ 2
dx . (2008) Put sin x = t ⇒ ⋅ cos x dx = dt
x −4 2 sin x
2  d 1 
x x2 − 4 + 4
Sol. Let I = ∫ 2
dx = ∫ dx Q dx x = 2 x dx 
x −4 x2 − 4
dt
x2 − 4 4 ∴ I =2∫ = 2 log |1 + t | + C
=∫ dx + ∫ dx (1 + t )
x2 − 4 x2 − 4
1 = 2 log |1 + sin x | + C [put t = sin x ]
= ∫ dx + 4 ∫ dx
( x ) − ( 2) 2
2
1 + tan 2 x
=x +4×
1
log
x −2
+C
14. Integrate ∫ dx .
2×2 x+2 1 − tan 2 x (2004)
 1 1 x −a  1 + tan x 2
Q ∫ 2 2
dx = log +C Sol. Let I = ∫ dx
 x −a 2a x +a  1 − tan 2 x
x −2
= x + log +C sec 2 x dx
x+2 =∫ [Q sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x ]
1 − tan 2 x
1
11. Solve ∫ 2
dx . (2007) Put tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt
x cos (1 + log x )
dt
1 ∴ I =∫ = sin − 1 t + C
Sol. Let I = ∫ 2
dx 1 − t2
x cos (1 + log x )
1  1 
Put 1 + log x = t ⇒ dx = dt Q ∫ dx = sin − 1 x + C 
x  1 − x2 
dt
∴ I =∫ = sec 2 t dt
cos 2 t ∫ = sin − 1 (tan x ) + C [put t = tan x ]
= tan t + C = tan (1 + log x ) + C
[put t = 1 + log x ] 5 Marks Questions
3 3 sin 2x
12. Evaluate ∫ x 2 ( e x ) cos (2e x ) dx . 15. Evaluate ∫ (1 + sin x ) (2 + sin x ) dx(2017)
.
(2006)
3 3 sin 2x
Sol. Let I = ∫ x 2 ( e x ) cos ( 2e x ) dx Sol. Let I = ∫ dx
(1 + sin x ) ( 2 + sin x )
3 3
Put 2e x = t ⇒ 2e x ⋅ 3x 2 dx = dt 2 sin x ⋅ cos x
=∫ dx
3 1 (1 + sin x ) ( 2 + sin x )
⇒ e x ⋅ x 2 dx = dt
6 Put sin x = t
1 1
∴ I = ∫ cos t dt = sin t + C On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
6 6
1 x3
cos x dx = dt
x3
= sin ( 2e ) + C [put t = 2e ] t dt
6 ∴ I = 2∫ …(i)
(1 + t ) ( 2 + t )
cos x
13. Evaluate ∫ dx . (2005) t A B
sin x + sin x Let = +
(1 + t ) ( 2 + t ) (1 + t ) ( 2 + t )
cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx ⇒ t ≡ A ( 2 + t ) + B (1 + t )
sin x + sin x
Putting t = − 1, we get
cos x A = −1
I =∫ dx
sin x (1 + sin x )
156 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class XII)

and putting t = − 2, we get secx

17. Evaluate ∫ dx.
B =2 1 + cosec x (2015)
t −1 2 sec x sin x
∴ = + Sol. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
(1 + t ) ( 2 + t ) (1 + t ) ( 2 + t ) 1 + cosec x cos x (1 + sin x )
∴ From Eq. (i), sin x cos x
=∫ × dx
 −1 2  cos x (1 + sin x ) cos x
I = 2∫  +  dt
1 + t 2 + t  sin x cos x
=∫ dx
−1 1 cos 2 x (1 + sin x )
= 2∫ dt + 4 ∫ 2 + t dt
1+t sin x cos x
=∫ dx
= − 2 log| 1 + t | + 4 log | 2 + t | + C (1 − sin 2 x )(1 + sin x )
sin x cos x
= −2 log|1 + sin x | + 4 log | 2 + sin x | + C =∫ dx
(1 + sin x ) 2 (1 − sin x )
[Q t = sin x ]
Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt
sin x + cos x
16. Evaluate ∫ dx . ∴ I =∫
t
9 + 16 sin 2x (2016) (1 + t ) 2 (1 − t )
sin x + cos x By using partial fraction, consider
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx t A B C
9 + 16 sin 2x = + +
(1 + t ) 2 (1 − t ) (1 + t ) (1 + t ) 2 (1 − t )
Put sin x − cos x = t
⇒ t = A (1 + t )(1 − t ) + B (1 − t ) + C (1 + t ) 2
⇒ (cos x + sin x ) dx = dt
⇒ t = A (1 − t 2 ) + B (1 − t ) + C (1 + t 2 + 2 t )
Again, (sin x − cos x ) 2 = t 2
On equating the coefficient of t 2 , t and constant,
⇒ sin 2 x + cos 2 x − 2 sin x cos x = t 2 we get
⇒ 1 − 2 sin x cos x = t 2 0 = − A + C, 1 = − B + 2C and 0 = A + B + C
⇒ 1 − sin 2x = t 2 On solving, we get
1 1 1
⇒ sin 2x = 1 − t 2 A = , B = − and C =
4 2 4
dt t 1 1 1
∴ I =∫ ∴ = − +
9 + 16(1 − t 2 ) (1 + t ) 2 (1 − t ) 4(1 + t ) 2(1 + t ) 2 4(1 − t )
dt  1 1 1 
=∫ ∴ I =∫ − + dt
9 + 16 − 16t 2  4(1 + t ) 2 (1 + t ) 2
4(1 − t ) 

