NETWORK MODEL FORMULATION

Consider an ith bus of an n − bus power system.

It is convenient to work with power at each bus injected into the transmission system,
called the ‘Bus Power’.

The ith bus power is defined as

𝑆𝑖 = 𝑆𝐺𝑖 − 𝑆𝐷𝑖
𝑆𝐺𝑖 = 𝑃𝐺𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝐺𝑖
𝑆𝐷𝑖 = 𝑃𝐷𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝐷𝑖
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖

Where, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛

𝑆𝑖 = 𝑆𝐺𝑖 − 𝑆𝐷𝑖
= (𝑃𝐺𝑖 − 𝑃𝐷𝑖 ) + 𝑗(𝑄𝐺𝑖 − 𝑄𝐷𝑖 )
Where, 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑛

The ‘Bus Current’ at the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus is defined as,

𝐼𝑖 = 𝐼𝐺𝑖 − 𝐼𝐷𝑖
-Let𝑦𝑖𝑘 (𝑖 ≠ 𝑘) be the total admittances connected between the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ and 𝑘 𝑡ℎ buses and 𝑦𝑖0
be the admittance between the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus and the ground.

Also, 𝑦𝑖𝑘 (𝑖 ≠ 𝑘) = 0, if there is no transmission line between the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ and the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ bus.

Applying KCL at the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus, we get

𝐼𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖0 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖1 (𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉1 ) + 𝑦𝑖2 (𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖−1 (𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑖−1 ) + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖+1 (𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑖+1 ) + ⋯
+ 𝑦𝑖𝑛 (𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑛 )

Or, 𝐼𝑖 = −𝑦𝑖1 𝑉1 − 𝑦𝑖2 𝑉2 − 𝑦𝑖3 𝑉3 − ⋯ − 𝑦𝑖,𝑖−1 𝑉𝑖−1 + (𝑦𝑖0 + 𝑦𝑖1 + 𝑦𝑖2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖−1 + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖+1 + ⋯ +
𝑦𝑖𝑛 )𝑉𝑖

Thus, in general,

𝐼𝑖 = 𝑌𝑖1 𝑉1 + 𝑌𝑖2 𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑛

𝑛

= ∑(𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 )
𝑘=0

Where, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
Where,
 𝐼𝑖
𝑌𝑖𝑘 (𝑖 ≠ 𝑘) = (𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑉 = 0 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑘
𝑉𝑘

= 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑠

𝐼𝑖
And, 𝑌𝑖𝑖 = (𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑉 = 0 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑖 )
𝑉𝑖

= 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑠

𝑌𝑖𝑘 (𝑖 ≠ 𝑘) = −𝑦𝑘𝑖 = 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑠

(𝑌𝑖𝑘 (𝑖 ≠ 𝑘) = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑠

𝑌𝑖𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖0 + 𝑦𝑖1 + 𝑦𝑖2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖−1 + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖+1 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑖𝑛

= 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑠

𝐼𝐵𝑈𝑆 = 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆
Where,
𝐼𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 × 1 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 × 1 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠
𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 × 𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠
𝑌11 𝑌12 … 𝑌1𝑛
𝑌21 𝑌22 … 𝑌2𝑛
. . … .
𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 =
. . .. .
. . … .
[𝑌𝑛1 𝑌𝑛2 … 𝑌𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛𝑥𝑛

LOAD FLOW PROBLEM

The complex power injected by the source into the ith bus of a power system is
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖∗ , 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑛
Since it is convenient to work with Ii instead of Ii∗ , we take the complex conujgate of the above equation

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖∗ 𝐼𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛

𝑛

Substituting 𝐼𝑖 = (∑(𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 ) )
𝑘=𝑛
𝑛
∗
We have, 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 (∑(𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 )) , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
𝑘=1

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

 𝑛
∗
𝑃𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 (𝑉𝑖 (∑(𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 ))) , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
𝑘=1

𝑛
∗
𝑄𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = −𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 (𝑉𝑖 (∑(𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 ))) , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
𝑘=1

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑖 = |𝑉𝑖 |𝑒 𝑗𝛿𝑖 , 𝑉𝑘 = |𝑉𝑘 |𝑒 𝑗𝛿𝑘 , 𝑌𝑖𝑘 = |𝑌𝑖𝑘 |𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑖𝑘

Then,
𝑛

𝑃𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = |𝑉𝑖 | ∑|𝑉𝑘 ||𝑌𝑖𝑘 | cos(𝜃𝑖𝑘 + 𝛿𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 )

𝑘=1
𝑛

𝑄𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = −|𝑉𝑖 | ∑|𝑉𝑘 ||𝑌𝑖𝑘 | sin(𝜃𝑖𝑘 + 𝛿𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 )

𝑘=1

(𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛)

Example: This example will demonstrate the need of a slack bus. Consider a sample
four bus system out of which two buses are PQ buses, one is PV bus, and the
remaining one is a slack bus.

No. Bus Type Known Unknown

1. Slack Bus |𝑉1 |, 𝛿1 𝑃1 , 𝑄1
2. PQ Bus 𝑃2 , 𝑄2 |𝑉2 |, 𝛿2
3. PQ Bus 𝑃3 , 𝑄3 |𝑉3 |, 𝛿3
4. PV Bus 𝑃4 , |𝑉4 | 𝑄4 , 𝛿4

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑃𝐿 = ∑𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 + 𝑃4

= 𝑃1 + 𝐾1
Where, 𝐾1 = 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 + 𝑃4 (𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑄𝐿 = ∑𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 + 𝑄4
= 𝑄1 + 𝑄4 + 𝐾2
Where, 𝐾2 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 (𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛)
Since 𝑃𝐿 and 𝑄𝐿 are not known prior to load flow solution, the real and reactive powers
(𝑃𝑖 and 𝑄𝑖 ) cannot be fixed at all the buses. In the above example, 𝑃1 , 𝑄1 and 𝑄4 cannot be
fixed prior to load flow solution. After the load flow solution is complete, the total real
and reactive powers, 𝑃𝐿 = ∑𝑖 𝑃𝑖 and 𝑄𝐿 = ∑𝑖 𝑄𝑖 become known and the slack bus has to
supply excess real power 𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐿 − 𝐾1 , and excess reactive power 𝑄1 = 𝑄𝐿 − 𝑄4 − 𝐾2 .
STATIC LOAD FLOW EQUATIONS
𝑛

𝑃𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = |𝑉𝑖 | ∑(|𝑉𝑘 ||𝑌𝑖𝑘 | cos(𝜃𝑖𝑘 + 𝛿𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 ))

𝑘=1
𝑛

𝑄𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = −|𝑉𝑖 | ∑(|𝑉𝑘 ||𝑌𝑖𝑘 | sin(𝜃𝑖𝑘 + 𝛿𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 ))

𝑘=1

Where, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