dt 1 1 (1 + t ) − 2 + 1 1
=∫ = log|1 + t | − − log|1 − t | + C
4 2 ( − 2 + 1) 4
25 − 16t 2
1 1 1
dt 1 dt = log|1 + t | + − log|1 − t | + C
=∫ = 4 2(1 + t ) 4
2 4 ∫ ( 5 / 4 )2 − t 2
 5
4   − (t )2 =
1
log
(1 + t )
+
1
+C
 4
4 1−t 2(1 + t )
1 4t
= sin − 1 +C  m  
4 5 Q log m − log n = log  n  
 dx x 
Q ∫ = sin −1 + C  1 1 + sin x 1
= log + +C
 a 2 − x2 a  4 1 − sin x 2(1 + sin x )
1 4 [put t = sin x ]
= sin − 1 (sin x − cos x ) + C
4 5
Integrals 157

x + sin x cos − 1 x
18. Evaluate ∫ dx . (2014) 19. Evaluate ∫ dx .
1 + cos x x2 (2013)
Sol. Firstly, convert the given integral in I = I1 + I2 cos − 1 x
form, then integrate one by one using integration
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx
x2
by part method to get required result.
Put x = cos θ ⇒ dx = − sin θ d θ and θ = cos − 1 x
x + sin x  sin θ 1 
Let I =∫ dx ∴ I = ∫ − θ ⋅ ⋅
1 + cos x  dθ
 cos θ cos θ 
x sin x
Then, I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx ⇒ I = − ∫ θ ⋅ (tan θ ⋅ sec θ ) d θ
1 + cos x 1 + cos x I II

⇒ I = I1 + I 2 [say] …(i) Using integration by parts, we parts

x I = − [θ ⋅ sec θ − ∫ 1 ⋅ sec θ d θ ]
Now, I 1 = ∫ dx
1 + cos x 
x 1 x Q ∫ f ( x ). g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) ∫ g ( x )
=∫ dx = ∫ x sec 2 dx  I II
2 cos 2 x / 2 2 I II 2
 x  d  
Q cos x = 2 cos 2 − 1 − ∫  f ( x ) ∫ g ( x )dx  dx 
 2   dx  

Using integration by parts, we get = − θ sec θ + ∫ sec θ d θ

1 x x  = − θ sec θ + log | sec θ + tan θ | + C
I1 = x ⋅ tan ⋅ 2 − ∫ 1 ⋅ tan ⋅ 2 dx
2  2 2 
1
 = − cos − 1 x ⋅
x
Q ∫ f ( x ). g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) ∫ g ( x )
 I 1 
II
+ log  + sec 2 θ − 1 + C
x 
d  
− ∫  f ( x ) ∫ g ( x )dx  dx 
 dx   put cos θ = x 
1 x x   1 
= 2x tan − 2 ∫ tan dx ⇒ sec θ = 
2  2 2   x 
x x − cos − 1 x 1 1
= x tan − ∫ tan dx = + log + −1 + C
2 2 x x x2
sin x
and I 2 = ∫ dx
1 + cos x − cos − 1 x 1 1 − x2
= + log + +C
2 sin x / 2 ⋅ cos x / 2 x x x
=∫ dx
2 cos 2 x / 2
dx
= ∫ tan x / 2 dx 20. Evaluate ∫ 2
.
x {6 (log x ) + 7 log x + 2}
 x x x 
Q sin x = 2 sin cos and cos x = 2 cos 2 − 1 (2012)
 2 2 2 
dx
From Eq. (i), Sol. Let I = ∫ 2
x {6 (log x ) + 7 log x + 2}
I = I1 + I 2
1
x x x Put log x = t ⇒ dx = dt
I = x tan − ∫ tan dx + ∫ tan dx x
2 2 2
dt
x ∴ I=∫
I = x tan + C 2
6t + 7t + 2
2
158 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class XII)

=∫
dt x 2 − 5x − 1
2
6t + 4t + 3t + 2 21. Evaluate ∫ dx . (2011)
x 4 + x 2 +1
dt
=∫ x 2 − 5x − 1
2t ( 3t + 2) + 1 ( 3t + 2) Sol. Let I =∫ dx
dt x4 + x2 + 1
I =∫ …(i)
( 3t + 2) ( 2t + 1) x2 −1 x
⇒ I =∫ dx −5 ∫ dx
1 A B x + x2 + 1
4
x4 + x2 + 1
Let I = = +
( 3t + 2) ( 2t + 1) ( 3t + 2) ( 2t + 1) ⇒ I = I 1 − 5I 2 [say] …(i)
[using partial fraction method] x2 −1
Now, I 1 = ∫ 4 dx
1 = A ( 2t + 1) + B ( 3t + 2) ...(ii) x + x2 + 1
Put t = − 1/ 2 in Eq. (ii),  1
x 2 1 − 2 
Then,  x 
=∫ dx
  1  2  2 1
1 = 0 + B 3 ×  −  + 2 x x + 1 + 2
  2    x 
 − 3 + 4 (1 − 1/ x 2 )
⇒ 1=B   =∫ dx
 2   2 1 
 x + 2 + 1
B  x 
⇒ 1=
2  1
1 − 2 
⇒ B =2  x  dx
=∫ 2
Now, put t = − 2/ 3 in Eq. (ii),  1
Then, x +  −1
 x
  2  1
1 = A 2 ×  −  + 1 Put x + =t
  3   x
 − 4 + 3  1
⇒ 1=A  
 3  ⇒ 1 − 2  dx = dt
 x 
A
⇒ 1=− dt 1 | t − 1|
3 ∴ I1 = ∫ 2 = log + C1
⇒ A =−3 t −1 2 | t + 1|
Now, from Eq. (i),  dx 1 x −a 
Q ∫ 2 2
= log 
dt  x − a 2 a x +a 
I= ∫
( 3t + 2) ( 2t + 1) 1
x + −1
 −3 2  1 x  1
=∫  + I 1 = log + C1 put t = x +
 dt 2 1  x 
 ( 3t + 2) ( 2t + 1)  x + +1
x
 1
= − 3 log | 3t + 2 |  
 3 1 x2 − x + 1
= log 2 + C1
2 x + x +1
 1
+ 2 log | 2t + 1 |   + C x
 2 Now, I 2 = ∫ dx
x + x 2+ 1
4
= − log | ( 3t + 2) | + log | ( 2t + 1) | + C
2t + 1 Put x 2 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt
= log +C
3t + 2 1 dt
∴ I2 = ∫
2 t2 + t + 1
2 log x + 1
= log +C [put t = log x ]
3 log x + 2
Integrals 159

1 dt = 2 log | z | + C1
= ∫ 2
2
 1
2
 3 ⇒ I 1 = 2 log | ( t 2 − 4t + 5) | + C1
t +  +  
 2  2 [ put z = t 2 − 4t + 5]
 1  = 2 log | (sin 2 θ − 4 sin θ + 5) | + C1
1 2  t +  × 2
2 [put t = sin θ]
= × tan − 1   + C2
2 3  3  7 7
  Now, I 2 = ∫ dt = ∫ dt
  t 2 − 4t + 5 ( t − 2) 2 + (1) 2
 1 1 −1  x   = 7 tan −1 ( t − 2) + C 2
Q ∫ x 2 + a 2 dx = a tan  a  + C 
= 7 tan −1 ( sin θ − 2) + C 2 [put t = sin θ]
1  2t + 1 ∴ From Eq (i),
= tan − 1   + C2
3  3  I = 2 log | sin 2 θ − 4 sin θ + 5 |
1  2x 2 + 1 + 7 tan − 1 (sin θ − 2) + C
= tan − 1 
2
 + C 2 [put t = x ]
3  3  [put C1 + C 2 = C ]
1 x2 − x + 1 23. Evaluate ∫ e − 2 x sin x dx . (2001)
∴ I = log 2
2 x + x +1
5  2x 2 + 1 Sol. (i) Use integration by part method i.e. consider
− tan − 1   +C sin x as Ist function and e− 2 x as IInd
3  3 
function constant
[ put C1 − 5C 2 = C ] (ii) Use the formula
d
2 sin 2θ − cos θ ∫ uv dx = u ∫ v dx − ∫  (u )∫ v dx  dx
22. Evaluate ∫ d θ. I II 
 dx 
6 − cos 2 θ − 4 sin θ (2010)
(iii) Again further use the integration by parts
2 sin 2 θ − cos θ and simplify it.
Sol. Let I =∫ dθ
6 − cos 2 θ − 4 sin θ
2 ⋅ 2 sin θ ⋅ cos θ − cos θ Let I = ∫ e − 2 x sin x dx
=∫ dθ II I
6 − (1 − sin 2 θ ) − 4 sin θ  1
− 2x − 2x  1
= sin xe  −  − ∫ cos x e  −  dx
[Q sin 2 θ = 2 sin θ ⋅ cos θ, cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ ]  2  2
cos θ ( 4 sin θ − 1) [using integration by parts]
=∫ dθ
6 − 1 + sin 2 θ − 4 sin θ
1 − 2x 1
=∫
cos θ ( 4 sin θ − 1)
dθ =− e sin x + ∫ e − 2 x cos x dx
sin 2 θ − 4 sin θ + 5 2 2 II I

1 1  1
Put sin θ = t ⇒ cos d θ = dt = − e − 2 x sin x + cos x ⋅ e − 2 x  − 
2 2  2
( 4t − 1) 2 ( 2t − 4 ) + 7
∴ I =∫ 2 dt = ∫ dt  1 
t − 4t + 5 t 2 − 4t + 5 − ∫ − sin x e − 2 x  −  dx 
 2 
2t − 4 7
I =2∫ 2 dt + ∫ 2 dt
t − 4t + 5 t − 4t + 5 [using integration by parts]
1 − 2x 1
⇒ I = I1 + I 2 ...(ii) =− e sin x − e − 2 x cos x
2 4
2t − 4 1 1
Now, I 1 = 2 ∫ dt = 2∫ dz − ∫ e −2 x sin x dx
t 2 − 4t + 5 z 4
[put t 2 − 4t + 5 = z 1 −2 x 1 −2 x 1
⇒ I =− e sin x − e cos x − I + C ′
2 4 4
⇒ ( 2t − 4 )dt = dz ]
160 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class XII)

1 1 e x dx e x sin x
⇒ I + I = − e − 2 x sin x =∫ + dx
4 2 1 + cos x ∫ 1 + cos x
1 − 2x
− e cos x + C ′ ex
4 =∫ dx
5 1 x
⇒ I = − e − 2 x sin x 2 cos 2
4 2 2
1 − 2x e x 2 sin x / 2 ⋅ cos x / 2
− e cos x + C ′ + ∫ dx
4 2 cos 2 x / 2
2 − 2x 1 Q sin θ = 2 sin θ / 2 cos θ / 2
⇒ I =− e sin x − e − 2 x cos x + C
5 5  2 
 4  1 + cos θ = 2 cos θ / 2 
put C ′ = C 1
 5  x 2 x x x
= ∫ e sec dx + ∫ e tan dx
2 2 2
1 + sin x   x 1 x 
24. Evaluate ∫ e x   dx . (2000) = ∫ e x  tan + sec 2  dx
 2 2 2
1 + cos x 
x
1 + sin x  = e x ⋅ tan + C
Sol. Let I = ∫ e x   dx 2
1 + cos x 
[Q ∫ e x [ f ( x ) + f ′( x )] dx = e x f ( x ) + C ]

Topic 2 Definite Integral

b
An integral of the form of ∫a f (x) dx is known as definite integral and is given by
b
∫a f (x) dx = g (b) − g (a), where f (x ) is derivative of g (x ), a and b are respectively the lower and
upper limits of a definite integral.
Definite Integral as the Limit of a Sum
Suppose f (x ) be a continuous function in [a, b ]. Divide interval [a, b] into n equal sub
intervals each of length h ,
b −a
so that h = ,
n
b
then ∫ f (x ) dx = lim h [f (a) + f (a + h ) + f (a + 2h ) + … + f {a + (n − 1) h }],
a h →0
b −a
where h = or nh = b − a.
n
The above expression is known as the definition of definite integral as the limit of a sum.
First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
Theorem 1 Let f be a continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b ] and A(x ) be
x
the area of function i.e. A(x ) = ∫a f (x)dx. Then, A ′(x) = f (x), for all x ∈ [a, b ] .
Integrals 161

Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

Theorem 2 Let f be a continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b ] and F be an
anti-derivative of f . Then,
b b
∫ f (x) dx = [F (x)]a = F (b) − F (a)
a
b
In other words, ∫a f (x ) dx = Value of the anti-derivative F of f at the upper limit b − Value
of the same anti-derivative at the lower limit a.
Steps for Calculating Definite Integral
Step I Firstly, find the indefinite integral ∫ f (x) dx. Let this be F (x). There is no need to
keep integration constant C because if we consider F (x ) + C instead of F (x ), we get
b b
∫ f (x)dx = [F (x) + C ]a = [F (b) + C ] − [F (a) + C ] = F (b) − F (a)
a
Thus, the arbitrary constant disappears in evaluating the value of definite integral.
b
Step II Evaluate ∫ f (x )dx = [F (x )]ba = F (b) − F (a).
a
Step III Calculate F (b) − F (a).

Properties of Definite Integral

b b
(i) ∫a f (x ) dx = ∫a f (t) dt
b a
(ii) ∫ f (x ) dx = − ∫ f (x ) dx
a b
b c b
(iii) ∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ f (x ) dx + ∫ f (x ) dx , where a < c < b
a a c
a
(iv) ∫ f (x ) dx = 0
a
a a
(v) ∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ f (a − x ) dx
0 0
b b
(vi) ∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ f (a + b − x ) dx
a a
2a a a
(vii ) ∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ f (x ) dx + ∫ f (2a − x ) dx
0 0 0
2a 2 af (x ) dx , if f (2a − x ) = f (x )
(viii) ∫ f (x ) dx =  ∫0
0
 0, if f (2a − x ) = − f (x )

b  0, if f (a + x ) = − f (b − x )
 a +b
or ∫a f (x ) dx = 
2 2 f (x ) dx , if f (a + x ) = f (b − x )
 ∫a
a a 2 af (x ) dx , if f (x ) is even i.e. f (− x ) = f (x )
(ix) ∫− a f (x ) dx = ∫0 [ f (x ) + f (− x )]dx =  ∫0
0, if f (x ) is odd i.e. f (− x ) = − f (x )
162 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class XII)

Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution

b
Consider a definite integral of the following form ∫a f [g (x)] ⋅ g ′(x) dx
Step I Substitute g(x) = t ⇒ g′(x) dx = dt
Step II Find the limits of integration in new system of variable i.e. the lower limit g(a) and the upper limit
g( b)
g(b) and the given integral becomes ∫ f ()
t dt.
g( a)

Step III Evaluate the integral, so obtained by usual method.

Some Useful Results
n(n − 1)
(i) 1 + 2 + ... + (n − 1) =
2
n(n − 1)(2n − 1)
(ii) 1 2 + 2 2 + ... + (n − 1) 2 =
6
3 3 3 [(n − 1)n] 2
(iii) 1 + 2 + ... + (n − 1) =
4
a (r n − 1)
(iv) a + ar + ar 2 + ... + ar n − 1 = , r ≠ 1 [for GP series]
r −1
n
(v) a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ... + {a + (n − 1) d} = [2a + (n − 1) d] [for AP series]
2
  n − 1   nh 
sin a +   h sin  
  2    2 
(vi) sin(a) + sin(a + h) + ... + sin(a + (n −1)h) =
 h
sin  
 2
  n − 1   nh 
cos a +   h sin  
  2    2 
(vii) cos(a) + cos(a + h) + ... + cos[a + (n −1)h] =
 h
sin  
 2
 Previous Years’
Examinations & Other Important Questions

2 Marks Questions ⇒ I =∫
π /2 cos x − sin x
dx
0 1 + cos x sin x
1. Evaluate π /2 sin x − cos x
⇒ I =−∫ dx = − I
π 0 1 + sin x cos x
∫ 4 log(1 + tan θ) d θ.
0 (2017, 2007) ⇒ 2I = 0
π ⇒ I =0
Sol. Let I = ∫ log (1 + tan θ ) d θ
4 …(i)
0 3
By using the property,
3. Evaluate : ∫ f ( x )dx , where
0
a a
 cos 2x, π
∫0 f ( x ) dx = ∫0 f (a − x ) dx, we get 0≤ x ≤
 2
f (x ) = 
π
 π  π
I = ∫ 4 log 1 + tan  − θ   3, <x≤ 3
0  4   2 (2015)
π
 1 − tan θ   π
= ∫ log 1 + cos 2x , 0≤x ≤
d θ
4 
Sol. Given, f ( x ) =  2
0
 1 + tan θ  π
π  3, <x ≤3
 2   2
= ∫ 4 log   dθ 3
0 1 + tan θ  Let I = ∫ f ( x )dx
π 0
π /2 3
= ∫ 4 [ log 2 − log (1 + tan θ )] d θ f ( x )dx +
0
=∫
0 ∫π /2 f ( x ) dx
π π
π /2 3
= log 2 ∫ 4d θ − ∫ log (1 + tan θ ) d θ
4 …(ii) =∫ cos 2xdx + ∫π /2 3 dx
0 0 0
π
Now, on adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get  sin 2x  2
π π = + [ 3x ]3π
 2 
0
2I = (log 2) ∫ 4 d θ = (log 2) [θ ]04 2
0
1 π   π
π = sin 2 × − sin 0 + 3 3−
= (log 2) 2  2   2 
4
π 1 3
∴ I = (log 2) = [sin π − 0 ] + ( 6 − π )
8 2 2
1 3
= [0 ] + (6 − π )
2. Using properties of definite integrals, 2 2
π/2 sin x − cos x
evaluate dx . 3
∫0 1 + sin x cos x (2016)
= (6 − π )
2
π /2 sin x − cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx
0 1 + sin x cos x 3 Marks Questions
π /2 sin ( π / 2 − x ) − cos ( π / 2 − x ) 4. Using properties of definite integrals,
⇒I =∫ dx
0 1 + sin ( π / 2 − x ) cos ( π / 2 − x ) evaluate
a a π /2 sin x
[Q ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx ] ∫0 dx . (2014)
0 0
sin x + cos x
164 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class XII)

Sol. (i) Firstly, use the property of integral i.e. On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a a
∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0 0
1 1 − x 
2I = ∫ log 
1
 dx + ∫ log 
 x 
 dx
0  x  0 1 − x 
(ii) Further add the given equation and obtain the
equation in Step (i) 1 1 − x   x 
= ∫ log     dx
(iii) Finally, integrate it and get the required 0  x  1 − x 
result.
[using product rule of logarithm
π /2 sin x i.e. log m + log n = log mn]
I =∫ dx …(i)
0 sin x + cos x 1
= ∫ log 1 dx = 0 [Q log 1 = 0 ]
0
π /2 sin( π / 2 − x ) dx
∴ I =∫ ⇒ 2I = 0 ⇒ I =0
0 sin ( π / 2 − x ) + cos ( π / 2 − x )
a a 2 x
[Q ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx ] 6. Evaluate ∫ dx . (2012)
0 0 1 3−x + x
π /2 cos x
I =∫ dx …(ii) 2 x
0 cos x + sin x Sol. Let I = ∫ dx …(i)
1 3−x + x
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),we get b b
π / 2 sin x + cos x Using ∫a f ( x ) dx = ∫a f (a + b − x ) dx, we get
2I = ∫ dx
0 sin x + cos x 2 3−x
π /2
I =∫ dx
=∫ 1dx = [ x ]π0 / 2
1 3−3+ x + 3−x
0
2 3−x
= ( π / 2 − 0) ⇒ I =∫ dx …(ii)
1 x + 3−x
⇒ 2I = π / 2
⇒ I = π /4 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),we get
2 x + 3− x 2
1 1 2I = ∫ dx = ∫ 1 dx
5. Evaluate ∫ log  − 1 dx . 1 x + 3−x 1
0 x  (2013)
2 1
⇒ 2I = [ x ] 1 = ( 2 − 1) ⇒ 2I = 1 ⇒ I =
Sol. (i) First apply the property of definite integral i. e. 2
a a
∫0 f (x) dx = ∫0 f (a − x) dx. Further adding the 1 xe x
equations and use the property of logarithm 7. Evaluate ∫ dx .
i. e. log m + log n = log mn.
0
(1 + x ) 2 (2011)
(ii) Finally integrate and simplify it to get the
required result. Sol. (i) Firstly, adding and subtracting 1 and convert
the integrand in two parts such that it
1 1
Let I = ∫ log  − 1 dx become of the form
0 x  [ex[ f (x ) + f ′(x )].
1 1 − x  (ii) Further use the property
⇒ I = ∫ log   dx …(i) x x
0  x  ∫ e [ f (x) + f ′(x)]dx = e f (x) + C
a a
Using we get and simplify it.
∫0 f ( x ) dx = ∫0 f (a − x ) dx,
1 1 − (1 − x ) 
1 xe x
I = ∫ log  Let I = ∫ dx
 dx 0 (1 + x ) 2
0  (1 − x ) 
1 [(1 + x ) − 1] e x
1  x  =∫ dx
I =∫ log   dx …(ii) 0 (1 + x ) 2
0 1 − x 
[adding and subtracting 1 in numerator]
Integrals 165

1  ex ex  On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),we get

=∫  −  dx π /2 π /2
0  (1 + x ) (1 + x ) 2  2I = ∫ log (tan x ) dx + log (cot x ) dx
0 ∫0
1 x 1 1  π /2
=∫ e  −  dx ⇒ 2I = ∫ log (tan x ⋅ cot x ) dx
0  (1 + x ) (1 + x ) 2  0
π /2
1 ⇒ 2I = ∫ log 1 dx ⇒ 2I = 0 [Q log 1 = 0 ]
= ex +C 0
(1 + x )
[using ∫ e x { f ( x ) + f ′( x )} dx = e x f ( x ) + C ] 1/ 2 sin − 1 x
10. Evaluate ∫ dx .
x 1 1 0
0
(1 − x 2 ) 3 / 2
 e  e e 
∴ I =  =  2 − 1 + 0
(1 + x )  
 0 Sol. (i) Firstly, put sin−1 x = t and transform the limit
e  of x in t.
⇒ I =  − 1
2  (ii) Further integrate and substitute the limits to
get the required result.
3
8. Evaluate ∫ | x + 2 | dx . (2004)
− 3 (2010) −1
1/2 sin x
Let I = ∫ dx
Sol. Firstly, expand the given integrand by using the 0 (1 − x 2 ) 3 / 2
 x, x ≥ 0
concept|x| =  . Further, integrate it 1/2 sin − 1 x
 − x, x < 0 =∫ dx
to get the required result.
0
1 − x 2 ⋅ (1 − x 2 )
1
3 Put sin − 1 x =t ⇒ dx = dt and sin t = x
Let I = ∫ | x + 2 | dx
−3 1 − x2
 x + 2, x ≥−2 When x = 0, then t = 0
Now, | x + 2 | =  1
 − ( x + 2), x <−2 When x = , then t = π /6
−2 3 2
∴ I =∫ − ( x + 2) dx + ∫− 2 ( x + 2) dx π /6 t dt
−3 ∴ I =∫
−2 3 0 (1 − sin 2 t )
x2  x2 
=− + 2x  +  + 2x  π /6 t
2 2 =∫ dt
 − 3  − 2 0 cos 2 t
π /6
4 9  9 4  =∫ t sec 2 t dt
=− −4− +6 + +6− +4
 2 2   2 2  0 I II
π /6 π /6
9 9 = [t tan t ]0 − tan t dt
=−2−2+ + + 8 = 4 + 9 = 13 ∫0
2 2
[using integration by parts]
π/2
9. Evaluate ∫ log (tan x ) dx . (2009)  π π 
0
=  tan − 0 − [log sec t ]π0 / 6
6 6 
π /2
Sol. Let I = ∫ log (tan x ) dx …(i) π 1 π
0 = . − [log sec − log sec 0 ]
a a 6 3 6
Using ∫0 f ( x ) dx = ∫0 f (a − x ) dx, we get π 2
= − log − log 1
π /2 6 3 3
I =∫ log [tan ( π / 2 − x )] dx
0 π 2
π /2 = − log [Q log1 = 0]
=∫ log (cot x ) dx …(ii) 6 3 3
0
166 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class XII)

π/4 2
11. Evaluate ∫ (tan x + cot x ) − 1 dx . 1 π 1  1 1 + x 1 1 
0 =  ⋅  − ∫ dx− ∫ dx 
 2 4 2  0 1 + x2 0 1 + x2

(2003)
π /4 π 1 1 1 1 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ (tan x + cot x ) −1
dx = − ∫ 1dx + ∫ dx
0 8 2 0 2 01+ x2
1 1
π /4 1 π x  1 
=∫ dx = − + tan − 1 x
0 tan x + cot x 8  2  0  2 
0
π /4 1  1 
=∫ dx dx = tan − 1 x + C 
0 sin x cos x Q ∫ 2
+  1+ x 
cos x sin x
π 1 1  π π 1
π /4 sin x cos x = − −0 +   − 0 = −
=∫ dx 8 2 2  4 4 2
0 sin 2 x + cos 2 x
π /4 π/2
=∫ sin x cos x dx [Q sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1] 14. Evaluate ∫ sin 2x log tan x dx . (2001)
0 0
On dividing and multiplying by 2, we get π /2
1 π /4
Sol. Let I = ∫ (log tan x ) ⋅ sin 2x dx …(i)
0
I = ∫ 2 sin x cos x dx π /2
2 0 I =∫ log tan ( π / 2 − x ) sin 2 ( π / 2 − x ) dx
1 π /4 0
= ∫ sin 2x dx [Q sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x ] a a
2 0 [Q ∫ f ( x ) = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx ]
π /4 0 0
1
 cos 2 x  π /2
= − ⇒ I =∫ log (cot x ) ⋅ sin 2x dx ...(ii)

2 2  0 0
1 1 1 [Q sin ( π − 2x ) = sin 2x]
= − [cos π / 2 − cos( 0 )] = [ 0 + 1] =
4 4 4 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),we get
π /2
π/4 2 cos 2x 2I = ∫ (log tan x ) ⋅ sin 2x dx
0
12. Evaluate ∫ dx . (2002) π /2
0 1 + sin 2x + log (cot x ) ⋅ sin 2x dx
∫0
π /4 2 cos 2x π /2
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx =∫ sin 2x log (tan x ⋅ cot x )dx
0 1 + sin 2x 0

Put 1 + sin 2x = t [Q log m + log n = log mn]

π /2
⇒ cos 2x ⋅ 2 dx = dt =∫ sin 2x ⋅ log 1 dx
0
When x = 0, then t = 1
π /2
When x = π / 4, then t = 1 + sin π / 2 = 2 ⇒ 2I = ∫ 0 dx = 0 [Q log 1 = 0 ]
21 0
I = ∫ dt = [log t ]21 = log 2 − log 1 = log 2 ⇒ I =0
1 t
[Q log 1 = 0]
π/2 sec x
1 15. Evaluate ∫ dx .
−1 0 sec x + cosec x
13. Evaluate ∫ x tan x dx . (2000)
0 (2002)
1 −1
Sol. Let I = ∫ x tan x dx Sol. (i) Firstly, use property of definite integral
0 II I a a
1
 x2  1  1 x2 i.e. ∫ f (x )dx = ∫ f (a − x )dx
I = tan − 1 x ⋅  − ∫  2
⋅  dx 0 0
 2 0 0 1 + x 2
(ii) Further adding given integral and obtained
[using integration by parts] integral.
1
x 2
 1 1 x2 + 1 −1 (iii) Finally integrate it and get the result.
= tan − 1 x − ∫0 dx
 2 0 2 1 + x2
Integrals 167

Let I = ∫
π /2 sec x
dx …(i) 5 Marks Questions
0 sec x + cosec x 9
a a
17. Evaluate ∫ f ( x ) dx , where f ( x ) is
0
Using ∫0 f ( x ) dx = ∫0 f (a − x ) dx defined by
π /2 sec ( π / 2 − x )  sin x, if 0 ≤ x ≤ π / 2
∴ I =∫ dx
0
π  π   π
sec  − x  + cosec  − x  f ( x ) =  1, if <x ≤ 5 (2008)
2  2  2
 x− 5
π /2 cosec x  e , if 5 < x ≤ 9
⇒ I =∫ dx …(ii)
0 cosec x + sec x Sol. Firstly, expand the given integrand by using
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),we get expansion property, then integrate it to get
required result.
π /2 sec x + cosec x
2I = ∫ dx Given, integrand is
0 sec x + cosec x
π /2
sin x , if 0 ≤ x ≤ π /2
⇒ 2I = ∫ 1 dx = [ x ]π0 / 2 
0
f ( x ) = 1, if π /2 < x ≤ 5
e x − 5 , if 5< x ≤9
π 
=  − 0 9 π /2
2  Now, ∫0 f ( x ) = ∫0 sin x dx
∴ I = π /4 5 9 x −5
+∫ 1 dx + ∫5 e dx
π /2
b log x
16. Evaluate ∫ dx . = − [cos x ]0
π /2 5
+ [ x ]π / 2 + [e x − 5 ]
9
a x (2000) 5
b log x = − (cos π / 2 − cos 0 )
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx
a x + ( 5 − π / 2) + ( e 4 − e 0 )
1
Put log x = t ⇒ dx = dt = 0 + 1 + 5 − π /2 + e 4 −1
x
= 5− π / 2+ e4
When x = a , then t = log a
When x = b , then t = log b 2π x cos x
log b 18. Prove that ∫ dx = 2π 2 .(2006)
0 1 + cos x
∴ I =∫ t dt
log a
2π x cos x
t 2 
log b Sol. Let I = ∫ dx …(i)
= 
0 1 + cos x
 2  log a a a
Using ∫0 f ( x ) dx = ∫0 f (a − x ) dx, we get
1
= [(log b ) 2 − (log a ) 2 ] 2π ( 2π − x ) cos ( 2π − x )
2 I =∫ dx
1
0 1 + cos ( 2π − x )
I = [(log b + log a ) (log b − log a )] 2π ( 2π − x ) cos x
2 I =∫ …(ii)
1 b 0 1 + cos x
I = log ab ⋅ log 
2 a On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),we get
2 π ( x + 2π − x ) cos x
 2I = ∫ dx
Q logm − log n = log mn 0 1 + cos x

m cos x + 1 − 1
2π
and logm − log n = log ⇒ 2I = 2π ∫0 dx
n  1 + cos x
1 b [adding and subtracting 1 in numerator]
I = log ab ⋅ log 2 π 1 + cos x 2π 1
2 a = 2π ∫ dx − 2π ∫ dx
0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos x
168 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class XII)

2π 12π b = 4 and a = 1
= 2π ∫ 1 dx − 2π ∫ dx
0 1 + cos x
0 Now, nh = b − a = 4 − 1 = 3
2π 1
= 2π [ x ]20 π − 2π ∫ dx Here, f ( a ) = f (1) = 1 (1 − 1) = 0
0 x
2 cos 2 f ( a + h ) = f (1 + h ) = (1 + h ) (1 + h − 1) = h (1 + h )
2
2π 2 x
=h + h2
= 2π [ 2π − 0 ] − π ∫ sec dx
0 2 f ( a + 2h ) = f (1 + 2h ) = (1 + 2h ) (1 + 2h − 1)
2π

= 4 π 2 − π 2 tan
x = 2h + 22 h 2
 2  0 M M M
⇒ 2I = 4 π 2 − 2π [tan π − 0 ] f ( a + (n − 1)h ) = f [1 + (n − 1) h ]
⇒ 2I = 4 π 2 − 2π [ 0 ] ⇒ I = 2π 2 = [1 + (n − 1) h ][1 + (n − 1) h − 1]
= [1 + (n − 1)h ] [(n − 1)h ]
19. Prove that = (n − 1)h + (n − 1) 2 h 2
π/2 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ 7π
∫0 dθ = . (2005) Now, as we know that,
sin θ + cos θ 4 b
π /2 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ ∫a f ( x )dx = hlim
→0
h [ f (a ) + f (a + h )
Sol. Let I = ∫ dθ …(i)
0 sin θ + cos θ + K + f {a + (n − 1)h }]
a a 4
Using 2
∫0 f ( x ) dx = ∫0 f (a − x ) dx, we get ∴ ∫1 ( x − x ) dx = lim h [ f (1) + f (1 + h )
h→ 0

π  π 
3 sin  − θ + 4 cos  − θ
π /2 2  2  + f (1 + 2h ) + ... + f {1 + (n − 1)h }]
I =∫ dθ
0 sin ( π / 2 − θ ) + cos ( π / 2 − θ ) = lim h [ 0 + ( h + h 2 ) + ( 2h + 22 h 2 )
h→ 0
π /2 3 cos θ + 4 sin θ 2 2
⇒ I =∫ dθ + ... + {(n − 1)h + (n − 1) h }]
0 cos θ + sin θ = lim h [{h + 2h + ... +
 π  
h→ 0 (n − 1) h } + {12 h 2 + 22 h 2
Q sin  2 − θ = cos θ  …(ii) + 32 h 2 + ... + (n − 1) 2 h 2 }]
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),we get = lim h [{1 + 2 + ... + (n − 1)} h
h→ 0
3 sin θ + 4 cos θ  + {12 + 22 + ... + (n − 1) 2 } h 2 ]
π /2  
 + 3 cos θ + 4 sin θ  d θ
2I = ∫ n (n − 1)h n (n − 1) ( 2n − 1)h 2 
0 sin θ + cos θ = lim h  + 
h→ 0
 2 6 
π / 2 7(sin θ + cos θ )
⇒ 2I = ∫ dθ  n(n – 1) 
0 sin θ + cos θ Q1 + 2 + ... + (n – 1) =
 2 
π /2
⇒ 2I = ∫ 7d θ = 7 [θ ]π0 / 2  
n(n – 1)( 2n – 1)
0 and 12 + 22 + ... + (n – 1) 2 = 
= 7 [π / 2 − 0 ]  6 
7π 7 nh (nh − h ) nh (nh − h ) ( 2nh − h ) 
⇒ 2I = ⇒ I = π = lim +
2 4 
h→ 0  2 6 
4  3( 3 − h ) 3( 3 − h )( 6 − h )  [put
20. Evaluate ∫ ( x 2 − x ) dx , as limit of sum. = lim + nh = 3]
h→ 0  2 6 
1

Sol. Firstly, on comparing the given integral 4 2  3( 3 − 0 ) 3( 3 − 0 )( 6 − 0 ) 

4 b
⇒ ∫1 ( x − x )dx =  2 + 6 
∫1 ( x 2 − x ) dx with ∫a f ( x )dx , we get
9  27
f ( x ) = ( x 2 − x ) = x ( x − 1), = +9 =
 2  2
 Chapter Practice
3 Marks Question 6. Evaluate ∫
π/4
sec x
1 − sin x
dx.
1. Evaluate 0 1 + sin x
tan − 1 (sec x + tan x ) dx,
∫
π 5 Marks Questions
0≤x≤ .
2 7. Evaluate
sec2 ( 2 tan − 1 x ) dx π x sin x
dx.
2. Evaluate ∫ . ∫0 1 + cos2 x
1 + x2
 2x  8. Evaluate
3. Evaluate ∫ sin − 1   dx. π /3 dx
 1 + x2  ∫π / 6 1 + .
tan x
 x 
4. Evaluate ∫ sin − 1   dx. a x
 a + x 9. Evaluate ∫0 dx.
x+ a−x
3x − 2 2
5. Evaluate ∫ 2
dx. 10. Evaluate ∫ |x 3 − x| dx.
( x + 1) ( x + 3) −1

Answers .................................................................................................................
x 1
1. (π + x) + C 2. tan (2 tan − 1 x) + C 3. 2 x tan − 1 x − log (1 + x2 ) + C
4 2
− 1  x 11 x+1 5
4. (a + x) tan   − ax + C 5. log + +C 6. 2 − 2
 a 4 x+ 3 2 (x + 1)
π2 π a 11
7. 8. 9. 10.
4 12 2 4